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680 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Parametric and Sensitivity Analysis of a Steam Generator Model Using Python and Machine-Learning Tools

For this study, we used Python and machine-learning tools to perform a comprehensive parametric and sensitivity analysis on a steam generator (SG) model. (The Python model was based on a previously completed MATLAB framework for the Holtec SMR-160 SG.) We investigated the influence of various input parameters (e.g., heat transfer coefficient [HTC], Nusselt number, and heat exchanger effectiveness) on the system’s output. With machine-learning tools such as the Risk Analysis Virtual Environment (RAVEN), which was developed at Idaho National Laboratory, we were then able to perform an automated analysis of the SG inputs’ effect on the HTC. The analysis results give valuable insights into the performance and optimization of SG systems. We found the inlet mass flow rate (MFR) to have the greatest impact on the HTC, followed closely by the inlet temperature, and then pressure. Shifting of the input parameters causes the location of the maximum HTC along the SG length to change incrementally. The cold leg (CL) MFR was also found to impact the HTC magnitude as well as the location of the maximum HTC. At between 0.4–0.9 of the total SG length, the input parameters experience maximum impact on the HTC, leading us to suggest that sensors be efficiently placed on the SG so as to closely and effectively monitor thermal-hydraulic properties during reactor operation. We also found that the sensitivity data calculated manually agrees with the RAVEN – based data, confirming the same range of maximum sensitivity. However, the RAVEN-based analysis showed that cold leg pressure and hot leg temperature have a greater impact on the heat transfer coefficient than the mass flow rate, implying that a manual sensitivity study taking only two samples is not accurate.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solute effects upon dislocation motion and recovery in Mg alloys (Final Report)

The objective the research was to develop a firmer understanding of the interactions between substitutional solute atoms and dislocations within Mg alloys. These interactions govern the absolute and relative mobilities of various types of dislocations in Mg (e.g., basal < a>, non-basal < a>, and pyramidal < c+a>). Furthermore, they have an impact on dislocation recovery processes (e.g., cross-glide, climb, rearrangement, and annihilation). Ultimately, solute-dislocation interactions strongly impact a) strain hardening, b) strain rate sensitivity, c) plastic anisotropy of textured polycrystals, d) texture evolution, e) dislocation substructures evolution, and even f) recrystallization behavior. It is broadly known that Mg alloys exhibit poor low temperature formability. Since formability is largely governed by properties (a) – (c) in this list, it is critical to develop a better understanding of solute-dislocation interactions, if one hopes to improve the situation. While the theory of static solute strengthening is well developed, especially for alloys with face centered cubic (FCC) crystal structures, there are outstanding questions related to applications to hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structures and dynamic strain aging (DSA) in materials of various structures. DSA has far-reaching implications for metal formability and, in the case of Mg alloys, appears to correlate with the so-called rare-earth (RE) texture which has been shown to benefit formability. The Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect, and