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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

The first intron and promoter of Arabidopsis DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 1 exert synergistic effects on pollen and embryo lipid accumulation

Summary Accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) is crucial during various stages of plant development. In Arabidopsis , two enzymes share overlapping functions to produce TAGs, namely acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (PDAT1). Loss of function of both genes in a dgat1‐1/pdat1‐2 double mutant is gametophyte lethal. However, the key regulatory elements controlling tissue‐specific expression of either gene has not yet been identified. We transformed a dgat1‐1/dgat1‐1//PDAT1/pdat1‐2 parent with transgenic constructs containing the Arabidopsis DGAT1 promoter fused to the AtDGAT1 open reading frame either with or without the first intron. Triple homozygous plants were obtained, however, in the absence of the DGAT1 first intron anthers fail to fill with pollen, seed yield is c . 10% of wild‐type, seed oil content remains reduced (similar to dgat1‐1/dgat1‐1 ), and non‐Mendelian segregation of the PDAT1/pdat1‐2 locus occurs. Whereas plants expressing the AtDGAT1pro:AtDGAT1 transgene containing the first intron mostly recover phenotypes to wild‐type. This study establishes that a combination of the promoter and first intron of AtDGAT1 provides the proper context for temporal and tissue‐specific expression of AtDGAT1 in pollen. Furthermore, we discuss possible mechanisms of intron mediated regulation and how regulatory elements can be used as genetic tools to functionally replace TAG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis .

McGuire, Sean T.↗
DOE OSTI2025

The promising role of proteomes and metabolomes in defining the single-cell landscapes of plants

The plant community has a strong track-record of RNA sequencing technology deployment, which combined with the recent advent of spatial platforms (e.g., 10x genomics), has resulted in an explosion of outstanding single cell and nuclei datasets that can be put in an in situ context within tissues (e.g., a cell atlas)1. In the genomics era, application of proteomics technologies in the plant sciences has always trailed behind that of RNA sequencing technologies, largely due to accessibility, ease-of-use and access to expertise along with depth of analysis benefits. On the other hand, the use of early analytical tools for characterizing small molecules (metabolites) from plant systems predates nucleic acid sequencing and proteomics analysis2, as the search for plant-based natural products has played a significant role in improving human health throughout history. However, the employment of proteomics and metabolomics assays for characterizing plant cell processes now remains significantly behind transcriptional approaches, even though both provide a direct functional readout of cell states and phenotypes.

Anderton, Christopher R. [BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB↗
DOE OSTI2024

Engineered poplar for bioproduction of the triterpene squalene

Building sustainable platforms to produce biofuels and specialty chemicals has become an increasingly important strategy to supplement and replace fossil fuels and petrochemical-derived products. Terpenoids are the most diverse class of natural products that have many commercial roles as specialty chemicals. Poplar is a fast growing, biomassdense bioenergy crop with many species known to produce large amounts of the hemiterpene isoprene, suggesting an inherent capacity to produce significant quantities of other terpenes. Here we aimed to engineer poplar with optimized pathways to produce squalene, a triterpene commonly used in cosmetic oils, a potential biofuel candidate, and the precursor to the further diversified classes of triterpenoids and sterols. The squalene production pathways were either re-targeted from the cytosol to plastids or co-produced with lipid droplets in the cytosol. Squalene and lipid droplet co-production appeared to be toxic, which we hypothesize to be due to disruption of adventitious root formation, suggesting a need for tissue specific production. Plastidial squalene production enabled up to 0.63 mg/g fresh weight in leaf tissue, which also resulted in reductions in isoprene emission and photosynthesis. These results were also studied through a technoeconomic analysis, providing further insight into developing poplar as a production host.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of vegetative oil sorghum: From lab‐to‐field

