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DOE OSTI2026

Promise of Graph Sparsification and Decomposition for Noise Reduction in QAOA: Analysis for Trapped-Ion Compilations

We develop new approximate compilation schemes that significantly reduce the expense of compiling the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for solving the Max-Cut problem. Our main focus is on compilation with trapped-ion simulators using Pauli-X operations and all-to-all Ising Hamiltonian HIsing evolution generated by Molmer-Sorensen or optical dipole force interactions, though some of our results also apply to standard gate-based compilations. Our results are based on principles of graph sparsification and decomposition; the former reduces the number of edges in a graph while maintaining its cut structure, while the latter breaks a weighted graph into a small number of unweighted graphs. Though these techniques have been used as heuristics in various hybrid quantum algorithms, there have been no guarantees on their performance, to the best of our knowledge. This work provides the first provable guarantees using sparsification and decomposition to improve quantum noise resilience and reduce quantum circuit complexity. For quantum hardware that uses edge-by-edge QAOA compilations, sparsification leads to a direct reduction in circuit complexity. For trapped-ion quantum simulators implementing all-to-all HIsing pulses, we show that for a (1−ϵ) factor loss in the Max-Cut approximation (ϵ>0), our compilations improve the (worst-case) number of HIsing pulses from O(n2) to O(nlog(n/ϵ)) and the (worst-case) number of Pauli-X bit flips from O(n2) to O(nlog(n/ϵ)ϵ2) for n-node graphs. This is an asymptotic improvement for any constant ϵ>0. We demonstrate that significant improvements to the approximation ratio are obtained using decomposition in simulated trapped-ion experiments with dephasing noise. We further present a generic argument showing that sparsification results in an exponentially improved circuit fidelity lower bound in digital computing schemes based on one- and two-qubit gates, which are relevant to a wide variety of hardwares such as superconducting qubits and certain neutral atom or trapped ion setups, and more sophisticated noise models. We anticipate these approximate compilation techniques will be useful tools in a variety of future quantum computing experiments.

Moondra, Jai [Georgia Institute of Technology]↗

DOE OSTI2026

A conveyor-belt magneto-optical trap of CaF

Achieving high-density samples of laser-cooled molecules is a critical step toward advancing applications in precision measurements, ultracold chemistry and quantum science. We report the experimental realization of a high-density conveyor-belt magneto-optical trap for calcium monofluoride (CaF) molecules. The obtained highly-compressed cloud has a mean radius of 64(5) μm and a peak number density of 3.6(5) × 10 10 cm −3 , a 600-fold increase over the conventional red-detuned MOTs of CaF, and the densest molecular MOT observed to date. Subsequent loading of these molecules into an optical dipole trap yields up to 2.6 × 10 4 trapped molecules at a temperature of 14(2) μK with a peak phase-space density of ~ 2.4 × 10 −6 . This opens new possibilities for a range of applications utilizing high-density, optically trapped ultracold molecules.

Yu, Scarlett S. [Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (Uni↗

DOE OSTI2021

The Dark World: A Tale of WASP-43b in Reflected Light with HST WFC3/UVIS

Optical reflected light eclipse observations provide a direct probe of exoplanet scattering properties, such as from aerosols. We present here the photometric reflected light observations of WASP-43b using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3/UVIS instrument with the F350LP filter (346–822 nm) encompassing the entire optical band. This is the first reflected light photometric eclipse using UVIS in scanning mode; as such, we further detail our scanning extraction and analysis pipeline Arctor. Our HST WFC3/UVIS eclipse light curve for WASP-43b derived a 3σ upper limit of 67 ppm on the eclipse depth, which implies that WASP-43b has a very dark dayside atmosphere. With our atmospheric modeling campaign, we compared our reflected light constraints with predictions from global circulation and cloud models benchmarked with HST and Spitzer observations of WASP-43b. We infer that we do not detect clouds on the dayside within the pressure levels probed by HST WFC3/UVIS with the F350LP filter (P > 1 bar). This is consistent with the general circulation model predictions based on previous WASP-43b observations. Dayside emission spectroscopy results from WASP-43b with HST and Spitzer observations are likely to not be significantly affected by contributions from cloud particles.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2026