associated negative strain rate sensitivity, occur at higher temperatures (>100℃) in Mg alloys as compared with similar Al alloys, even though they have similar melting points and solute diffusivities. Our preliminary research has shown that modern, physics-based models of DSA can be tuned to describe the behavior of Mg alloys if a rather higher activation enthalpy is assumed for cross-core diffusivity. While this partially explains the delay in DSA to higher temperatures, it is also hypothesized that this delay is due in part to the intrinsically more thermally activated (rate sensitive) nature of non-basal < a> dislocation motion which is required for macroscopic flow of Mg alloys, whereas octahedral slip in many FCC metals like aluminum is essentially athermal at room temperature. It was originally proposed to employ a combination of in-situ diffraction-based experimental characterization to validate existing theory. It was envisioned to perform in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to assess individual dislocation behavior and in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) techniques which were showing great promise for elucidating collective dislocation behavior, 2 including recovery, especially if the contributions to various forms of diffraction peak broadening (𝜂𝜂,𝜔𝜔,and 2𝜃𝜃) can be effectively integrated. Finally, it was envisioned to perform discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) modeling approaches to aide in the interpretation of both TEM and HEXRD experiments. In the end, mechanical tests were performed on more complex Mg alloys which exhibited evidence of dynamic strain aging, and this led to the establishment of another project. Mechanical test data obtained at McMaster University served as the basis of an assessment of the applicability of Bazinski’s “stress equivalence” theory of solute strengthening to polycrystalline alloys of Mg. Although we did not succeed in applying the approach to Mg alloys, we did develop expertise with the HEXRD approach using a BCC, β-Ti alloy and demonstrated numerous new capabilities that may be applied to any polycrystalline material in collaboration with researchers at CHESS and around the world: (1) assessment of details of the elastoplastic transition (yielding) using a combination of HEXRD and full-field polycrystal plasticity modeling, (2) the first-ever experimental observation of strong stress rotation within the individual grains of a polycrystalline material, and (3) a comprehensive analysis of the grain-level dislocation density evolution based upon diffraction peak broadening along 𝜂𝜂,𝜔𝜔,and 2𝜃𝜃 directions. This final aspect allowed us to confirm that dislocations were gliding on multiple plane types and not restricted to {110} type planes, and it also provided clues as to why some grains were unloading during straining, with surprising implications for our understanding of the effects of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). Finally, graduate student, Mohammed Shabana, developed a MATLAB code which confirmed the conclusions of Prof. Catalin Picu (Rensallear Polytechnic Institute, RPI) regarding the effect of solute-trapped, forest dislocations on the breaking stress of Lomer lock junctions in FCC metal alloys. He applied the same anisotropic line-tension model to a variety of dislocation junction configurations and found an inconsistency in the widely cited results of Dupuy and Fivel regarding the Hirth Lock, and he outlined an approach to extend these finding to HCP Mg alloys that we are still pursuing with discretionary fundings at UVA.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2023

