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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 685 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Evaluating a Priori Ozone Profile Information Used in TEMPO Tropospheric Ozone Retrievals

Ozone (O3) is a greenhouse gas and toxic pollutant which plays a major role in air quality. Typically, monitoring of surface air quality and O3 mixing ratios is primarily conducted using in situ measurement networks. This is partially due to high-quality information related to air quality being limited from space-borne platforms due to coarse spatial resolution, limited temporal frequency, and minimal sensitivity to lower tropospheric and surface-level O3. The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) satellite is designed to address these limitations of current space-based platforms and to improve our ability to monitor North American air quality. TEMPO will provide hourly data of total column and vertical profiles of O3 with high spatial resolution to be used as a near-real-time air quality product.TEMPO O3 retrievals will apply the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory profile algorithm developed based on work from GOME, GOME-2, and OMI. This algorithm uses a priori O3 profile information from a climatological data-base developed from long-term ozone-sonde measurements (tropopause-based (TB) O3 climatology). It has been shown that satellite O3 retrievals are sensitive to a priori O3 profiles and covariance matrices. During this work we investigate the climatological data to be used in TEMPO algorithms (TB O3) and simulated data from the NASA GMAO Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Forward Processing (FP) near-real-time (NRT) model products. These two data products will be evaluated with ground-based lidar data from the Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) at various locations of the US. This study evaluates the TB climatology, GEOS-5 climatology, and 3-hourly GEOS-5 data compared to lower tropospheric observations to demonstrate the accuracy of a priori information to potentially be used in TEMPO O3 algorithms. Here we present our initial analysis and the theoretical impact on TEMPO retrievals in the lower troposphere.

TEMPO↗
NASA NTRS2021

Validation of IASI Satellite Ammonia Observations at the Pixel Scale Using In Situ Vertical Profiles

Satellite ammonia (NH 3 ) observations provide unprecedented insights into NH3 emissions, spatiotemporal variabilities and trends, but validation with in situ measurements remains lacking. Here, total columns from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) were intercompared to boundary layer NH 3 profiles derived from aircraft- and surface-based measurements primarily in Colorado, USA, in the summer of 2014. IASI-NH 3 version 3 near real-time data set compared well to in situ derived columns (windows ±15 km around centroid, ±1 h around overpass time) with a correlation of 0.58, a slope of 0.78 ± 0.14 and an intercept of 2.1 × 10 15 ±1.5 × 10 15 molecules cm −2 . Agreement degrades at larger spatiotemporal windows, consistent with the short atmospheric lifetime of NH 3 . We also examined IASI version 3R data, which relies on temperature retrievals from the ERA Reanalysis, and a third product generated using aircraft-measured temperature profiles. The overall agreement improves slightly for both cases, and neither is biased within their combined measurement errors. Thus, spatiotemporal averaging of IASI over large windows can be used to reduce retrieval noise. Nonetheless, sampling artifacts of airborne NH 3 instruments result in significant uncertainties of the in situ-derived columns. For example, large validation differences exist between ascent and descent profiles, and the assumptions of the free tropospheric NH 3 profiles used above the aircraft ceiling significantly impact the validation. Because short-lived species like NH 3 largely reside within the boundary layer with complex vertical structures, more comprehensive validation is needed across a wide range of environments. More accurate and widespread in situ NH 3 data sets are therefore required for improved validations of satellite products.

Ammonia↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Reduced Dimensionality Analysis of TEMPO Ozone Profile Retrievals Using the Compact Phase Space (CPSR) Algorithm

TEMPO ozone (O 3 ) profile retrievals are expected to have fidelity in the troposphere due the sensitivities of the associated averaging kernels. However, those averaging kernels are severely rank deficiency meaning that a visual inspection of the vertical structure of the averaging kernel profile sensitivities is misleading due linear dependencies in the profile. The Compact Phase Space Retrieval (CPSR) algorithm use singular value decompositions of the averaging kernels and the ‘compressed’ retrieval solution error covariance to project the transformed averaging kernels into a space that removes the linear dependencies and accounts for the solution error uncertainties. In this oral presentation and poster, we apply the CPSR dimensional reduction analysis to TEMPO and TROPOMI O 3 profile retrievals for 13:45 UTC March 29, 2024 to study the phase space characteristics of the transformed averaging kernels as a function of latitude for North America. Our results show that TEMPO generally has more phase space vertical structure in the troposphere than TROPOMI. TEMPO has four to five dominant modes, and TROPOMI has five to six dominant modes. That means that dimensional reduction can reduce the TEMPO resource requirements by ~77% and the TROPOMI requirements by ~81%. Finally, we found that after removing linear dependences and after accounting for solution uncertainties TEMPO still has sensitivities throughout the troposphere.