Tracking Optical Phonon Dynamics in InP Nanocrystals via Transient Absorption and Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) offer actualized and prospective utility in optoelectronic technologies, yet key aspects of their thermal and vibrational behaviors remain unresolved. Compared with bulk crystals, heat dissipation involving NCs can differ substantially owing to pervasiveness of interfacial scattering, phonon confinement, and relaxed phonon momentum selection rules, as well as influences of ligands. Here, in addition to transient absorption, we use femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy to track nonequilibrium optical-phonon dynamics in InP NCs capped with myristic acid ligands and compare the same particles coated with a ZnS shell. We identify distinct phonon decay pathways in ligand-capped versus ZnS-shelled NCs. Increasing the excitation density and introducing the ZnS shell measurably modify optical-phonon lifetimes, whereas phonon formation times remain largely unchanged. In addition, we observe phonon mode softening in ligand-capped nanocrystals, consistent with lattice expansion. Together, these results demonstrate that core–shell structures can strongly govern nanocrystal thermal dissipation pathways and should be considered a key design parameter for optoelectronic operation.

dissipation↗

DOE OSTI2024

LEED: A Lightwave Energy-Efficient Datacenter

The Lightwave Energy-Efficient Datacenter (LEED) program is a disruptive “green-field” approach that provides a quantum leap in the energy efficiency of datacenters. LEED’s fundamental value proposition is that a novel and re-architected optical network—RotorNet— can deliver “more bandwidth per buck” as well as unique system-level attributes that significantly improve overall datacenter energy efficiency and performance. LEED has developed three system-level testbeds. The first testbed uses calibrated hardware and software power measurements to determine server energy efficiency as a function of network bandwidth and workload. These measurements have shown that increasing network communications bandwidth dramatically increases server energy efficiency providing a realistic path to the overall ENLITENED program goal of doubling the number of transactions per joule. The second testbed demonstrates key hardware: a prototype low-loss, high-port count optical “selector switch”. This switch was fabricated, racked, and tested. Measured switch characteristics include loss, bandwidth, crosstalk, switch time, system-level switch time (including the transceivers), and bit error rate. The third testbed demonstrates a fully working and manufactured pinwheel design which dramatically lowers the cost of design, while delivering high switch radix and low reconfiguration times. The LEED project has tied these three novel photonic switch prototypes together with production servers and software through the development of a novel FPGA-based NIC platform called Corundum. Corundum ensures that the packet-switched protocols supported by commodity operating systems and devices can interface with the Rotor switch design. The LEED group has used this combined hardware and software prototype to characterize applications running at a commercially relevant scale. The project has used a combination of enhanced optical modulation amplitude (OMA) modulators, broadband multiplexers and demultiplexers, avalanche photodiodes, and a novel burst-mode receivers to enable the insertion of LEED-developed optical switches without the need for expensive optical amplification. Our modeling has shown that measured LEED-developed device characteristics can achieve link characteristics of 2 pJ/bit including both transceivers and the Rotor switch. In summary, the LEED program has demonstrated a credible and practical path, through novel hardware and software, to realize the program objectives of ENLITENED. The net result will ensure that the United States maintains its strength in the crucial sector of Information Technology, which is vital to both our economic security and our national security.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Integration of Highly Luminescent Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals on Transparent Lead Halide Nanowire Waveguides through Morphological Transformation and Spontaneous Growth in Water