Spatial Link Coverage Projections for the Glenn Research Center Communication Analysis Suite (GCAS)

Space communications are a fundamental part of every NASA mission, and reliable space communications are essential. Precise planning, simulation, and analysis of communications abilities are needed to know exactly what data rates, visibility times, and signal strength can be expected during the real missions. The goal of this work was to take a 3D icosphere, where each face was a point to be evaluated, and display the link performance onto a 2D projection of celestial bodies for links to a node location that could be spatially located at any of the icosahedral faces. 2D projections were produced for a wide range of spatial link grid sizes and compressed into low-size MAT files for ease of access and rapid implementation. The final icosahedral projections can be displayed onto various celestial body maps, using ultra-high-resolution maps for stitching. The results have proven satisfactory and are planned to support various simulation efforts.

communication link analysis↗
NASA NTRS1995

NASA Tech Briefs, November 1995

The contents include: 1) Mission Accomplished; 2) Resource Report: Marshall Space Flight Center; 3) NASA 1995 Software of the Year Award; 4) Microbolometers Based on Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O(sub 7-x) Thin Films; 5) Garnet Random-Access Memory; 6) Fabrication of SNS Weak Links on SOS Substrates; 7) High-Voltage MOSFET Switching Circuit; 8) Asymmetric Switching for a PWM H-Bridge Power Circuit; 9) Better Ohmic Contacts for InP Semiconductor Devices; 10) Low-Bandgap Thermovoltaic Materials and Devices; 11) Digital Frequency-Differencing Circuit; 12) Imaging Magnetometer; 13) Computer-Assisted Monitoring of a Complex System; 14) Buffered Telemetry Demodulator; 15) Compact Multifunction Inspection Head; 16) Optical Detection of Fractures in Ceramic Diaphragms; 17) Eddy-Current Detection of Cracks in Reinforced Carbon/Carbon; 18) Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulation; 19) Optimizing Misch-Metal Compositions in Metal Hydride Anodes; 20) Device for Sampling Surface Contamination; 21) Probabilistic Failure Assessment for Fatigue; 22) Probabilistic Fatigue and Flaw-Propagation Analysis; 23) Windows Program for Driving the TDU-850 Printer; 24) Subband/Transform MATLAB Functions for Processing Images; 25) Computing Equilibrium Chemical Compositions; 26) Program Processes Thermocouple Readings; 27) ICAN-Second-Generation Integrated Composite Analyzer; 28) Integrated Composite Analyzer with Damping Capabilities; 29) Computing Efficiency of Transfer of Microwave Power; 30) Program Calculates Power Demands of Electronic Designs; 31) Cost-Estimation Program; 32) Program Estimates Areas Required by Electronic Designs; 33) Program to Balance Mapped Turbopump Assemblies; 34) BiblioTech; 35) Controlling Mirror Tilt With a Bimorph Actuator; 36) Burst-Disk Device Simulates Effect of Pyrotechnic Device; 37) Bearing-Mounting Concept Accommodates Thermal Expansion; 38) Parallel-Plate Acoustic Absorbers for Hot Environments; 39) Adjustable-Length Strut Withstands Large Cyclic Loads; 40) Tool Indicates Contact Angles in Bearing Raceways; 41) Gravity Slides With Magnetic Braking; 42) High-Torque, Lightweight, Pneumatically Driven Wrench for Small Spaces; 43) Device for Testing Compatibility of an O-Ring; 44) Magnetic Heat Pump Containing Flow Diverters; 45) Variable-Tilt Helicopter Rotor Mast; 46) "Beach-Ball" Robotic Rovers; 47) Apparatus Would Measure Temperatures of Ball Bearings; 48) Flexible Borescope for Inspecting Ducts; 49) Texturing Copper To Reduce Secondary Emission of Electrons; 50) Automated Laser Cutting in Three Dimensions; 51) Algorithm Helps Monitor Engine Operation; 52) Flexible Revision of Data-Processing Communications; 53) Software for Managing the Use of Land; 54) Thermal Strap Increases Cryocooling Efficiency; 55) Reversible Nut With Engagement Indication; 56) Control Algorithms for Kinematically Redundant Manipulators; 57) Computed Hydrogen-Flow Splits in a Rocket Engine; 58) Pressure and Thermal Modeling of Rocket Launches; 59) Field of View of a Spacecraft Antenna: Analysis and Software; 60) Digital Controller for Laser-Beam-Steering Subsystem; 61) More About Beam-Steering Subsystem for Laser Communication; 62) Digital Controller for Laser-Beam-Steering Subsystem: Part 2; 63) Interface Circuit Board for Space-Shuttle Communications; 64) Automated Planning of Spacecraft Telecommunications; 65) Artifacts of Spectral Analysis of Instrument Readings; 66) Neural-Network Controller for Vibration Suppression; 67) Adaptive Finite-Element Computation in Fracture Mechanics; 68) Attitude Control for the Cassini Spacecraft; 69) Analytical Model for Fluid Dynamics in a Microgravity Environment; 70) Study of Rocket-Engine Joints Bonded by NVCU/NARloy-Z; 71) Improved Silicon Nitride for Advanced Heat Engines; 72) Parameters for Welding Aluminum/Lithium Alloys; 73) Lightweight Composite Intertank Structure; 74) Foil Patches Seal Small Vacuum Leaks; 75) Data Base on Cables and Connectors; 76) Effect of Clock Mode on Radiation Hardnessf an ADC; and 77) Fault-Tolerant Control for a Robotic Inspection System.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2018