TEMPO↗
DOE OSTI2011

Baseline suppression problems for high precision measurements using optical beam profile monitors

The use of fluorescent screens (e.g. YAG screens) and Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) screens for beam profile monitors provides a simple and widely used way to obtain detailed two dimensional intensity maps. What makes this possible is the availability of relatively inexpensive CCD cameras. For high precision measurements many possible error contributions need to be considered that have to do with properties of the fluorescent screens and of the CCDs. Saturation effects, reflections within and outside the screen, non-linearities, radiation damage, etc are often mentioned. Here we concentrate on an error source less commonly described, namely erroneous baseline subtraction, which is particularly important when fitting projected images. We show computer simulations as well as measurement results having remarkable sensitivity of the fitted profile widths to even partial suppression of the profile baseline data, which often arises from large pixel-to-pixel variations at low intensity levels. Such inadvertent baseline data suppression is very easy to miss as it is usually not obvious when inspecting projected profiles. In this report we illustrate this effect and discuss possible algorithms to automate the detection of this problem as well as some possible corrective measures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

First Measurements of the Longitudinal Bunch Profile at SLAC Using Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation at 28GeV

Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation has been demonstrated as a technique for measuring the longitudinal profile of charged particles bunches in the low to intermediate energy range. However, with the advent of the International Linear Collider, the need has arisen for a non-invasive method of measuring the bunch profile at extremely high energies. Smith-Purcell radiation has been used for the first time in the multi-GeV regime to measure the longitudinal profile of the 28GeV SLAC beam. The experiment has both successfully determined the bunch length, and has also demonstrated its sensitivity to bunch profile changes. The challenges associated with this technique, and its prospects as a diagnostic tool are reported here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

A NOVEL METHOD FOR QUASI-NON-INTERCEPTIVE BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENT IN A LINAC

Beam profile diagnostics is an important tool for understanding beam dynamics in accelerators. Non-interceptive diagnostics have many great advantages but often are difficult in implementation. We suggest a method of measuring beam profiles that is not truly non-interceptive, because beam has to be intercepted at some point, preferably in the beginning of the linac. But significant difference from a conventional interceptive measurement is that beam is not intercepted at any of the points of measurement along the linac. One important application is measuring beam profiles within cryostats of a super-conducting linac. The equipment required for implementing this diagnostic is simple: a set of slits in the beginning of the accelerator, and a Beam Position Monitor (BPM) in the point of measurement. Beam profiles can be measured simultaneously at every BPM along the linac. In this paper we will discuss details of the method, its limitations, and effect of non-linearity, coupling and space charge. Results of a demonstration experiment at SNS will be presented and discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Beam Profile Measurement in MTA Beam Line for High Pressure RF Cavity Beam Test

Recent High Pressure RF (HPRF) cavity experiment at MuCool Test Area (MTA) has used 400 MeV Linac proton beam to study the beam loading effect. When the energetic proton beam passes through the cavity, it ionizes the inside gas and produces the electrons. These electrons consume RF power inside the cavity. Number of electrons produced per cm inside the cavity (at 950 psi Hydrogen gas) per incident proton is {approx} 1200. The measurement of beam position and profile are necessary. MTA is flammable gas (Hydrogen) hazard zone so we have developed a passive beam diagnostic instrument using Chromox-6 scintillation screen and CCD camera. This paper presents quantitative information about beam position and beam profile. Neutral density filter was used to avoid saturation of CCD camera. Image data is filtered and fitted with Gaussian function to compute the beam size. The beam profile obtained from scintillation screen shall be compared with multi-wire beam profile.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

End-Use Load Profiles for the U.S. Building Stock

The United States is embarking on an ambitious transition to a 100% clean energy economy by 2050, which will require improving the flexibility of electric grids. One way to achieve grid flexibility is to shed or shift demand to align with changing grid needs. To facilitate this, it is critical to understand how and when energy is used. High quality end-use load profiles (EULPs) provide this information, and can help cities, states, and utilities understand the time-sensitive value of energy efficiency, demand response, and distributed energy resources. Publicly available EULPs have traditionally had limited application because of age and incomplete geographic representation. To help fill this gap, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded a three-year project, End-Use Load Profiles for the U.S. Building Stock, that culminated in this publicly available dataset of calibrated and validated 15-minute resolution load profiles for all major residential and commercial building types and end uses, across all climate regions in the United States. These EULPs were created by calibrating the ResStock and ComStock physics-based building stock models using many different measured datasets, as described in the "Technical Report Documenting Methodology" linked in the submission.