Summary Biomass crops engineered to accumulate energy‐dense triacylglycerols (TAG or ‘vegetable oils’) in their vegetative tissues have emerged as potential feedstocks to meet the growing demand for renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Unlike oil palm and oilseed crops, the current commercial sources of TAG, vegetative tissues, such as leaves and stems, only transiently accumulate TAG. In this report, we used grain (Texas430 or TX430) and sugar‐accumulating ‘sweet’ (Ramada) genotypes of sorghum, a high‐yielding, environmentally resilient biomass crop, to accumulate TAG in leaves and stems. We initially tested several gene combinations for a ‘push‐pull‐protect’ strategy. The top TAG‐yielding constructs contained five oil transgenes for a sorghum WRINKLED1 transcription factor (‘push’), a Cuphea viscosissima diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT; ‘pull’), a modified sesame oleosin (‘protect’) and two combinations of specialized Cuphea lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases and medium‐chain acyl‐acyl carrier protein thioesterases. Though intended to generate oils with medium‐chain fatty acids, engineered lines accumulated oleic acid‐rich oil to amounts of up to 2.5% DW in leaves and 2.0% DW in stems in the greenhouse, 36‐fold and 49‐fold increases relative to wild‐type (WT) plants, respectively. Under field conditions, the top‐performing event accumulated TAG to amount to 5.5% DW in leaves and 3.5% DW in stems, 78‐fold and 58‐fold increases, respectively, relative to WT TX430. Transcriptomic and fluxomic analyses revealed potential bottlenecks for increased TAG accumulation. Overall, our studies highlight the utility of a lab‐to‐field pipeline coupled with systems biology studies to deliver high vegetative oil sorghum for SAF and renewable diesel production.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Viral‐mediated delivery of morphogenic regulators enables leaf transformation in Sorghum bicolor (L.)

Recent advancements in monocot transformation, using leaf tissue as explant material, have expanded the number of grass species capable of transgenesis. However, the complexity of vectors and reliance on inducible excision of essential morphogenic regulators have so far limited widespread application. Plant RNA viruses, such as Foxtail Mosaic Virus (FoMV), present a unique opportunity to express morphogenic regulator genes, such as Babyboom (Bbm), Wuschel2 (Wus2), Wuschel-like homeobox protein 2a (Wox2a) and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GRF4) GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (GIF1) fusion protein transiently in leaf explant tissues. Furthermore, altruistic delivery of conventional and viral vectors could provide opportunities to simplify vectors used for leaf transformation—facilitating vector optimization and reducing reliance on morphogenic regulator gene integration. In this study, both viral and conventional T-DNA vectors were tested for their ability to promote the formation of embryonic calli, a critical step in leaf transformation protocols, using Sorghum bicolor leaf explants. Although conventional leaf transformation vectors yielded viable embryonic calli (43.2 ± 2.9%: GRF4-GIF1, 50.2 ± 3%: Bbm/Wus2), altruistic conventional vectors employing the GRF4-GIF1 morphogenic regulator resulted in improved efficiencies (61.3 ± 4.7%). Altruistic delivery was further enhanced with the use of viral vectors employing both GRF4-GIF1 and Bbm/Wus2 regulators, resulting in 75.1 ± 2.3% and 79.2 ± 2.5% embryonic calli formation, respectively. Embryonic calli generated from both conventional and viral vectors produced shoots expressing fluorescent reporters, which were confirmed using molecular analysis. This work provides an important proof-of-concept for the use of both altruistic vectors and viral-expressed morphogenic regulators for improving plant transformation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Systemic stomatal responses in plants: Coordinating development, stress, and pathogen defense under a changing climate

To successfully survive, develop, grow and reproduce, multicellular organisms must coordinate their molecular, physiological, developmental and metabolic responses among their different cells and tissues. This process is mediated by cell-to-cell, vascular and/or volatile communication, and involves electric, chemical and/or hydraulic signals. Within this context, stomata serve a dual role by coordinating their responses to the environment with their neighbouring cells at the epidermis, but also with other stomata present on other parts of the plant. As stomata represent one of the most important conduits between the plant and its above-ground environment, as well as directly affect photosynthesis, respiration and the hydraulic status of the plant by controlling its gas and vapour exchange with the atmosphere, coordinating the overall response of stomata within and between different leaves and tissues plays a cardinal role in plant growth, development and reproduction. Here, we discuss different examples of local and systemic stomatal coordination, the different signalling pathways that mediate them, and the importance of systemic stomatal coordination to our food supply, ecosystems and weather patterns, under our changing climate. Importantly, we further discuss the potential biotechnological implications of regulating systemic stomatal responses for enhancing agricultural productivity in a warmer and CO 2 -rich environment.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illuminated nights accelerate the migration‐linked phenology in a passerine finch redheaded bunting