Boil-off losses along LH2 pathway

Losses along the LH 2 pathway are intrinsic to the utilization of a cryogenic fluid. They occur when the molecule is transferred between 2 vessels (liquefaction plant to trailer, trailer to station storage, station storage to pump or compressor, then fuel cell electric vehicles …) and when the fluid is warmed up due to heat transfer with the environment. Those losses can be estimated with good accuracy using thermodynamic models based on conservation of mass and energy, providing the thermodynamic states are correctly described. Indeed, the fluid undergoes various changes as it moves along the entire pathway (2 phase transition, super-heated warming, non-uniform temperature distributions across the saturation film) and accurate equations of state and 2 phase behavior implementations are essential. The balances of mass and energy during the various dynamics processes then enable to quantify the boil-off losses. In this work, a MATLAB code previously developed by NASA to simulate rocket loading is used as the basis for the LH 2 transfer model. This code implements complex physical phenomena such as the competition between condensation and evaporation and the convection vs. conduction heat transfer as a function of the relative temperatures on both sides of the saturated film. The original code was modified to consider real gas equations of state, and some semi-empirical relationships, such as between the heat of vaporization and the critical temperature, were also replaced by a REFPROP equivalent expression, assumed to be more accurate. Non-constant liquid temperature equations were added to simulate sub-cooled conditions. It is shown that although trailer depressurization and transfer losses from the receiving vessel during a LH 2 delivery may constitute the largest sources of losses, those can be greatly reduced and even eliminated if CFR/DOT regulations are properly applied and if no-vent fill methods are implemented, particularly for a stationary LH2 storage operating at reasonably low pressure (45 psia or so). As such, it is expected that the only remaining boil-off losses for a refueling station would come from the LH 2 pump (utilization and idling), pump vessel cool down/warm up, and environment heat transfer. Based on experimental data measured at LLNL on the Linde 875 bar LH 2 cryo-pump and results from the model, and extrapolating for refueling stations of various sizes, it can be shown that boil-off losses can vary from 15% of delivered LH 2 for a 100 kg/day, 5% at 400 kg/day, and down to less than 2% for stations above 1,800 kg/day (for a system similar to the one at LLNL). Less boil-off is to be expected for LH 2 pumps dispensing at 350 bar, so that less than 0.7% can be expected above 1,800 kg/day station capacities. At last, boil-off recovery solutions are briefly analyzed, including compressors, cryo-coolers and stationary fuel cell. Their economic value is strongly related to the costs of H2 and of the electricity needed to perform the recovery, on top of the initial capital expenditures. Effective boil-off could be reduced to 0.6-1% for a 2,000 kg/day station if adequate recovery solutions are used.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS2008

Wind-Based Navigation of a Hot-air Balloon on Titan: A Feasibility Study

Current analysis of data streamed back to Earth by the Cassini spacecraft features Titan as one of the most exciting places in the solar system. NASA centers and universities around the US, as well as the European Space Agency, are studying the possibility of sending, as part of the next mission to this giant moon of Saturn, a hot-air balloon (Montgolfier-type) for further and more in-depth exploration. The basic idea would be to design a reliable, semi-autonomous, and yet cheap Montgolfier capable of using continuous flow of waste heat from a power source to lift the balloon and sustain its altitude in the Titan environment. In this paper we study the problem of locally navigating a hot-air balloon in the nitrogen-based Titan atmosphere. The basic idea is to define a strategy (i.e. design of a suitable guidance system) that allows autonomous and semi-autonomous navigation of the balloon using the available (and partial) knowledge of the wind structure blowing on the saturnian satellite surface. Starting from first principles we determined the appropriate thermal and dynamical models describing (a) the vertical dynamics of the balloon and (b) the dynamics of the balloon moving on a vertical plane (2-D motion). Next, various non-linear fuzzy-based control strategies have been evaluated, analyzed and implemented in MATLAB to numerically simulate the capability of the system to simultaneously maintain altitude, as well as a scientifically desirable trajectory. We also looked at the ability of the balloon to perform station keeping. The results of the simulation are encouraging and show the effectiveness of such a system to cheaply and effectively perform semiautonomous exploration of Titan.

balloon dynamics↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-664: Radiobiological Modeling of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Mice

