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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 685 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Assessment of asymmetrical rheological behavior of cementitious material for 3D printing application

Among the multiplicity of construction methods based on digital concrete technologies, the most common one remains the extrusion-based process. Two opposed strategies have been developed in order to print a concrete structure using extrusion: the first one emphasizes the ease-of-pumping of material which is massively accelerated to ensure the stability of the structure, when leaving the extruder; the second one uses a firm mortar able to sustain the own weight of the structure during the printing, without requiring any accelerator. Both methods have their pros and cons and don't imply the same rheological requirements. Most of the recent literature assumes that both types of material (fluid and firm) follow the same trend of behavior and obey to the Von Mises plasticity criterion, while it has been demonstrated that firm cement-based materials can exhibit a pressure dependent behavior. Moreover, rheological study is mainly based on shear rheometry, while the extrusion-based printing process requires a description of the rheological behavior in compression to predict the global stability of the structure, and in tension to prevent cracks formation. This paper investigates the fresh behavior of cement paste and mortar under different solicitations (shear, compression, tension) for different water to cement ratios. The analysis of these results allows to describe the transition between a ductile fluid material (symmetrical in tension and compression) that obeys to a Von Mises plasticity criterion, and a brittle and firm material (asymmetrical in tension and compression) that requires a pressure dependent plasticity criterion in order to predict its strength under a given solicitation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1933

Strength Tests of Thin-walled Duralumin Cylinders in Pure Bending

This report is the third of a series presenting the results of strengths tests on thin-walled cylinders and truncated cones of circular and elliptic section; it includes the results obtained from pure bending tests on 58 thin-walled duralumin cylinders of circular section with ends clamped to rigid bulkheads. The tests show that the stress on the extreme fiber at failure as calculated by the ordinary theory of bending is from 30 to 80 percent greater than the compressive stress at failure for thin-walled cylinders in compression. The tests also show that length/radius ratio has no consistent effect upon the bending strength and that the size of the wrinkles that form on the compression half of a cylinder in bending is approximately equal to the size of the wrinkles that form in the complete circumference of a cylinder of the same dimensions in compression.

CONES, TRUNCATED - STRENGTH TESTS↗
NASA NTRS2019

Performance Optimization of Plate Airfoils for Martian Rotor Applications Using a Genetic Algorithm

The Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator will be flying on the NASA Mars 2020 rover mission scheduled to launch in July of 2020. The goal is to demonstrate the viability and potential of heavier-than-air vehicles in the Martian atmosphere. Research is performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA Ames Research Center to extend these capabilities and develop the Mars Science Helicopter as the next possible step for Martian rotorcraft. The Mars Science Helicopter mass is scaled up to the 5 to 20 kg range, allowing a greater payload (approximately 0.5 to 2.0 kg), and greater range (approximately 3 km). Key to achieving these targets is careful aerodynamic rotor design. The Martian atmosphere’s low density and the small helicopter rotors result in very low chord-based Reynolds number flows, which reduces rotor performance. A continuous genetic algorithm is developed to optimize airfoil shapes at representative conditions for the Martian atmosphere. Previous research indicates that sharp leading edges and plate-like airfoils can out-perform conventional airfoil shapes. The present optimization allows for camber and thickness variation of curved and polygonal thin airfoils with sharp leading edges. The airfoil performance is evaluated at the highest attainable liftto- drag ratio near a moderate lift coefficient at compressible Mach numbers, as expected for Martian rotor application. Increases between 16% and 29% in airfoil lift-to-drag ratio at fixed lift coefficients are observed when compared with the Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator airfoils. Improvements in hover figure of merit are estimated to be between 4% and 10%, when applied to the Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator.

Koning, Witold J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1948

An Analysis of the Effects of Wing Aspect Ratio and Tail Location on Static Longitudinal Stability Below the Mach Number of Lift Divergence

An analysis is presented of the influence of wing aspect ratio and tail location on the effects of compressibility upon static longitudinal stability. The investigation showed that the use of reduced wing aspect ratios or short tail lengths leads to serious reductions in high-speed stability and the possibility of high-speed instability.

