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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
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NASA NTRS1972

Time behavior of solar flare particles to 5 AU

A simple model of solar flare radiation event particle transport is developed to permit the calculation of fluxes and related quantities as a function of distance from the sun (R). This model assumes the particles spiral around the solar magnetic field lines with a constant pitch angle. The particle angular distributions and onset plus arrival times as functions of energy at 1 AU agree with observations if the pitch angle distribution peaks near 90 deg. As a consequence the time dependence factor is essentially proportional to R/1.7, (R in AU), and the event flux is proportional to R/2.

Haffner, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Neutrons produced by known energies of ions abundant in space

Particle accelerator radiation measurements are applied to the problem of calculating biological dose from radiation produced in the walls of a spacecraft by various ions in space. Neutrons, one of the products of the interactions of energetic ions with matter, are usually quite penetrating and have large values of Q.F. or R.B.E. Ions of helium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen were accelerated and directed onto target materials of copper or tantalum. The secondary neutron production was determined. Studies were made of the angular distribution and an inferred neutron spectrum was calculated from activities of threshold reaction detectors.

Wadman, W. W., III↗
NASA NTRS1972

Low-energy electron transport with the method of discrete ordinates

The one-dimensional discrete ordinates code ANISN was adapted to transport low energy (a few MeV) electrons. Calculated results obtained with ANISN were compared with experimental data for transmitted electron energy and angular distribution data for electrons normally incident on aluminum slabs of various thicknesses. The calculated and experimental results are in good agreement for a thin slab (0.2 of the electron range), but not for the thicker slabs (0.6 of the electron range). Calculated results obtained with ANISN were also compared with results obtained using Monte Carlo methods.

Bartine, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The atom-molecule reaction D plus H2 yields HD plus H studied by molecular beams

Collisions between deuterium atoms and hydrogen molecules were studied in a modulated crossed beam experiment. The relative signal intensity and the signal phase for the product HD from reactive collisions permitted determination of both the angular distribution and HD mean velocity as a function of angle. From these a relative differential reactive scattering cross section in center-of-mass coordinates was deduced. The experiment indicates that reactively formed HD which has little or no internal excitation departs from the collision anisotropically, with maximum amplitude 180 deg from the direction of the incident D beam in center-of-mass coordinates, which shows that the D-H-H reacting configuration is short-lived compared to its rotation time. Non reactive scattering of D by H2 was used to assign absolute values to the differential reactive scattering cross sections.

Geddes, J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Anisotropies in the interplanetary intensity of solar protons E sub p 0.3 MeV

From the data on solar protons with energy 0.3 MeV obtained by Explorer 35 since July 1967, ten events were selected for the study of intensity vs time and of angular distributions of intensity in interplanetary space near the earth. The bases of selection were that the events be of adequate intensity for statistically satisfactory study and that they be attributable to a single solar flare so that their time histories were not complicated by overlapping emissions of particles. The principal findings for these events are presented.

Innanen, W. G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Measurement of the degree of anisotropy of the cosmic radiation using the IMP space vehicle

The detector and data reduction techniques used in connection with the cosmic ray experiments designed for and flown on Explorer 34 and 41 satellites are described. A history of the program development and the present status of data processing are briefly summarized. The instrument to measure the anisotropy and energy spectra of cosmic ray electrons and protons, and X-rays of solar and galactic origin is discussed. The main characteristics of the detectors and the stability during 23 months of operation are described. The method of analysis of the angular distribution of solar cosmic ray particles in the ecliptic plane is given. It is shown that the anisotropy of low energy particles of solar origin decreases sharply to a very small value when the satellite penetrates the magnetosphere.

Palmeira, R. A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Coordinated auroral-electron observations from a synchronous and a polar satellite.

The ATS 5 satellite in synchronous orbit and the OV1-18 satellite in a low-altitude polar orbit carried similar experiments to measure auroral-particle fluxes in the energy range from 1/2 to 50 keV. Simultaneous electron flux observations are presented from 5 instances when the OV1-18 passed within a few hundred kilometers of the computed conjugate point to ATS 5. The integral flux levels were found to be generally comparable at the two locations with no evidence for angular distributions highly peaked along the field line. The spectrums were significantly harder at ATS 5 with average energies approximately a factor of 2 higher than at OV1-18. Evidence is presented for a dramatic difference in the shapes of the spectrums at the two locations with smoothly falling relatively featureless spectrums observed at ATS 5 and spectrums with a peak in the few keV range observed at OV1-18. Based on the 5 passes described here, there is evidence that the trapped component of the flux increases more rapidly than the precipitating component during more active times.

Sharp, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Bremsstrahlung in the atmosphere.

Results of calculations concerning the emission of bremsstrahlung by electrons in the upper atmosphere and the penetration of this radiation to atmospheric depths of 3 to 10 g/sq cm, where it can be measured by balloon-borne detectors. The calculations take into account the multiple scattering and slowing down of electrons, and the multiple Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption of bremsstrahlung photons. Numerical data have been generated for electron beams incident onto the atmosphere with energies between 20 keV and 2 MeV, assuming wide-area precipitation and an incident angular distribution isotropic over the downward hemisphere. The results relate the number and energy spectrum of the incident electrons to the bremsstrahlung flux spectrum at balloon heights. The interpretation of some observed bremsstrahlung flux spectra is attempted.

Berger, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Vibrationally inelastic low-energy CO/+/ - Ar collisions.

Examination of relative differential cross sections for inelastic scattering of CO(+) by Ar with a high-resolution ion-beam apparatus in which a CO(+) beam interacts with a neutral-Ar beam, and the energy, mass, and angular distribution of scattered ions are measured. Maxima in the inelastic energy-loss spectra occur at energies corresponding to CO(+) spectroscopic vibrational spacings. Weakly inelastic processes are observed below the threshold for vibrational energy loss, corresponding to rotational excitation with the relative importance of rotational transitions increasing with decreasing energy and scattering angle.

