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DOE OSTI2023

Clean Cities Coalitions: Advancing Affordable, Domestic Transportation Fuels and Technologies Across the Country

A coordinated group of more than 75 active coalitions serve as the foundation of Clean Cities, working in communities across the country to help local decision makers and fleets understand and implement alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction measures, fuel economy improvements, new mobility choices, and emerging transportation technologies. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) facilitates national coordination of the coalitions through its Technology Integration Program. Together, Clean Cities coalitions and VTO focus on advancing affordable, domestic transportation fuels, energy efficient mobility systems, and other fuel-saving technologies and practices.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2014

SECA Coal-Based Systems - LGFCS

LGFCS is developing an integrated planar (IP) SOFC technology for mega-watt scale power generation including the potential for use in highly efficient, economically competitive central generation power plant facilities fuel by coal synthesis gas. This Department of Energy Solid-State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) program has been aimed at achieving further cell and stack technical advancements and assessing the readiness of the LGFCS SOFC stack technology to be scaled to larger-scale demonstrations as a path to commercialization. Significant progress was achieved in reducing to practice a higher performance and lower cost cell technology, identifying and overcoming degradation mechanisms, confirming the structural capability of the porous substrate for reliability, maturing the strip design for improved flow to allow high fuel utilization operation while minimizing degradation mechanisms and obtaining full scale block testing at 19 kW under representative conditions for eventual product and meeting SECA degradation metrics. The SECA program has played a key role within the overall LGFCS development program in setting the foundation of the technology to justify the progression of the technology to the next level of technology readiness testing.

Goettler, Richard↗

DOE OSTI2024

Wide Bandgap Generation (WBGen): Developing the Future Wide Bandgap Power Electronics Engineering Workforce

This Final Technical Report (FTR) summarizes the work conducted at the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES) under the Wide-Bandgap Generation (WBGen) fellowship and traineeship program established by the Advanced Manufacturing and Technologies Office (AMMTO) of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) at Virginia Tech, which had as main objective to train the next generation of U.S. citizen power engineers with wide-bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor expertise, with the intent to aid in fulfilling the future workforce needs in this field. The latter was deemed of strategic importance given the fast-paced growth observed—and predicted—in the demand of this technical expertise, whose practitioners have become the enablers and executioners of the electrification transformation process that not just the U.S., but the whole world, is currently undergoing as it seeks for more effective and efficient ways to use energy. As such, the WBGen program set forth to achieve its educational goals, which in addition sought to broaden the range of WBG-based power electronics by conducting research and development on high-efficiency grid apparatus and high-efficiency electrical power systems, and to also enhance the power engineering curriculum by formalizing WBG-oriented design procedures replacing existent yet now obsolete design procedures developed for Silicon (Si) based power electronics. This effort led CPES to spearhead the development of a new major within The Bradley Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department at Virginia Tech, namely Electronic Power and Energy Systems (EPES), which coalesced power electronics and power systems courses to provide undergraduate students with a strong formation in the power engineering field, while creating a pipeline of graduate students that could pursue the WBG-based curriculum and conduct research at CPES. In all, in what is considered a true success, eight of the twenty WBGen fellows that graduated program were recruited from the ECE department undergraduate cohort. The traineeship emphasized as well, from its beginning, the partnership with industry and national laboratories, which took advantage of the successful industry consortium at CPES that has historically been formed by 80–90 power and energy companies working in close collaboration with the center. This gave WBGen fellows the accessibility and possibility to conduct internships at partner facilities during the summer months, focused solely on the evaluation, testing, and adoption of WBG devices, which were many times tightly related to their respective research work and plans. In addition, WBGen fellows conducted their main research work within the confines of research programs at CPES conducted with these industry partners, providing them with a unique opportunity to develop not just their technical expertise—while advancing their knowledge, but to also learn and practice a slew of skills needed for their professional growth. As such, the fellows tackled a variety of WBG-related research topics, from device reliability and capability aspects as well as packaging and integration, encompassing the use of advanced materials and new structures, current sharing challenges, and insulation systems, to advanced gate-drivers with integrated sensors and protection mechanisms and active current- and voltage-based control, to optimized layouts seeking to maximize the switching and power processing performance of these devices, to power processing solutions adopting Gallium-Nitride (GaN) and Silicon-Carbide (SiC) power semiconductors for a variety of applications; including radiation-hardened converters for space dc distribution systems, direct three-phase ac-to-ac power converters for aerospace systems, dc-ac inverters for automotive traction drives, high-frequency isolated dc-dc battery chargers also for heavy transportation systems, and medium-voltage dc-dc and dc-ac converters for distribution systems and future power grids. The WBGen program ultimately graduated a total of 20 power engineers, all experts on WBG-based power electronics, awarding 18 M.S. and 2 PhD degrees in the process. These fellows, all U.S. citizens, allowed CPES to increase the number of citizens students to 33 % at the peak of the program, as the traineeship made possible the recruitment of talent with more attractive graduate research assistantship (GRA) contracts. Unfortunately, the present U.S. citizen enrollment at CPES has declined back to historic levels—approximately 10 %, as the regular GRA rates are not competitive enough when compared with entry-level industry jobs. In all, WBGen fellows published a total of 7 peer-reviewed journal articles, 44 papers at international technical conferences, made 42 presentations at international technical conferences, and filed 4 invention disclosures and patent applications, which have since then been granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Their contribution to CPES, Virginia Tech, the United States, and the world, has been significant, and continues to yield results thanks to the exemplary career that the fellows have initiated at many of the partners of the program, which include Wolfspeed, Raytheon Technologies, Infineon, Lockheed Martin, Dominion Energy, Northrop Grumman, Rivian, Aerospace Corporation, Sandia National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, John Hopkins University, and Virginia Tech.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Geothermal Play Fairway Analysis Best Practices