Axelson, John A.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Multistage Axial Hydro-Forging Sequence: A New Forming Approach for Manufacturing of Double-Stepped Tubes

To manufacture the large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tube without thinning, a new approach known as multistage axial hydro-forging sequence has been proposed in this study. The whole forming process is divided into five stages. Compared with traditional tube hydroforming, the thickness can be increased by axial compression deformation to reduce the thinning ratio and enhance the forming capacity of the tube in hydro-forging stage and double-stepped hydro-forging stage, respectively. The proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence process was implemented by experiments along with the finite element simulation to validate its feasibility. The suitable loading path to prevent defects such as wrinkle and thinning was discussed. The results showed that double-stepped tube with large expansion ratio can be produced successfully with movable dies’ design. There is no thinning in the final tube, particularly in all stepped area, and a better thickness distribution could be achieved. As a result, the proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence can be a feasible forming approach for the fabrication of large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tubes with high reliability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the setting and hardening process of wollastonite-based brushite cement. Part 2: Influence of the boron and aluminum concentrations in the mixing solution

The mixing solution of wollastonite-based brushite cement is a phosphoric acid solution containing metallic cations and borax. This work complements a previous study devoted to the influence of the H{sub 3}PO{sub 4} concentration, Ca/P and liquid-to-solid (l/s) ratios on the setting and hardening process of the binder by providing new insight into the role of aluminum and boron. Boron retards the setting and decreases the heat released during the process. It also contributes to reduce the macroporosity of the hardened material but yields to poor compressive strength. With aluminum in the mixing solution, the mechanical properties are greatly improved thanks to the precipitation of an amorphous aluminophosphate which increases the density of the cement matrix. But aluminum alone leads to fast setting. A joint addition of boron and aluminum to the mixing solution makes it possible to get a material with optimized properties both in fresh and hardened states.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ion versus Electron Heating in Compressively Driven Astrophysical Gyrokinetic Turbulence

The partition of irreversible heating between ions and electrons in compressively driven (but subsonic) collisionless turbulence is investigated by means of nonlinear hybrid gyrokinetic simulations. We derive a prescription for the ion-to-electron heating ratio Q i /Q e as a function of the compressive-to-Alfvénic driving power ratio P compr /P AW , of the ratio of ion thermal pressure to magnetic pressure β i , and of the ratio of ion-to-electron background temperatures T i /T e . It is shown that Q i /Q e is an increasing function of P compr /P AW . When the compressive driving is sufficiently large, Q i /Q e approaches ≃P compr /P AW . This indicates that, in turbulence with large compressive fluctuations, the partition of heating is decided at the injection scales, rather than at kinetic scales. Analysis of phase-space spectra shows that the energy transfer from inertial-range compressive fluctuations to sub-Larmor-scale kinetic Alfvén waves is absent for both low and high β i , meaning that the compressive driving is directly connected to the ion-entropy fluctuations, which are converted into ion thermal energy. This result suggests that preferential electron heating is a very special case requiring low βi and no, or weak, compressive driving. Our heating prescription has wide-ranging applications, including to the solar wind and to hot accretion disks such as M87 and Sgr A*.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Anomalous Buckling Characteristics of Laminated Metal-Matrix Composite Plates with Central Square Holes

Compressive buckling analysis was performed on metal-matrix composite (MMC) plates with central square holes. The MMC plates have varying aspect ratios and hole sizes and are supported under different boundary conditions. The finite-element structural analysis method was used to study the effects of plate boundary conditions, plate aspect ratio, hole size, and the composite stacking sequence on the compressive buckling strengths of the perforated MMC plates. Studies show that by increasing the hole sizes, compressive buckling strengths of the perforated MMC plates could be considerably increased under certain boundary conditions and aspect ratios ("anomalous" buckling behavior); and that the plate buckling mode could be symmetrical or antisymmetrical, depending on the plate boundary conditions, aspect ratio, and the hole size. For same-sized plates with same-sized holes, the compressive buckling strengths of the perforated MMC plates with [90/0/0/90]2 lamination could be as much as 10 percent higher or lower than those of the [45/- 45/- 45/45]2 laminations, depending on the plate boundary conditions, plate aspect ratios, and the hole size. Clamping the plate edges induces far stronger "anomalous" buckling behavior (enhancing compressive buckling strengths at increasing hole sizes) of the perforated MMC plates than simply supporting the plate edges.