Abstract The excessive use of artificial light is altering the natural light–dark cycles, consequently impacting animal behavior and physiology. Dim light at night (dLAN) can disrupt migratory patterns, alter hormone levels, and impact breeding success in birds. The present research aims to address the effects of dLAN on the metabolic and reproductive tissues of migratory redheaded bunting ( Emberiza bruniceps ). For this, buntings under short winter‐like days (10L:14D) were exposed to either dark nights ( D = 0.00014 W/m 2 ) or dLAN ( D = 0.058 W/m 2 ), and their locomotor activity, body mass, fat score, food intake, testicular volume, and plasma testosterone levels were measured. The histological architecture of the muscle, intestine, testis, and liver tissues was assessed. Birds exposed to dark nights confined their activity to the daytime only, whereas the dLAN group showed nocturnal activity and initiated Zugunruhe (nighttime restlessness). The body mass, food intake, fat score, and testicular volume significantly increased under dLAN. Histomorphometry revealed increased muscle width, epithelium thickness, and lumen diameter in the testis, proximal and distal muscularis thickness in the intestine, hepatic lipid droplet size, and decreased proximal villi length and intestinal diameter under dLAN. Further, plasma testosterone levels also increased under dLAN. Our results suggest that dLAN can induce migration‐linked phenotypes even under non‐stimulatory short days leading to mistimed seasonal activities.

Tiwari, Jyoti [Department of Zoology University of↗
DOE OSTI2020

Single‐parent expression drives dynamic gene expression complementation in maize hybrids

SUMMARY Single‐parent expression (SPE) is defined as gene expression in only one of the two parents. SPE can arise from differential expression between parental alleles, termed non‐presence/absence (non‐PAV) SPE, or from the physical absence of a gene in one parent, termed PAV SPE. We used transcriptome data of diverse Zea mays (maize) inbreds and hybrids, including 401 samples from five different tissues, to test for differences between these types of SPE genes. Although commonly observed, SPE is highly genotype and tissue specific. A positive correlation was observed between the genetic distance of the two inbred parents and the number of SPE genes identified. Regulatory analysis showed that PAV SPE and non‐PAV SPE genes are mainly regulated by cis effects, with a small fraction under trans regulation. Polymorphic transposable element insertions in promoter sequences contributed to the high level of cis regulation for PAV SPE and non‐PAV SPE genes. PAV SPE genes were more frequently expressed in hybrids than non‐PAV SPE genes. The expression of parentally silent alleles in hybrids of non‐PAV SPE genes was relatively rare but occurred in most hybrids. Non‐PAV SPE genes with expression of the silent allele in hybrids are more likely to exhibit above high parent expression level than hybrids that do not express the silent allele, leading to non‐additive expression. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the nature of non‐PAV SPE and PAV SPE genes and their roles in gene expression complementation in maize hybrids.

Li, Zhi↗
DOE OSTI2021

Disruption of Brachypodium lichenase alters metabolism of mixed‐linkage glucan and starch