Play fairway analysis (PFA) is a methodology that can improve success rates for geothermal exploration drilling, thus reducing the costs of geothermal projects while facilitating development in new areas. It was originally developed for the oil and gas industry, but has been adapted for discovering geothermal resources over the last decade. The geothermal PFA methodology involves systematically screening a set geographic area for promising qualities typically related to the presence of heat, permeability, and fluid. Successful application of PFA can identify hidden hydrothermal systems. From 2014 to 2021 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) supported the development of PFA for geothermal resources through awards to 11 research teams across the country. The goal of these projects was to advance and adapt PFA for geothermal exploration to produce regional-scale maps that reduce exploration uncertainty. This report is an outcome of the NREL-led PFA Retrospective project, which compiled, synthesized, analyzed the results of GTO's geothermal PFA program. Ultimately, we find that these projects greatly advanced approaches to geothermal exploration and resulted in extensive new data and new discoveries of unrecognized geothermal systems. We used the results to distill best practices in this report and to provide guidance for future applications of geothermal PFA.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Bridging the Void: Halogen Bonding and Aromatic Interactions to Program Luminescence and Electronic Properties of π -Conjugated Materials in the Solid State

π-Conjugated materials are promising candidates for emerging organic optoelectronic devices empowered by molecular design. The unsolved challenges of predicting and controlling their packing as solids, central to their properties and performance, currently limits their practical application. As noncovalent interactions drive packing, control over such interactions are critical to bridging from chemical structure to functional properties. In molecular crystals, halogen bonding and interactions of aromatic rings have emerged as versatile tools for noncovalent control with tailored luminescence and electronic properties. Here, we describe how the interplay of these directional and tunable interactions can engineer properties, including stimuli-responsive behavior. Specifically, halogen bonding can provide robust designs for directing 2D molecular assembly, whereas the intentional interactions of aromatic rings can yield metastable, switchable packing modes, as well as programmed stacking between layers of chromophores. Examples, herein, demonstrate clear relationships between assembly by design and resulting solid-state properties, and strategies presented offer guidance for future designs of π-conjugated molecular materials using specific aromatic interactions and halogen bonding.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Flexible visualization of a 3rd party Intrusion Prevention (Security) tool: A use case with the ELK stack

A difficult aspect of cyber security is the ability to achieve automated real time intrusion prevention across various sets of systems. To this extent, several companies are offering comprehensive solutions that leverage an "accuracy of scale" and moving much of the intelligence and detection on the Cloud, relying on an ever-growing set of data and analytics to increase decision accuracy. Often, they provide tools to visualize the decision workflows in attack prevention (as well as tune the algorithm) but those solutions are not always practical as companies see the problem as "global" that is, from a unified Cyber-security standpoint. However, a key to a successful Cyber-security program is transparency and trust: from an experimental team viewpoint, this specifically means having the ability to immediately see what and from where, who has been blocked and being able to inform the community in case of a revoked access without the need for filing a "ticket" (that may eventually be answered) – in other words, rapid response to their user-base is essential but solutions targeting "sub-groups" in an organization are not often available. We have come up with a versatile solution leveraging the ELK stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, & Kibana) and an IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) based WAF (Web Application Firewall) from Signal Sciences. Signal Science allows the streaming of detailed logs in a Logstash format suitable for custom solutions for visualization. By combining these two tools, we have strengthened our security posture and enabled individual experiments to monitor their own traffic. Specifically, the IPS WAF provides unique data such as country of origin, protocol, response code, source IP, and paths accessed. In this contribution, we will show how we engineered a visualization solution so experiment groups could access a dashboard with predefined graphs but also, where they can create individual customizable dashboards used to display blocked traffic and troubleshoot latency issues. We will discuss the details and procedures for developing and configuring these tools and how it benefits cyber security postures across our scientific based environment.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