Purpose: Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is a clinical technique used to reduce the incidence of brain metastasis and improve overall survival in select patients with ALL and SCLC, and we have shown the potential of PCI in select breast cancer patients through a mouse model (manuscript in preparation). We developed a computational model using our experimental results to demonstrate the advantage of treating brain micro-metastases early. Methods: MATLAB was used to develop the computational model of brain metastasis and PCI in mice. The number of metastases per mouse and the volume of metastases from four- and eight-week endpoints were fit to normal and log-normal distributions, respectively. Model input parameters were optimized so that model output would match the experimental number of metastases per mouse. A limiting dilution assay was performed to validate the model. The effect of radiation at different time points was computationally evaluated through the endpoints of incidence, number of metastases, and tumor burden. Results: The correlation between experimental number of metastases per mouse and the Gaussian fit was 87% and 66% at the two endpoints. The experimental volumes and the log-normal fit had correlations of 99% and 97%. In the optimized model, the correlation between number of metastases per mouse and the Gaussian fit was 96% and 98%. The log-normal volume fit and the model agree 100%. The model was validated by a limiting dilution assay, where the correlation was 100%. The model demonstrates that cells are very sensitive to radiation at early time points, and delaying treatment introduces a threshold dose at which point the incidence and number of metastases decline. Conclusion: We have developed a computational model of brain metastasis and PCI in mice that is highly correlated to our experimental data. The model shows that early treatment of subclinical disease is highly advantageous.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Simulink models for performance analysis of high speed DQPSK modulated optical link

This paper attempts to present the design approach for development of simulation models to study and analyze the transmission of 10 Gbps DQPSK signal over a single channel Peer to Peer link using Matlab Simulink. The simulation model considers the different optical components used in link design with their behavior represented initially by theoretical interpretation, including the transmitter topology, Mach Zehnder Modulator(MZM) module and, the propagation model for optical fibers etc. thus allowing scope for direct realization in experimental configurations. It provides the flexibility to incorporate the various photonic components as either user-defined or fixed and, can also be enhanced or removed from the model as per the design requirements. We describe the detailed operation and need of every component model and its representation in Simulink blocksets. Moreover the developed model can be extended in future to support Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) system, thereby allowing high speed transmission with N × 40 Gbps systems. The various compensation techniques and their influence on system performance can be easily investigated by using such models.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spatiotemporal measurements of striations in a glow discharge’s positive column using laser-collisional induced fluorescence

Here we have observed the behavior of striations caused by ionization waves propagating in low-pressure helium DC discharges using the non-invasive laser-collision induced fluorescence (LCIF) diagnostic. To achieve this, we developed an analytic fit of collisional radiative model (CRM) predictions to interpret the LCIF data and recover quantitative two-dimensional spatial maps of the electron density, n e , and the ratios of LCIF emission states that can be correlated with T e with the use of accurate distribution functions at localized positions within striated helium discharges at 500 mTorr, 750 mTorr, and 1 Torr. To our knowledge, these are the first spatiotemporal, laser-based, experimental measurements of n e in DC striations. The n e and 447:588 ratio distributions align closely with striation theory. Constriction of the positive column appears to occur with decreased gas pressure, as shown by the radial n e distribution. We identify a transition from a slow ionization wave to a fast ionization wave between 750 mTorr and 1 Torr. These experiments validate our analytic fit of n e , allowing the implementation of an LCIF diagnostic in helium without the need to develop a CRM.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Same-sided successive-shock HED instability experiments

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy density (HED) physics experiments experience complicated forcing for instability growth and mix due to the ubiquitous presence of multiple shocks interacting with perturbations on multiple material interfaces. One common driver of instability growth is successive shocks from the same direction. However, there is a severe lack of analytic work and modeling validation for same-sided successive shocks since they are extremely difficult to achieve with conventional (non-HED) drivers. Successive shocks access a large instability parameter space; idealized fluid theory [K. O. Mikaelian, Phys. Rev. A 31, 410 (1985)] predicts 15 different interface evolution scenarios for a sinusoidal perturbation. Growth becomes more complex for multi-mode, compressible HED systems. The Mshock campaign is the first experiment in any fluid regime to probe a wide portion of successive shock parameter space. This is enabled by our development of a hybrid direct/indirect drive platform capable of creating independently controllable successive shocks on the National Ignition Facility. These experiments have delivered the first data capable of rigorously challenging our models and their ability to accurately capture Richtmyer–Meshkov growth under successive shocks. Single-mode and two-mode experiments have successfully demonstrated the ability to access and control the various growth scenarios of the shocked interface, including re-inversion, freeze out, and continued growth. Simulations and theoretical modeling are shown to accurately capture the experimental observations in the linear growth phase, giving us confidence in our ICF/HED design codes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Solvation of the E. coli CheY Phosphorylation Site Mapped by XFMS