The integration of highly luminescent CsPbBr 3 quantum dots on nanowire waveguides has enormous potential applications in nanophotonics, optical sensing and quantum communications. On the other hand, CsPb 2 Br 5 nanowires have also attracted a lot of attention due to their unique water stability and controversial luminescent property. Here we first report the growth of CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals on CsPb 2 Br 5 nanowires by simply immersing CsPbBr 3 powder into pure water, CsPbBr 3-γ X γ (X = Cl, I) nanocrystals on CsPb 2 Br 5-γ X γ nanowires are then synthesized for tunable light sources. Systematic structure and morphology studies, including in-situ monitoring, revealed that CsPbBr 3 powder was first converted to CsPb 2 Br 5 microplatelets in water, followed by a morphological transformation from CsPb 2 Br 5 microplatelets to nanowires, which is a kinetic dissolution-recrystallization process controlled by electrolytic dissociation and supersaturation of CsPb 2 Br 5 . CsPbB r3 nanocrystals are spontaneously formed on CsPb 2 Br 5 nanowires when nanowires are collected from the aqueous solution. Raman spectroscopy, combined photoluminescence and SEM imaging confirm that the bright emission originates from CsPbBr 3-γ X γ nanocrystals while CsPb 2 Br 5-γ X γ nanowires are transparent waveguides. In conclusion, the intimate integration of nanoscale light sources with a nanowire waveguide is demonstrated through the observation of the wave guiding of light from nanocrystals and Fabry-Perot interference modes of the nanowire cavity.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Impact of dopant-induced band tails on optical spectra, charge carrier transport, and dynamics in single-crystal CdTe

Abstract Cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductors are used in thin-film photovoltaics, detectors, and other optoelectronic applications. For all technologies, higher efficiency and sensitivity are achieved with reduced charge carrier recombination. In this study, we use state-of-the-art CdTe single crystals and electro-optical measurements to develop a detailed understanding of recombination rate dependence on excitation and temperature in CdTe. We study recombination and carrier dynamics in high-resistivity (undoped) and arsenic (As)-doped CdTe by employing absorption, the Hall effect, time-resolved photoluminescence, and pump-probe in the 80–600 K temperature range. We report extraordinarily long lifetimes (30 µs) at low temperatures in bulk undoped CdTe. Temperature dependencies of carrier density and mobility reveal ionization of the main acceptors and donors as well as dominant scattering by ionized impurities. We also distinguish different recombination defects. In particular, shallow As Te and deep V Cd −As Cd acceptors were responsible for p-type conductivity. AX donors were responsible for electron capture, while nonradiative recombination centers (V Cd −As Te , As 2 precipitates), and native defects (V Cd −Te Cd ) were found to be dominant in p-type and n-type CdTe, respectively. Bimolecular and surface recombination rate temperature dependencies were also revealed, with bimolecular coefficient T −3/2 temperature dependence and 170 meV effective surface barrier, leading to an increase in surface recombination velocity at high temperatures and excitations. The results of this study allowed us to conclude that enhanced crucible rotation growth of As-doped CdTe is advantageous to As activation, leading to longer lifetimes and larger mobilities and open-circuit voltages due to lower absorption and trapping.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Observation and origin of multi-THz quantum beats in superfluorescent emission from argon

We report observation of multi-THz quantum beats in the amplitude of superfluorescence in pure argon gas, using a time delayed 780-nm probe beam that interrogates the relevant population densities. The superfluorescence is induced by three-photon absorption of an ultrashort 260.5-nm laser pulse that creates coherent and coupled populations in multiple closely spaced 3⁢d and 5⁢s Ar levels. Argon pressure and pump laser focusing parameters are seen to modify the frequency of the quantum beats, which is attributed to the absorption of the self-generated, nonresonant third harmonic of the pump from Ar near the zero of the real part of the overlapping linear susceptibilities of the closely spaced 3⁢d and 5⁢s excited states. The self-absorption of the phase-matched THG photons creates a coherent population of atoms which acts like an atomic excited state (3⁢ω-induced state). Furthermore, we have also observed a new two-step superfluorescent cascade that results from the population redistribution enabled by the 780-nm probe pulse between the 3⁢d'[5/2] 3 and the 3⁢ω-induced state and gives rise to a previously unknown transition that emits on 1587 nm.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Intrinsically Slow Cooling of Hot Electrons in CdSe Nanocrystals Compared to CdS