Array↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hourly Electricity Demand Profiles for Each County in the Contiguous United States

This dataset provides estimated hourly electricity demand for each county in the contiguous United States from 2016-2023. The demand profiles represent the sum of two components: (1) Weighted averages of reported hourly demand profiles for North American Electric Reliability Corporation balancing authority (BA) regions and subregions, scaled to match annual estimates of county-level retail sales and direct use of electricity and weighted by the estimated percentage of county load served by each BA region or subregion. (2) Weighted averages of modeled hourly, county- and sector-level distributed photovoltaic (DPV) capacity factor profiles, scaled to match annual estimates of on-site consumption of DPV-generated electricity for each county and weighted by the percentage of consumption attributable to each sector Annual county-level retail sales are estimated by aggregating utility-reported sales to the state level and allocating the results to counties according to each county's share of state population. Annual county-level direct use is calculated by aggregating power plant-reported direct use values. Annual county-level on-site consumption of DPV-generated electricity is estimated by aggregating utility-reported net metering data to determine the amount of DPV-generated electricity sold back to the grid for each state, subtracting those values from modeled state-level DPV generation estimates, and allocating the results to counties according to each county's share of statewide modeled DPV generation. The open-source Python code used to develop this dataset is available at "Historical Load Data Repository" link below.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of Sphagnum fallax reveals novel antimicrobial metabolites

Abstract Sphagnum mosses dominate peatlands by employing harsh ecosystem tactics to prevent vascular plant growth and microbial degradation of these large carbon stores. Knowledge about Sphagnum ‐produced metabolites, their structure and their function, is important to better understand the mechanisms, underlying this carbon sequestration phenomenon in the face of climate variability. It is currently unclear which compounds are responsible for inhibition of organic matter decomposition and the mechanisms by which this inhibition occurs. Metabolite profiling of Sphagnum fallax was performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR). Lipidome profiling was performed using LC‐MS/MS. A total of 655 metabolites, including one hundred fifty‐two lipids, were detected by NMR and LC‐MS/MS—329 of which were novel metabolites (31 unknown lipids). Sphagum fallax metabolite profile was composed mainly of acid‐like and flavonoid glycoside compounds, that could be acting as potent antimicrobial compounds, allowing Sphagnum to control its environment. Sphagnum fallax metabolite composition comparison against previously known antimicrobial plant metabolites confirmed this trend, with seventeen antimicrobial compounds discovered to be present in Sphagnum fallax , the majority of which were acids and glycosides. Biological activity of these compounds needs to be further tested to confirm antimicrobial qualities. Three fungal metabolites were identified providing insights into fungal colonization that may benefit Sphagnum . Characterizing the metabolite profile of Sphagnum fallax provided a baseline to understand the mechanisms in which Sphagnum fallax acts on its environment, its relation to carbon sequestration in peatlands, and provide key biomarkers to predict peatland C store changes (sequestration, emissions) as climate shifts.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Profile Generation for GPU Targets

GPU accelerators are ubiquitous, but their ecosystem is far less evolved than the host one. Compiler heuristics are often tuned for CPUs and reused for GPU. Similarly, tooling and more evolved optimization techniques are historically not available on GPU targets. In this work, we address one of these shortcomings and enable profile generation and profile-guided optimizations (PGO) for GPU targets. While this is only a single step towards a CPU equivalent ecosystem for offload devices, it shows how old misconceptions on the limitations of GPUs are often not warranted anymore. Through our implementation in LLVM/Offload, we enable device-side PGO for full scientific applications and open up tooling opportunities, including code coverage analysis and compiler-built-in roofline analysis. Our evaluation highlights the performance implications of profile generation, the insights gained from these profiles, and the (missed) opportunities in utilizing the information for GPU compilation.