Mixed-linkage glucan, which is widely distributed in grasses, is a polysaccharide highly abundant in cell walls of grass endosperm and young vegetative tissues. Lichenases are enzymes that hydrolyze mixed-linkage glucan first identified in mixed-linkage glucan-rich lichens. In this study, we identify a gene encoding a lichenase we name Brachypodium distachyon LICHENASE 1 (BdLCH1), which is highly expressed in the endosperm of germinating seeds and coleoptiles and at lower amounts in mature shoots. RNA in situ hybridization showed that BdLCH1 is primarily expressed in chlorenchyma cells of mature leaves and internodes. Disruption of BdLCH1 resulted in an eight-fold increase in mixed-linkage glucan content in senesced leaves. Consistent with the in situ hybridization data, immunolocalization results showed that mixed-linkage glucan was not removed in chlorenchyma cells of lch1 mutants as it was in wild type and implicate the BdLCH1 enzyme in removing mixed-linkage glucan in chlorenchyma cells in mature vegetative tissues. We also show that mixed-linkage glucan accumulation in lch1 mutants was resistant to dark-induced degradation, and 8-week-old lch1 plants showed a faster rate of starch breakdown than wild type in darkness. Here our results suggest a role for BdLCH1 in modifying the cell wall to support highly metabolically active cells.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Bioenergy sorghum stem growth regulation: intercalary meristem localization, development, and gene regulatory network analysis

SUMMARY Bioenergy sorghum is a highly productive drought tolerant C 4 grass that accumulates 80% of its harvestable biomass in approximately 4 m length stems. Stem internode growth is regulated by development, shading, and hormones that modulate cell proliferation in intercalary meristems (IMs). In this study, sorghum stem IMs were localized above the pulvinus at the base of elongating internodes using magnetic resonance imaging, microscopy, and transcriptome analysis. A change in cell morphology/organization occurred at the junction between the pulvinus and internode where LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES ( SbLOB ), a boundary layer gene, was expressed. Inactivation of an AGCVIII kinase in DDYM ( dw2 ) resulted in decreased SbLOB expression, disrupted IM localization, and reduced internode cell proliferation. Transcriptome analysis identified approximately 1000 genes involved in cell proliferation, hormone signaling, and other functions selectively upregulated in the IM compared with a non‐meristematic stem tissue. This cohort of genes is expressed in apical dome stem tissues before localization of the IM at the base of elongating internodes. Gene regulatory network analysis identified connections between genes involved in hormone signaling and cell proliferation. The results indicate that gibberellic acid induces accumulation of growth regulatory factors (GRFs) known to interact with ANGUSTIFOLIA (SbAN3), a master regulator of cell proliferation. GRF:AN3 was predicted to induce SbARF3/ETT expression and regulate SbAN3 expression in an auxin‐dependent manner. GRFs and ARFs regulate genes involved in cytokinin and brassinosteroid signaling and cell proliferation. The results provide a molecular framework for understanding how hormone signaling regulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation in the stem IM.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Natural variation in Brachypodium distachyon responses to combined abiotic stresses

SUMMARY The demand for agricultural production is becoming more challenging as climate change increases global temperature and the frequency of extreme weather events. This study examines the phenotypic variation of 149 accessions of Brachypodium distachyon under drought, heat, and the combination of stresses. Heat alone causes the largest amounts of tissue damage while the combination of stresses causes the largest decrease in biomass compared to other treatments. Notably, Bd21‐0, the reference line for B. distachyon , did not have robust growth under stress conditions, especially the heat and combined drought and heat treatments. The climate of origin was significantly associated with B. distachyon responses to the assessed stress conditions. Additionally, a GWAS found loci associated with changes in plant height and the amount of damaged tissue under stress. Some of these SNPs were closely located to genes known to be involved in responses to abiotic stresses and point to potential causative loci in plant stress response. However, SNPs found to be significantly associated with a response to heat or drought individually are not also significantly associated with the combination of stresses. This, with the phenotypic data, suggests that the effects of these abiotic stresses are not simply additive, and the responses to the combined stresses differ from drought and heat alone.