The utilization of excited charge carriers in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) for optoelectronic technologies has been a long-standing goal in the field of nanoscience. Experimental efforts to extend the lifetime of excited carriers have therefore been a principal focus. To understand the limits of these lifetimes, in this work, we theoretically study the time scales of pure electron relaxation in negatively charged NCs composed of two prototypical materials: CdSe and CdS. We find that hot electrons in CdSe have lifetimes that are 5 to 6 orders of magnitude longer than in CdS when the relaxation is governed only by the intrinsic properties of the materials. Although these two materials are known to have somewhat different electronic structure, we elucidate how this enormous difference in lifetimes arises from relatively small quantitative differences in electronic energy gaps and phonon frequencies, as well as the crucial role of Fröhlich-type electron–phonon couplings.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Many-Exciton Quantum Dynamics in a Ruddlesden–Popper Tin Iodide

We present a study on the many-body exciton interactions in a Ruddlesden–Popper tin halide, namely, (PEA) 2 SnI 4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium), using coherent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. The optical dephasing times of the third-order polarization observed in these systems are determined by exciton many-body interactions and lattice fluctuations. We investigate the excitation-induced dephasing (EID) and observe a significant reduction of the dephasing time with increasing excitation density as compared to its lead counterpart (PEA) 2 PbI 4 , which we have previously reported in a separate publication [J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 153, 164706]. Surprisingly, we find that the EID interaction parameter is four orders of magnitude higher in (PEA) 2 SnI 4 than that in (PEA) 2 PbI 4 . This increase in the EID rate may be due to exciton localization arising from a more statically disordered lattice in the tin derivative. This is supported by the observation of multiple closely spaced exciton states and the broadening of the linewidth with increasing population time (spectral diffusion), which suggests a static disordered structure relative to the highly dynamic lead-halide. Additionally, we find that the exciton nonlinear coherent lineshape shows evidence of a biexcitonic state with low binding energy (<10 meV) not observed in the lead system. We model the lineshapes based on a stochastic scattering theory that accounts for the interaction with a nonstationary population of dark background excitations. Our study provides evidence of differences in the exciton quantum dynamics between tin- and lead-based Ruddlesden–Popper metal halides (RPMHs) and links them to the exciton–exciton interaction strength and the static disorder aspect of the crystalline structure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Collapse of Jahn-Teller phonons in La 1−x Sr x MnO 3 with weak magnetoresistance

Perovskite manganites are quantum materials exhibiting competing interactions inducing colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The prevailing theory of CMR highlights the essential role of electron-phonon coupling (EPC), but mounting evidence suggests the underlying mechanism is more complicated. Here, we investigate phonons and spin-phonon coupling in ferromagnetic CMR manganites La 1−x Sr x MnO 3 (x=0.2,0.3) with relatively small CMR associated with melting of the magnetic order above room temperature. High-resolution neutron scattering experiments combined with density functional theory (DFT) show that the low-temperature ferromagnetic phase is conventional: neutron scattering from phonons agrees with DFT predictions and magnons follow sinusoidal dispersions. Fluctuating magnetic moments and low-energy phonons remain conventional in the high-temperature paramagnetic phase, indicating the Mn and La/Sr sublattices are not strongly perturbed by melting of ferromagnetism. In contrast, the Jahn–Teller-active optical oxygen vibrations collapse entirely above the Curie temperature, despite low CMR in these compositions, with some of the lost spectral weight reappearing as quasielastic scattering. We attribute this highly anomalous behavior to giant EPC in the charge and/or orbital channel. It drives cooperative diffusive motion of quasistatic carrier-trapping oxygen sublattice distortions once ferromagnetism disappears. We hypothesize the magnitude of magnetoresistance correlates with the rate of diffusion rather than with the strength of Jahn–Teller EPC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Near-Monochromatic Tuneable Cryogenic Niobium Electron Field Emitter