Ko, William L.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Elastic properties of perovskite ATiO{sub 3} (A = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and PbBO{sub 3} (B = Ti, Zr, and Hf): First principles calculations

The mechanical properties of perovskite oxides depend on two metal oxide lattices that are intercalated. This provides an opportunity for separate tuning of hardness, Poisson's ratio (transverse expansion in response to the compression), and shear strength. The elastic constants of series of perovskite oxides were studied by first principles approach. Both A-site and B-site cations were systematically varied in order to see their effects on the elastic parameters. To study the effects of A-site cations, we studied the elastic properties of perovskite ATiO{sub 3} for A being Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba, one at a time. Similarly, for B-site cations, we studied the elastic properties of PbBO{sub 3} for B being Ti, Zr, or Hf, one at a time. The density functional first principles calculations with local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) were employed. It is found that the maximum C{sub 11} elastic constant is achieved when the atomic size of the cations at A-site and B-site are comparable. We also found that C{sub 12} elastic constant is sensitive to B-site cations while C{sub 44} elastic constant is more sensitive to A-site cations. Details and explanations for such dependencies are discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Single Hit Energy-resolved Laue Diffraction

In situ white light Laue diffraction has been successfully used to interrogate the structure of single crystal materials undergoing rapid (nanosecond) dynamic compression up to megabar pressures. However, information on strain state accessible via this technique is limited, reducing its applicability for a range of applications. Here, we present an extension to the existing Laue diffraction platform in which we record the photon energy of a subset of diffraction peaks. This allows for a measurement of the longitudinal and transverse strains in situ during compression. Consequently, we demonstrate measurement of volumetric compression of the unit cell, in addition to the limited aspect ratio information accessible in conventional white light Laue. We present preliminary results for silicon, where only an elastic strain is observed. VISAR measurements show the presence of a two wave structure and measurements show that material downstream of the second wave does not contribute to the observed diffraction peaks, supporting the idea that this material may be highly disordered, or has undergone large scale rotation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1985

Vibrations of circular orthotropic plates in affine space

The vibration of an initially compressed plate having a circular geometry and orthotropy is examined in an affine space. The classical linear plate theory and Hamilton's principle are employed. The equations of motion of the plate are particularly simple in the chosen affine space, permitting a free-vibration study of the entire spectrum of composite materials with polar orthotropy. Approximate but very accurate standing-wave-type mode shapes are used in solving the essentially double eigenvalue problem to determine the effects of midplane forces on the vibration frequencies of the plate. The results indicate that the affine-space frequency increases with increasing stiffness ratio but decreases with increasing midplane compression. It is also discovered that, contrary to the trends observed for rectangular geometry and orthotropy by Oyibo (1981), Brunelle (1982), and Brunelle and Oyibo (1983), the affine-space frequency increases with increasing generalized Poisson's ratio.

Oyibo, G. A.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effects of equivalence ratio variations on turbulent flame speed in lean methane/air mixtures under lean-burn natural gas engine operating conditions

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent premixed air flames were carried out using an inflow-outflow configuration to study the effects of equivalence ratio on the turbulent flame speed in lean mixtures. The inflow velocity was dynamically adjusted at a run-time to stabilize the flame brush location within the computational domain. Linear forcing was applied to maintain the turbulent intensities at desired levels. Numerous equivalence ratios near the lean limit were selected for the same turbulence properties and the normalized turbulent flame speed was shown to be a function of the equivalence ratio. Simulations were performed for over 80 eddy turnover times with the turbulent flame speed obtained by averaging the inflow velocity. Results revealed that the equivalence ratio does not have an explicit effect on the normalized turbulent flame speed over the lean limit. Analysis of flame surface area showed that the surface wrinkling produced by eddies of varying scales was not influenced by the change in equivalence ratios when the Karlovitz and Damkohler numbers are fixed. Lastly based on the flame surface statistics flame surface normal is preferentially parallel to the most compressive strain rate direction for all equivalence ratios.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Size-dependent Strain in Epitaxial (001)Gadolinium-doped Ceria Nanoislands

We report size-dependent strain in epitaxial gadolinium doped ceria nanoislands, which was determined by synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Reciprocal space sections of symmetric, (004) and asymmetric, (224) reflections are approximated by a model assuming size-dependent strain of the islands using real-space size distribution obtained by atomic force microscopy. We show that the islands smaller than 40 nm are subjected to a high level of lateral tensile strain and normal compression. The lateral to normal strain ratio determined from the reciprocal map analysis suggests that lateral tension is the primary stress generator, possibly due to oxygen vacancy ordering on the island-substrate interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Characteristics of ion acoustic solitary waves in a negative ion plasma with superthermal electrons