McDonough, Ethan Luis [Lawrence Livermore National↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of a Time-Height Profile Assimilation Technique for Large-Eddy Simulation

Mesoscale-to-microscale coupling (MMC) aims to address the limited scope of traditional large-eddy simulations by driving the microscale flow with information concerning large-scale weather patterns provided by mesoscale models. We present a new offline MMC technique for horizontally homogeneous microscale flow conditions, in which internal forcing terms are computed based on mesoscale time–height profiles of mean-flow quantities. The advantage of such an approach is that it can be used to drive a microscale simulation with either mesoscale or observational data, and that it does not rely on specific terms in the mesoscale budget equations, which are typically not part of the default output of a mesoscale solver. The performance of the proposed profile assimilation technique is assessed based on the simulation of a typical diurnal cycle over the Scaled Wind Farm Technology site in west Texas. Results indicate that simple data assimilation techniques lead to unphysically high levels of shear and turbulence caused by the algorithm’s inability to cope with inaccuracies in the mesoscale time–height profiles. Modifying the algorithm to account for vertical coherence in the mesoscale source terms gives the microscale solver a greater ability to correct the provided mesoscale time–height profiles, leading to improved predictions of shear and turbulence statistics. The resulting turbulence statistics are in good agreement with meteorological tower observations and simulation results obtained with state-of-the-art coupling techniques using mesoscale budget components.

data assimilation↗
DOE OSTI2019

Simulation of Line Profiles of the Krypton Spectra Emitted by the Plasma of Current Sheets

Line profiles of the krypton spectra emitted by the plasma of current sheets are simulated. Current sheets are formed under the impact of magnetic fields with singular X-lines. The spectral line profiles are calculated by the method of the energy matrix diagonalization of an atom in an electric field. The dependence of the behavior of the line profiles on the parameters of an alternating electric field arising inside the plasma of current sheets and the dependence of these profiles on the plasma temperature are investigated. The criteria which allow one to reveal spectral lines serving as the indicators of the appearance of anomalous electric fields inside current sheets are suggested.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Vitamin D receptor ligands attenuate the inflammatory profile of IL-1β-stimulated human white preadipocytes via modulating the NF-κB and unfolded protein response pathways

Highlights: • IL-1β enhances the inflammatory profile of preadipocytes by post-translationally modifying relA of the NF-κB pathway. • Vitamin D ligands inhibit expression of pro-inflammatory factors in IL-1β-stimulated preadipocytes by decreasing phosphorylation or increasing methylation of relA. • Vitamin D ligands reduce secretion of proinflammatory factors from IL-1β-stimulated preadipocytes by increasing eIF-2α phosphorylation in the UPR pathway. Metaflammation in adipose tissue, which is characterized by increased local gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, may contribute to the increased risk of metabolic complications in obesity. It has been suggested that IL-1β might induce metaflammation in adipose tissue via modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In our study, the mRNA and secretion levels of major pro-inflammatory factors including IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP (monocyte chemoattractant protein)-1 and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) were measured as indicators of the inflammatory profile. We herein showed that IL-1β could induce adipose tissue metaflammation by enhancing the inflammatory profile of preadipocytes. Moreover, IL-1β could enhance pro-inflammatory gene expression by increasing the phosphorylation or decreasing the methylation of relA (NF-κB p65) of the NF-κB signaling pathway. VDR (vitamin D receptor) ligands have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in adipocytes. Likewise, our study demonstrated that the inflammatory profile of IL-1β-stimulated preadipocytes is significantly attenuated by VDR ligands 1α,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3}, ZK159222 and ZK191785. Importantly, we showed that ZK159222 and ZK191785 could inhibit pro-inflammatory gene expression by decreasing the phosphorylation or increasing the methylation of relA. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory secretion could be reduced by 1α,25(OH){sub 2}D{sub 3}, ZK159222 and ZK191785 via increasing the phosphorylation of eIF (eukaryotic translation initiation factor)-2α of the UPR (unfolded protein response) pathway. These observations suggest that the VDR ligands may be considered potential anti-inflammatory treatments for obesity associated metabolic complications.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cell-Type-Specific Profiling of Gene Expression and Chromatin Binding without Cell Isolation: Assaying RNA Pol II Occupancy in Neural Stem Cells