We report creating, manipulating, and detecting coherent electrons is at the heart of future quantum microscopy and spectroscopy technologies. Leveraging and specifically altering the quantum features of an electron beam source at low temperatures can enhance its emission properties. Here, we describe electron field emission from a monocrystalline, superconducting niobium nanotip at a temperature of 5.9 K. The emitted electron energy spectrum reveals an ultranarrow distribution down to 16 meV due to tunable resonant tunneling field emission via localized band states at a nanoprotrusion’s apex and a cutoff at the sharp low-temperature Fermi edge. This is an order of magnitude lower than for conventional field emission electron sources. The self-focusing geometry of the tip leads to emission in an angle of 3.7°, a reduced brightness of 3.8 × 10 8 A/(m 2 srV), and a stability of hours at 4.1 nA beam current and 69 meV energy width. This source will decrease the impact of lens aberration and enable new modes in low-energy electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and high-resolution vibrational spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Single nuclear spin detection and control in a van der Waals material

Optically active spin defects in solids are leading candidates for quantum sensing and quantum networking. Recently, single spin defects were discovered in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a layered van der Waals (vdW) material. Owing to its two-dimensional structure, hBN allows spin defects to be positioned closer to target samples than in three-dimensional crystals, making it ideal for atomic-scale quantum sensing, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of single molecules. However, the chemical structures of these defects remain unknown and detecting a single nuclear spin with a hBN spin defect has been elusive. Here we report the creation of single spin defects in hBN using 13 C ion implantation and the identification of three distinct defect types based on hyperfine interactions. We observed both S = 1/2 and S = 1 spin states within a single hBN spin defect. We demonstrated atomic-scale NMR and coherent control of individual nuclear spins in a vdW material, with a π-gate fidelity up to 99.75% at room temperature. By comparing experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose chemical structures for these spin defects. Our work advances the understanding of single spin defects in hBN and provides a pathway to enhance quantum sensing using hBN spin defects with nuclear spins as quantum memories.

Quantum metrology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Magnetically confined surface and bulk excitons in a layered antiferromagnet

The discovery of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets has greatly expanded our ability to create and control nanoscale quantum phases. A unique capability emerges when a two-dimensional magnet is also a semiconductor that features tightly bound excitons with large oscillator strengths that fundamentally determine the optical response and are tunable with magnetic fields. Here, in this study, we report a previously unidentified type of optical excitation-a magnetic surface exciton-enabled by the antiferromagnetic spin correlations that confine excitons to the surface of CrSBr. Magnetic surface excitons exhibit stronger Coulomb attraction, leading to a higher binding energy than excitons confined in bulk layers, and profoundly alter the optical response of few-layer crystals. Distinct magnetic confinement of surface and bulk excitons is established by layer- and temperature-dependent exciton reflection spectroscopy and corroborated by ab initio many-body perturbation theory calculations. By quenching interlayer excitonic interactions, the antiferromagnetic order of CrSBr strictly confines the bound electron-hole pairs within the same layer, regardless of the total number of layers. Our work unveils unique confined excitons in a layered antiferromagnet, highlighting magnetic interactions as a vital approach for nanoscale quantum confinement, from few layers to the bulk limit.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Nanoscale Magnetic Ordering Dynamics in a High Curie Temperature Ferromagnet

Thermally driven transitions between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases are characterized by critical behavior with divergent susceptibilities, long-range correlations, and spin dynamics that can span kHz to GHz scales as the material approaches the critical temperature T c , but it has proven technically challenging to probe the relevant length and time scales with most conventional measurement techniques. In this study, we employ scanning nitrogen-vacancy center based magnetometry and relaxometry to reveal the critical behavior of a high-T c ferromagnetic oxide near its Curie temperature. Cluster analysis of the measured temperature-dependent nanoscale magnetic textures points to a 3D universality class with a correlation length that diverges near T c . Meanwhile, the temperature-dependent spin dynamics, measured through all optical relaxometry suggest that the phase transition is in the XY universality class. In conclusion, our results capture both static and dynamic aspects of critical behavior, providing insights into universal properties that govern phase transitions in magnetic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Auxiliary-state-facilitated phase synchronization phenomena in isolated spin systems