The Escherichia coli CheY protein belongs to a large bacterial response regulator superfamily. X-ray hydroxy radical foot-printing with mass spectroscopy (XFMS) has shown that allosteric activation of CheY by its motor target triggers a concerted internalization of aromatic sidechains. We reanalyzed the XFMS data to compare polar versus non-polar CheY residue positions. The polar residues around and including the 57D phosphorylated site had an elevated hydroxy radical reactivity. Bioinformatic measures revealed that a water-mediated hydrogen bond network connected this ring of residues with the central 57D. These residues solvated 57D to energetically stabilize the apo-CheY fold. The abundance of these reactive residues was reduced upon activation. This result was supported by the bioinformatics and consistent with the previously reported activation-induced increase in core hydrophobicity. It further illustrated XFMS detection of structural waters. Direct contacts between the ring residues and the phosphorylation site would stabilize the aspartyl phosphate. In addition, we report that the ring residue, 18R, is a constant central node in the 57D solvation network and that 18R non-polar substitutions determine CheY diversity as assessed by its evolutionary trace in bacteria with well-studied chemotaxis. These results showcase the importance of structured water dynamics for phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cooperative On-Ramp Merging with Time-Varying Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Delay Compensation via a Model-Free Approach

Cooperative merging strategies enabled by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication have shown promise in addressing congestion, fuel inefficiency, and collision risks. However, their performance can be severely degraded by time-varying and uncertain communication delays-an issue often overlooked in existing research, which primarily focuses on merging sequence determination and trajectory planning. Furthermore, practical considerations such as heterogeneous vehicle dynamics, varying road conditions, and real-time implementation complexities are frequently neglected. This paper presents a model-free, online planning framework for cooperative on-ramp merging of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), explicitly accounting for time-varying V2V communication delays. Without relying on detailed vehicle dynamics, the proposed method introduces a data-driven delay compensation scheme. A co-simulation platform integrating high-fidelity vehicle dynamics, traffic simulation (SUMO), and V2V communication within MATLAB/Simulink is developed to evaluate the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate that unaddressed V2V communication delays significantly impair merging performance. In contrast, the proposed framework enhances intervehicle distance tracking and maintains low CO2 emissions and fuel consumption, under communication delay across different communication frequencies. In conclusion, its lightweight design also facilitates real-time implementation, making it well-suited for deployment in practical CAV systems.

Accounting↗
DOE OSTI2024

Techno-Economic Analysis and Market Potential of Geological Thermal Energy Storage (GeoTES) Charged With Solar Thermal and Heat Pumps