The behavior of ion acoustic solitons in a plasma including positive and negative ions and kappa distributed electrons is studied, using both small amplitude and arbitrary amplitude approaches. The existence regions of compressive and rarefactive solitons will depend on negative to positive ion density ratio ({nu}) and kappa parameter as well as positive to negative ion mass ratio (Q). The numerical analysis of Sagdeev potential shows that for a chosen plasma with fixed Q, the existence regime of compressive solitons is decreased (increased) by increasing density ratio (kappa parameter), while for rarefactive solitons these conditions are quite opposite. Additionally, the possibility of propagation of both compressive and rarefactive subsonic solitons is investigated. It is found that by increasing negative ions, the existence domains of subsonic solitons are decreased, so that in excess of negative ions subsonic solitons will not propagate even at the presence of superthermal electrons. Indeed, there is a critical negative ion density ratio for all values of kappa, above that only supersonic solitons are observed. Furthermore, in addition to the previous results based on Cairns-distributed electrons [R. A. Cairns et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2709 (1995)], which predicted that both compressive and rarefactive solitons can coexist simultaneously, we have also found the regions of {nu} and {kappa} in which either positive or negative potentials are permitted (i.e., not together). This research will be helpful in understanding the properties of space and laboratory plasmas containing negative ions with energetic electrons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermodynamic Modeling of Heat Engines Including Heat Transfer and Compression–Expansion Irreversibilities

In this paper, a thermodynamic model based on an endoreversible engine approach is developed to analyze the performance of heat engines operating under different thermodynamic cycles. The model considers finite heat transfer rate, variable heat source and sink temperatures, and irreversibilities associated with the expansion and compression. Expressions for the maximum power and efficiency at maximum power output are obtained as a function of hot and cold reservoir temperatures, the equivalent isentropic efficiency of compression and expansion components, and the effective conductance ratio between heat exchangers. In all cases, the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency is retrieved at constant reservoir temperatures and neglected compression–expansion irreversibilities. The proposed model allows assessing the effect of isentropic efficiencies and heat exchanger design and operation characteristics for different thermodynamic cycles.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of bioglass 45S5 addition on properties, microstructure and cellular response of tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cements

Tetracalcium phosphate/nanomonetite (TTCPMH) cement composites with 7.5 and 15 wt% addition of melt-derived 45S5 bioactive glass were prepared by mechanical homogenization of powder components and 2% NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} solution was used as a hardening liquid. The properties of composites with the acidic (Ca/P ratio equal 1.5) or basic (Ca/P ratio equal 1.67) TTCPMH component were compared. Addition of glass component caused rapid rise in pH of composites up to 10. In microstructure of basic cement composite, the large bioglass particles weakly bounded to surrounding cement matrix were found contrary to a more compact microstructure of acidic cement composites with the high number of spherical silica particles. Both the significant refinement of hydroxyapatite particles and the change to needle-like morphology with rise in the content of bioglass were identified in hydroxyapatite coatings created during soaking of composites in phosphate buffered saline. In acidic cement mixtures, the increase of compressive strength with an amount of bioglass was found whereas the opposite tendency was revealed in the case of basic cement mixtures. The higher concentrations of ions were verified in solutions after immersion of acidic cement composites. The severe cytotoxicity of extracts and composite cement substrates containing 15 wt% of bioglass demonstrated adverse effects of both the ionic concentrations and unappropriate surface texture on proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. The enhanced ALP activities of cells cultured on composite cements confirmed the positive effect of bioactive glass addition on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. - Highlights: • Novel B45S5 bioglass/tetracalcium phosphate/nanomonetite cement composites • Cement basicity negatively affected their microstructure. • Acid composite cements had higher compressive strengths than basic composites. • Fast differentiation of MSC to osteoblast line on composite with 7.5 wt% of bioglass • Severe cytotoxicity of 24 h extracts from composites with 15 wt% of bioglass.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A combined experimental and machine learning exploration of Ti 2-x Zr x MnCrFeNi high entropy Laves hydrides

A series of high entropy AB 2 -type Ti 2-x Zr x MnCrFeNi alloys (x = 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2) were synthesized to investigate their potential for hydrogen storage and chemical compression. The influence of the Ti/Zr ratio was explored in terms of structural, microstructural and thermodynamic properties. The storage capacity together with the reaction enthalpy and entropy changes of the synthesized high entropy alloys were compared to predictions from Machine Learning (ML) to investigate changes in these properties across the explored composition space. The results revealed that a decreasing Zr content consistently lowered the hydride formation enthalpy and increased the plateau pressure from 8 to >90 bar H 2 at 25 °C, in good agreement with ML predictions. Selected compositions (x = 1.0 and 1.2) demonstrated reversible hydrogen storage capability over 150 cycles, with capacities of 1.34–1.40 wt % H 2 and remarkable reaction kinetics (<4 min) at ambient temperature. These experimental and computational findings highlight the potential of this Laves-HEA system as tuneable, stable, and cost-effective materials suitable for long-term operations in stationary hydrogen storage and compression applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