Petty, F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Earth albedo neutrons from 10 to 100 MeV.

We report the measurement of the energy and angular distributions of earth albedo neutrons from 10 to 100 MeV at 40 deg N geomagnetic latitude from a balloon at 120,000 ft, below 4.65 g/sq cm. The albedo-neutron omnidirectional energy distribution is flat to 50 MeV, then decreases with energy. The absolute neutron energy distribution is of the correct strength and shape for the albedo neutrons to be the source of the protons trapped in earth's inner radiation belt.

Preszler, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Low-energy proton increases associated with interplanetary shock waves.

Impulsive increases in the low energy proton flux observed by the Explorer 34 satellite, in very close time association with geomagnetic storm sudden commencements are described. It is shown that these events are of short duration (20-30 min) and occur only during the decay phase of a solar cosmic-ray flare event. The differential energy spectrum and the angular distribution of the direction of arrival of the particles are discussed. Two similar increases observed far away from the earth by the Pioneer 7 and 8 deep-space probes are also presented. These impulsive increases are compared with Energetic Storm Particle events and their similarities and differences are discussed. A model is suggested to explain these increases, based on the sweeping and trapping of low energy cosmic rays of solar origin by the advancing shock front responsible for the sudden commencement detected on the earth.

Palmeira, R. A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effect of aerosol variation on radiance in the earth's atmosphere-ocean system.

Calculation of the radiance at the top and bottom of the atmosphere with a realistic model of both the atmosphere and ocean. It is found that the upward flux at the top of the atmosphere, as well as the angular distribution of the radiation, changes appreciably as the aerosol amount increases from normal to ten times normal. At the same time, the upward and downward radiance just above the ocean surface undergoes important changes. The radiance does not change appreciably with variations in the aerosol distribution with height so long as the total aerosol amount remains constant. Similarly, changes in the ozone amount cause only small changes in the radiance at the wavelengths considered (0.7, 0.9, and 1.67 micron). Very little radiation returns to the atmosphere from the ocean at 0.9 and 1.67 micron because of the high absorption of water at these wavelengths.

Plass, G. N.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Electron transport and space shielding handbook

The transport of electrons through material is discussed with emphasis on space radiation problems. Brief reviews of the electron radiation environment and electron transport properties are presented. Parametric representations of the electron transmitted fraction, energy spectrum, angular distribution, backscatter coefficient, and energy deposition are given as functions of electron energy and target material. Parametric equations for thick target bremsstrahlung are presented. Calculations of the transport of isotropically incident electrons relevant to space applications are shown. Comparisons of parametric representation with data, photon attenuation coefficients, electron energy deposition data, flux-to-dose conversion relations, and formalism applicable to space shielding problems are presented.

Shreve, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Polarization phenomena in multiphoton ionization of atoms

The theory of multiphoton ionization for an atomic system of arbitrary complexity is developed using a density matrix formalism. An expression is obtained which determines the differential N-photon ionization cross section as a function of the polarization states of the target atom and the incident radiation. The parameters which characterize the photoelectron angular distribution are related to the general reduced matrix elements for the N-photon transition. Two-photon ionization of unpolarized atoms is treated as an illustration of the use of the theory. The dependence of the multiphoton ionization cross section on the polarization state of the incident radiation, which has been observed in two- and three-photon ionization of Cs, is accounted for by the theory. Finally, the photoelectron spin polarization produced by the multiphoton ionization of unpolarized atoms, like the analogous polarization resulting from single-photon ionization, is found to depend on the circular polarization of the incident radiation.

Jacobs, V. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Neutron measurements of the OGO-VI Spacecraft

The neutron measurements with the OGO-6 spacecraft are reported. Topics discussed include: the design and calibration of a neutron monitor for measuring the cosmic ray neutron leakages from the earth's atmosphere, determination of latitude dependence of cosmic ray leakage flux, determination of the angular distribution of neutron leakage flux as deduced by measurements of the altitude dependence, and verification of the solar modulation of the cosmic ray source for the neutron leakage.

Lockwood, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Exhaust plume and contamination characteristics of a bipropellant (MMH/N2O4) RCS thruster

Results are presented for three recent tests in a series of thruster contamination experiments made in liquid helium-cooled environmental facility. The contaminating effects encountered on various materials, surfaces, and components, due to the exhaust products from a 5-pound thrust, bipropellant (MMH/N2O4) thruster are investigated. The angular distribution of plume effects around the periphery of the thruster established by transmittance changes of quartz samples over the wavelength range from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometer is studied, along with mass deposition rates at a specific location measured with a quartz crystal microbalance for three different experiments. Quadrupole mass spectrometer measurements of the exhaust products over the mass number range from 12 to 75; infrared transmittance measurements of contaminated samples for the wavelength range from 2.5 to 15 microns; and infrared transmittance measurements of residue from the thruster nozzle are also considered.

Spisz, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Collimator of multiple plates with axially aligned identical random arrays of apertures

A collimator is disclosed for examining the spatial location of distant sources of radiation and for imaging by projection, small, near sources of radiation. The collimator consists of a plurality of plates, all of which are pierced with an identical random array of apertures. The plates are mounted perpendicular to a common axis, with like apertures on consecutive plates axially aligned so as to form radiation channels parallel to the common axis. For near sources, the collimator is interposed between the source and a radiation detector and is translated perpendicular to the common axis so as to project radiation traveling parallel to the common axis incident to the detector. For far sources the collimator is scanned by rotating it in elevation and azimuth with a detector to determine the angular distribution of the radiation from the source.

Hoover, R. B.↗