In this project, we developed a techno-economic analysis (TEA) model that can be used to evaluate the viability of a proposed Geological Thermal Energy Storage (GeoTES) design. This MATLAB-based model integrates distinct subsystem models for the reservoir, wells, power cycle, and solar field to capture their distinct characteristics. It applies this approach in simulating GeoTES storage and dispatch operations for durations ranging from hourly to seasonal. Using cases studies based on GeoTES designs provided by industry partners - Premier Resource Management (PRM) and EarthBridge Energy - we validated the TEA model estimations of system performance and costs (such as thermal and electrical power/energy inflow and outflow, capital costs, and levelized costs of energy and storage) for both concentrating solar thermal (CST) and Carnot Battery (CB) pairings with GeoTES (CST-GeoTES and CB-GeoTES). For the CST-GeoTES case, the model was validated against the proposed system designed by PRM. It showed good agreement with PRM's estimations when well and pump costs derived from PRM's estimations were used. When GETEM-based costs were used, there was a slight overprediction due to GETEM's project/site agnostic assumption of these costs. From a sensitivity analysis perspective, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the CST-GeoTES case was most sensitive to well flow rate and the charging temperature. An optimal design scenario resulted in an LCOE of 0.11 $\$$/kWhe. CST-GeoTES can also provide a source of heat to meet seasonal demands. With 12-hour and 24-hour levelized cost of heat (LCOH) of 0.018 $\$$/kWhth and 0.022 $\$$/kWhth, respectively, CST-GeoTES could be competitive in the California market with an average industrial price of natural gas in California between 0.041-0.047 $\$$/kWhth. The levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for CST-GeoTES depends on the energy storage duration. Although the LCOS is relatively higher for shorter durations (e.g., ~0.50 $\$$/kWhe for 1 hour of storage), it is an order of magnitude lower (0.06 $\$$/kWhe) for longer storage durations and competitive with lithium-ion batteries (beyond 12 hours of storage) and molten-salt thermal energy storage (beyond 32 hours). Energy. Three options were explored and applied to the EarthBridge case study: (1) A Carnot Battery design using R125 working fluid with both hot and cold storage; (2) A Carnot Battery design using R125 working fluid with only hot storage; (3) A Carnot Battery using a commercially available heat pump with carbon dioxide (CO2) working fluid and hot storage only. The CB-GeoTES with cold storage only had a slight (round-trip) efficiency advantage over the system without (43.4% vs. 42.8%). This is because the cold storage is limited by the freezing point of water, so the cold storage is not much colder than the environment. The system using commercially available technologies was the least efficient - partly because different cycles were used in the heat pump (CO2) and heat engine (binary cycle) which leads to some inefficiencies. Using the commercially available design, the levelized cost of energy (LCOS) from the model (0.10 $\$$/kWhe) was higher than that estimated by EarthBridge (0.068 $\$$/kWhe). This is because of the low round-trip (38.7%) efficiency of the commercially available design. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the model is most sensitive to electricity price. Including electricity price in the TEA for CB-GeoTES leads to an increase in LCOS from the base value to 0.25 $\$$/kWhe. To determine storage sites suitable for GeoTES, we gathered and analyzed geological, petrophysical, and geophysical data of oil and gas reservoir and aquifers in California and Texas. We down-selected possible sites based on cut-off values for site characteristics (e.g., reservoir temperature, formation thickness, permeability, porosity, depth, and brine salinity) and preliminary costs. Using this approach, the Carrizo-Wilcox, Yegua-Jackson, and Dockum brackish aquifers in Texas were identified as having the highest suitability. Similarly, in the central California region, the White Wolf, Belridge South Tulare, and Belridge South Reef Ridge were the most suitable. Going further, we assessed the storage potential in the selected sites. To do this we developed distributions of reservoir characteristic data and applied a Monte Carlo-based analysis to account for intrinsic uncertainty in the acquired data. The analysis revealed that the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer had the highest storage potential with a mean capacity of 554 TWhth (i.e., 63 TWhe). The estimated capacity serves as an upper limit of storage potential given that not all fields in the basin will be developed. We participated in multiple outreach activities including conference presentations, panel session discussions, and the facilitation of a GeoTES workshop at the NREL Golden campus.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Integrated Bosch Process System Models for In-Situ Oxygen and Carbon Production