Cell-type-specific transcriptional profiling often requires the isolation of specific cell types from complex tissues. We have developed ‘‘TaDa,’’ a technique that enables cell-specific profiling without cell isolation. TaDa permits genome-wide profiling of DNA- or chromatin-binding proteins without cell sorting, fixation, or affinity purification. The method is simple, sensitive, highly reproducible, and transferable to any model system. We show that TaDa can be used to identify transcribed genes in a celltype-specific manner with considerable temporal precision, enabling the identification of differential gene expression between neuroblasts and the neuroepithelial cells from which they derive. We profile the genome-wide binding of RNA polymerase II in these adjacent, clonally related stem cells within intact Drosophila brains. Our data reveal expression of specific metabolic genes in neuroepithelial cells, but not in neuroblasts, and highlight gene regulatory networks that may pattern neural stem cell fates.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Regional Lung Function Profiles of Stage I and III Lung Cancer Patients: An Evaluation for Functional Avoidance Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The development of clinical trials is underway to use 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) ventilation imaging to preferentially spare functional lung in patients undergoing radiation therapy. The purpose of this work was to generate data to aide with clinical trial design by retrospectively characterizing dosimetric and functional profiles for patients with different stages of lung cancer. Methods and Materials: A total of 118 lung cancer patients (36% stage I and 64% stage III) from 2 institutions were used for the study. A 4DCT-ventilation map was calculated using the patient's 4DCT imaging, deformable image registration, and a density-change–based algorithm. To assess each patient's spatial ventilation profile both quantitative and qualitative metrics were developed, including an observer-based defect observation and metrics based on the ventilation in each lung third. For each patient we used the clinical doses to calculate functionally weighted mean lung doses and metrics that assessed the interplay between the spatial location of the dose and high-functioning lung. Results: Both qualitative and quantitative metrics revealed a significant difference in functional profiles between the 2 stage groups (P<.01). We determined that 65% of stage III and 28% of stage I patients had ventilation defects. Average functionally weighted mean lung dose was 19.6 Gy and 5.4 Gy for stage III and I patients, respectively, with both groups containing patients with large spatial overlap between dose and high-function regions. Conclusion: Our 118-patient retrospective study found that 65% of stage III patients have regionally variant ventilation profiles that are suitable for functional avoidance. Our results suggest that regardless of disease stage, it is possible to have unique spatial interplay between dose and high-functional lung, highlighting the importance of evaluating the function of each patient and developing a personalized functional avoidance treatment approach.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Sample environment effects on synchrotron-measured temperature profiles in an approximant of optical floating zone crystal growth

Even though the growth of crystals using optical floating zone furnaces has had an immense scientific impact, the implementation of this method remains more of an art than a science due to the difficulty of obtaining quantitative information about the sample thermal profile during crystal growth. Building on recent work demonstrating that in situ synchrotron studies can be used to map sample rod temperatures during heating, investigations were carried out to better understand how the sample environment affects the sample temperature profile. Through a combination of experimental studies and modeling efforts, it is shown that the environment in the furnace can strongly influence the sample temperature at the lamp focus, the steepness of the vertical temperature gradient, and the timescale required for sample heating and cooling - effects which can combine to produce a strong history-dependence to sample temperature profiles. It is demonstrated that the furnace effects can be effectively captured in thermal models, allowing both the steady-state and time-dependent behavior of the sample to be accurately reproduced with predictive models, and providing a launching point for improved furnace designs that can more readily deliver desired thermal profiles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Materials science applications of Neutron Depth Profiling at the PGAA facility of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum

Highlights: • Exploiting the range of NDP from thin films to electrodes for Li-ion batteries • Adopting an analytical method to probe undisturbed depth profiles from thick films • Revealing depth-dependent lithium immobilization in Li-ion battery electrodes Neutron depth profiling (NDP) is a non-destructive, isotope-sensitive profiling technique to monitor concentration profiles in almost any material matrix. Since NDP is sensitive to {sup 6}Li and lithium is widely used for different material science applications such as ceramics, optical waveguides or energy-storage systems, NDP offers answers to a broad spectrum of research questions. In the present work, the recently developed instrument N4DP at MLZ is used to address two research questions which are hardly accessible by conventional analytical techniques. First, the homogeneity of lithium formations within lithium niobate thin films for optical waveguide applications is investigated. Afterwards, the accumulation of inactive lithium in the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) of silicon-graphite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is studied ex situ. Since the material mass loading differs considerably between the two applications, a new analytical technique is introduced which mathematically separates the different particle signals and thus allows to investigate samples with high mass loadings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