Plant Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2024

Population‐level gene expression can repeatedly link genes to functions in maize

SUMMARY Transcriptome‐wide association studies (TWAS) can provide single gene resolution for candidate genes in plants, complementing genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) but efforts in plants have been met with, at best, mixed success. We generated expression data from 693 maize genotypes, measured in a common field experiment, sampled over a 2‐h period to minimize diurnal and environmental effects, using full‐length RNA‐seq to maximize the accurate estimation of transcript abundance. TWAS could identify roughly 10 times as many genes likely to play a role in flowering time regulation as GWAS conducted data from the same experiment. TWAS using mature leaf tissue identified known true‐positive flowering time genes known to act in the shoot apical meristem, and trait data from a new environment enabled the identification of additional flowering time genes without the need for new expression data. eQTL analysis of TWAS‐tagged genes identified at least one additional known maize flowering time gene through trans ‐eQTL interactions. Collectively these results suggest the gene expression resource described here can link genes to functions across different plant phenotypes expressed in a range of tissues and scored in different experiments.

Torres‐Rodríguez, J. Vladimir↗
DOE OSTI2025

RNAi and genome editing of sugarcane: Progress and prospects

SUMMARY Sugarcane, which provides 80% of global table sugar and 40% of biofuel, presents unique breeding challenges due to its highly polyploid, heterozygous, and frequently aneuploid genome. Significant progress has been made in developing genetic resources, including the recently completed reference genome of the sugarcane cultivar R570 and pan‐genomic resources from sorghum, a closely related diploid species. Biotechnological approaches including RNA interference (RNAi), overexpression of transgenes, and gene editing technologies offer promising avenues for accelerating sugarcane improvement. These methods have successfully targeted genes involved in important traits such as sucrose accumulation, lignin biosynthesis, biomass oil accumulation, and stress response. One of the main transformation methods—biolistic gene transfer or Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation—coupled with efficient tissue culture protocols, is typically used for implementing these biotechnology approaches. Emerging technologies show promise for overcoming current limitations. The use of morphogenic genes can help address genotype constraints and improve transformation efficiency. Tissue culture‐free technologies, such as spray‐induced gene silencing, virus‐induced gene silencing, or virus‐induced gene editing, offer potential for accelerating functional genomics studies. Additionally, novel approaches including base and prime editing, orthogonal synthetic transcription factors, and synthetic directed evolution present opportunities for enhancing sugarcane traits. These advances collectively aim to improve sugarcane's efficiency as a crop for both sugar and biofuel production. This review aims to discuss the progress made in sugarcane methodologies, with a focus on RNAi and gene editing approaches, how RNAi can be used to inform functional gene targets, and future improvements and applications.

Brant, Eleanor [Agronomy Department, Plant Molecul↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of U-net-based Image Segmentation Model to Digital Mammography

Detecting suspicious lesions in medical imaging is the important first step in computer-aided detection (CAD) systems. However, detecting abnormalities in breast tissue is difficult due to the lesion's varying size, shape, margin, and contrast with the background tissue. We focused on mass segmentation, a method that provides notable morphological features by outlining contours of masses. Accurate segmentation is crucial for correct diagnosis. Recent advancements in deep learning have improved object detection and segmentation, and these techniques are also being applied to medical imaging studies. We focused on U-net, which is a recently developed mass segmentation algorithm based on a fully convolutional network. The U-net architecture consists of (1) a contracting path to increase the resolution of the output and (2) a symmetric expanding path to better locate the region of interest. The performance of a U-net model was tested with 63 digital mammograms from INbreast, a publicly available database. We trained the model with images resized to 40x40 pixels and conducted 10-fold cross-validation to prevent overfitting. The model's performance with respect to breast density and the lesion's BI-RADS rating was also investigated. Dice coefficients (DC) were used as a performance measure to compare the predicted segmentation of the model with the ground truth. Logistic regression and an analysis of variance were performed to determine the significance of the DCs with regards to breast density and lesion behavior and to calculate the 95% confidence interval. The average DC was 0.80. The difference between DCs for BI-RADS 2 and 4c and for BI-RADS 2 and 5 were significant, suggesting that the model has more difficulty in segmenting benign lesions.