Extending classical synchronization to the quantum domain is of great interest both from the fundamental physics point of view and with a view toward quantum technology applications. This work characterizes phase synchronization of an effective spin-1 system, which is realized by coupling three quantum states with infinite lifetime to auxiliary excited states that have a finite lifetime. Integrating out the excited states, the effective spin-1 model features coherent and incoherent effective couplings. The following are our key findings. (i) Phase synchronization can be controlled by adjusting the phases of the couplings to the excited states. (ii) Unlike in the paradigmatic spin-1 system studied in the literature, where the dissipative couplings describe decay into the limit-cycle state, the effective spin-1 model investigated in this work is governed by a competition between dissipative decay into and out of the limit-cycle state, with the dissipative decay out of the limit-cycle state playing a critical role. (iii) We identify a parameter regime where phase synchronization of the effective spin-1 system is, in the absence of coherent effective couplings, governed entirely by the effective dissipators. The effective spin-1 model is benchmarked through comparisons with master-equation calculations for the full Hilbert space. Physical insights are gained through analytical perturbation theory calculations. In conclusion, our findings, which are expected to hold for a broad class of energy-level and coupling schemes, are examined using hyperfine states of 87 Rb as an example system.

Nonlinear optics↗

DOE OSTI2025

Symmetry-protected electronic metastability in an optically driven cuprate ladder

Optically excited quantum materials exhibit non-equilibrium states with remarkable emergent properties, but these phenomena are usually transient, decaying on picosecond timescales and limiting practical applications. Advancing the design and control of non-equilibrium phases requires the development of targeted strategies to achieve long-lived, metastable phases. Here, in this study, we report the discovery of symmetry-protected electronic metastability in the model cuprate ladder Sr 14 Cu 24 O 41 . Using femtosecond resonant X-ray scattering and spectroscopy, we show that this metastability is driven by a transfer of holes from chain-like charge reservoirs into the ladders. This ultrafast charge redistribution arises from the optical dressing and activation of a hopping pathway that is forbidden by symmetry at equilibrium. Relaxation back to the ground state is, hence, suppressed after the pump coherence dissipates. Our findings highlight how dressing materials with electromagnetic fields can dynamically activate terms in the electronic Hamiltonian, and provide a rational design strategy for non-equilibrium phases of matter.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Ultrafast photoinduced band splitting and carrier dynamics in chiral tellurium nanosheets

Trigonal tellurium (Te) is a chiral semiconductor that lacks both mirror and inversion symmetries, resulting in complex band structures with Weyl crossings and unique spin textures. Detailed time-resolved polarized reflectance spectroscopy is used to investigate its band structure and carrier dynamics. The polarized transient spectra reveal optical transitions between the uppermost spin-split H4 and H5 and the degenerate H6 valence bands (VB) and the lowest degenerate H6 conduction band (CB) as well as a higher energy transition at the Lpoint. Surprisingly, the degeneracy of the H6 CB (a proposed Weyl node) is lifted and the spin-split VB gap is reduced upon photoexcitation before relaxing to equilibrium as the carriers decay. Using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we conclude that the dynamic band structure is caused by a photoinduced shear strain in the Te film that breaks the screw symmetry of the crystal. The band-edge anisotropy is also reflected in the hot carrier decay rate, which is a factor of two slower along the c-axis than perpendicular to it. The majority of photoexcited carriers near the band-edge are seen to recombine within 30 ps while higher lying transitions observed near 1.2 eV appear to have substantially longer lifetimes, potentially due to contributions of intervalley processes in the recombination rate. These new findings shed light on the strong correlation between photoinduced carriers and electronic structure in anisotropic crystals, which opens a potential pathway for designing novel Te-based devices that take advantage of the topological structures as well as strong spin-related properties.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