In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) technology is a vital component to NASA’s mission of a sustainable presence on the Moon and Mars. Local resources can be leveraged to reduce resupply frequency and mass. Elements of the Bosch process, combined with the carbothermal reduction process, can produce oxygen on the lunar surface with minimal consumables. The Bosch process can also produce oxygen on the Martian surface by using the CO 2 -rich environment. Between both systems, adsorption pump, solar thermal energy, carbon formation reactor, and water recovery subsystems are modeled and integrated to create a functional model in MATLAB software. The model is used to simulate performance of the system and reduce mass, power, and volume requirements. This integrated system model provides a tool to scale ISRU technologies for oxygen and carbon production. The MATLAB model is created by developing a system of independent subsystem models that are solved for their quasi-steady state values which can be integrated with respect to time to determine the change in current states. A flexible time stepping method is used to ensure a high level of accuracy during periods of rapid change while still making use of a simple explicit integration method. The flexible time step is calculated for each independent subsystem and the minimum value from those is used as the overall time step. A flexible time step is calculated by dividing a resolution value, or the maximum change per time step, by the variables current rate of change. The maximum value from all points in space is used for subsystem models that contain multiple values. The process is done for every variable that is being monitored in each subsystem and the global minimum is used as that iteration’s timestep. Several assumptions used in the MATLAB model for fluid flow dynamics, such as 1-D gas flow through the sorption pump, are supported by modeling in Ansys Fluent software. The Lunar oxygen production system is outlined in Fig. 1. The carbothermal reduction subsystem uses solar energy to heat a mixture of lunar regolith and carbon powder to produce carbon monoxide. To begin, the carbon monoxide feeds to the modified Bosch subsystem along with hydrogen gas. The reactants then enter the carbon formation reactor where water and carbon powder are produced. Solar thermal energy is used to add energy to the reactor, but waste heat from the carbothermal process is another potential heat source. The water is collected and electrolyzed to produce hydrogen which reenters the Bosch subsystem, and the oxygen is stored for downstream use. The carbon powder is collected and feeds back into the carbothermal subsystem. The Martian oxygen production system uses the full Bosch process and is outlined in Fig 2. A CO 2 adsorption pump thermally cycles to scrub and pressurize CO 2 from the environment. Along with an initial supply of hydrogen, the reactants enter the Reverse Water Gas Shift Reactor (RWGSR) which produces carbon monoxide and water. Carbon monoxide and unreacted hydrogen enter the carbon formation reactor to produce water and carbon powder. The water is collected from both reactors and electrolyzed to reintroduce hydrogen and store oxygen for propellant production or life support. Carbon is removed from the carbon formation reactor and stored. The adsorption pump utilizes rapid cycle temperature swings within a stack of zeolite coated surfaces. The subsystem model solves 1-D quasi-steady conservation laws of the quasi-steady form, shown in Eq. 1, for the gas stream and heat exchange liquid to predict performance parameters such as breakthrough capacity and optimum cycle time. The source term S is used to capture interactions between the fluid flows and the sorbent. A quasi-steady-state scheme is used where no time derivatives appear in the governing equations, except for those in the source terms. This results in an autonomous system, where ∂F/∂x = ƒ(F). The fluxes F are provided at the inlet, and an explicit method is used to solve for the spatial distribution of F. The heat and mass flows to the sorbent are then extracted from the source terms. These flows are numerically integrated to produce a 1-D solution for the system’s state as a function of both time and space. The body of the adsorption pump is separated into two semi-independent models: the heat exchanger fluid flow and gas flow through the zeolite coated surfaces. Both models are solved using the above-described method to find a 1-D solution as a function of space and interact only once a timestep is taken. The interaction point is the sorbent through which all heat transfer between the two models must occur. Sorbent mass adsorption is calculated using the Lagergren model, shown in Eq. 2, where the transfer coefficient, λ D , is found by solving a system of nondimensionalized equations derived by using the heat and mass transfer analogy for transport phenomena. Using Grade 544 Type 13X zeolite as the sorbent material, the equilibrium concentration, θ eq , is calculated using the k-site Langmuir isotherm and fit parameters. Additionally, the enthalpy of adsorption used in the model is computed by interpolation of available data [1]. The subsystem model was validated using the Rapid Cycle Temperature Swing Adsorption (RC-TSA) pump. The solar thermal energy subsystem focuses on a solar concentrator concept with a heat exchanger to heat the reactants before entering the carbon formation reactor. The subsystem model assumes a fixed solar flux and reflector efficiency to calculate the reactant temperature given the incoming temperature, pressure, and exchanger geometry. The receiver is a custom manufactured series of copper blocks with serpentine channels to increase its surface area and the residence time of the reactants to heat up to 550 °C. The subsystem model was validated using a heat exchanger developed at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). The solar thermal energy subsystem focuses on a solar concentrator concept with a heat exchanger to heat the reactants before entering the carbon formation reactor. The subsystem model assumes a fixed solar flux and reflector efficiency to calculate the reactant temperature given the incoming temperature, pressure, and exchanger geometry. The receiver is a custom manufactured series of copper blocks with serpentine channels to increase its surface area and the residence time of the reactants to heat up to 550 °C. The subsystem model was validated using a heat exchanger developed at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC).

In situ Resource Utilization↗