Cho, Priscilla↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enhancing Diagnosis through AI-driven Analysis of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in biomedical research and clinical dermatology. It provides virtual high-resolution images of the skin and superficial tissues, reducing the need for physical biopsies. RCM employs a laser light source to illuminate the tissue, capturing the reflected light to generate detailed images of microscopic structures at various depths. Recent studies explored AI and machine learning, particularly CNNs, for analyzing RCM images. Our study proposes a segmentation strategy based on textural features to identify clinically significant regions, empowering dermatologists in effective image interpretation and boosting diagnostic confidence. This approach promises to advance dermatological diagnosis and treatment.

Yoon, Hong-Jun↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-throughput single-cell sorting by stimulated Raman-activated cell ejection

Raman-activated cell sorting isolates single cells in a nondestructive and label-free manner, but its throughput is limited by small spontaneous Raman scattering cross section. Coherent Raman scattering integrated with microfluidics enables high-throughput cell analysis, but faces challenges with small cells (<3 μm) and tissue sections. Here, we report stimulated Raman-activated cell ejection (S-RACE) that enables high-throughput single-cell sorting by integrating stimulated Raman imaging, in situ image decomposition, and laser-induced cell ejection. S-RACE allows ejection of live bacteria or fungi guided by their Raman signatures. Furthermore, S-RACE successfully sorted lipid-richRhodotorula glutiniscells from a cell mixture with a throughput of ~13 cells per second, and the sorting results were confirmed by downstream quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Beyond single cells, S-RACE shows high compatibility with tissue sections. Incorporating a closed-loop feedback control circuit further enables real-time SRS imaging-identification-ejection. In summary, S-RACE opens exciting opportunities for diverse single-cell sorting applications.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bioadhesive polymer semiconductors and transistors for intimate biointerfaces

The use of bioelectronic devices relies on direct contact with soft biotissues. For transistor-type bioelectronic devices, the semiconductors that need to have direct interfacing with biotissues for effective signal transduction do not adhere well with wet tissues, thereby limiting the stability and conformability at the interface. Here we report a bioadhesive polymer semiconductor through a double-network structure formed by a bioadhesive brush polymer and a redox-active semiconducting polymer. The resulting semiconducting film can form rapid and strong adhesion with wet tissue surfaces together with high charge-carrier mobility of ~1 square centimeter per volt per second, high stretchability, and good biocompatibility. Further fabrication of a fully bioadhesive transistor sensor enabled us to produce high-quality and stable electrophysiological recordings on an isolated rat heart and in vivo rat muscles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pharmacological Profiling of a Brugia malayi Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor as a Putative Antiparasitic Target

The diversification of anthelmintic targets and mechanisms of action will help ensure the sustainable control of nematode infections in response to the growing threat of drug resistance. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are established drug targets in human medicine but remain unexploited as anthelmintic substrates despite their important roles in nematode neuromuscular and physiological processes. Bottlenecks in exploring the druggability of parasitic nematode GPCRs include a limited helminth genetic toolkit and difficulties establishing functional heterologous expression. In an effort to address some of these challenges, we profile the function and pharmacology of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the human parasite Brugia malayi, an etiological agent of human lymphatic filariasis. While acetylcholine-gated ion channels are intensely studied as targets of existing anthelmintics, comparatively little is known about metabotropic receptor contributions to parasite cholinergic signaling. Using multivariate phenotypic assays in microfilariae and adults, we show that nicotinic and muscarinic compounds disparately affect parasite fitness traits. We identify a putative G protein-linked acetylcholine receptor of B. malayi (Bma-GAR-3) that is highly expressed across intramammalian life stages and adapt spatial RNA in situ hybridization to map receptor transcripts to critical parasite tissues. Tissue-specific expression of Bma-gar-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans (body wall muscle, sensory neurons, and pharynx) enabled receptor deorphanization and pharmacological profiling in a nematode physiological context. Finally, we developed an image-based feeding assay as a reporter of pharyngeal activity to facilitate GPCR screening in parasitized strains. We expect that these receptor characterization approaches and improved knowledge of GARs as putative drug targets will further advance the study of GPCR biology across medically important nematodes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