On Mixed-Integer Programming Formulations for the Unit Commitment Problem

We provide a comprehensive overview of mixed-integer programming formulations for the unit commitment (UC) problem. UC formulations have been an especially active area of research over the past 12 years due to their practical importance in power grid operations, and this paper serves as a capstone for this line of work. We additionally provide publicly available reference implementations of all formulations examined. We computationally test existing and novel UC formulations on a suite of instances drawn from both academic and real-world data sources. Driven by our computational experience from this and previous work, we contribute some additional formulations for both generator production upper bounds and piecewise linear production costs. By composing new UC formulations using existing components found in the literature and new components introduced in this paper, we demonstrate that performance can be significantly improved—and in the process, we identify a new state-of-the-art UC formulation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2019

ASCR Workshop on In Situ Data Management: Enabling Scientific Discovery from Diverse Data Sources

In January 2019, the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science program in Advanced Scientific Computing Research, convened a workshop to identify priority research directions for in situ data management (ISDM). The workshop defined ISDM as the practices, capabilities, and procedures to control the organization of data and enable the coordination and communication among heterogeneous tasks, executing simultaneously in a high-performance computing system, cooperating toward a common objective. The workshop revealed two primary, interdependent motivations for processing and managing data in situ. The first motivation is that the in situ methodology enables scientific discovery from a broad range of data sources over a wide scale of computing platforms: leadership-class systems, clusters, clouds, workstations, and embedded devices at the edge. The successful development of ISDM capabilities will benefit real-time decision-making, design optimization, and data-driven scientific discovery. The second motivation is the need to decrease data volumes. ISDM can make critical contributions to managing large data volumes from computations and experiments to minimize data movement, save storage space, and boost resource efficiency, often while simultaneously increasing scientific precision. A fundamental finding of this workshop is that the methodologies used to manage data among a variety of tasks in situ can be used to facilitate scientific discovery from many different data sources—simulation, experiment, and sensors, for example—and that being able to do so at numerous computing scales will benefit real-time decision-making, design optimization, and data-driven scientific discovery across the Office of Science mission space. Applications wanting to use the in situ capabilities include those where data analysis feeds back to the simulation, decisions are made autonomously, big data or machine learning is among the tasks to be coordinated, and computations need to be completed in real time. The workshop identified six priority research directions that highlight the components and capabilities needed for ISDM to be successful for the wide variety of applications discussed: making ISDM capabilities more pervasive, controllable, composable, and transparent, with a focus on greater coordination with the software stack and a diversity of fundamentally new data algorithms.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2019

ASCR Workshop on In Situ Data Management

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Energy Master Planning for Resilient Public Communities—Best Practices from U.S. Military Installations

Until recently, most planners at military installations addressed energy systems for new facilities on an individual facility basis without consideration of community-wide goals relevant to energy sources, renewables, storage, or future energy generation needs. Building retrofits of public buildings typically do not address energy needs beyond the minimum code requirements making it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve community-level targets on a building-by-building basis. Planning on the basis of cost and general reliability may also fail to deliver community-level resilience. For example, many building code requirements focus on hardening to specific threats, but in a multi-building community, only a few of these buildings may be mission-critical. Over the past two decades, the frequency and duration of regional power outages and water utility disruptions from weather, man-made events, and aging infrastructure have increased. Major disruptions of electric and thermal energy have degraded critical mission capabilities and caused significant economic impacts. In 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense issued guidance that each Service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines) complete comprehensive energy plans for the installations that consumed 75% of total building energy. Guidance was updated in 2017 to include metrics for energy resilience, and in some cases, water. This paper describes how community level quantitative and qualitative resilience analysis and metrics have been incorporated into community energy and water planning best practices for military installations in three geographically diverse locations. It is based on research performed under the International Energy Agency’s “Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 73,” focusing on development of guidelines and tools that support the planning of Net Zero Energy Resilient Public Communities as well as research performed under the Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program project EW18-D1- 5281, “Technologies Integration to Achieve Resilient, Low- Energy Military Installations.” The first case study reviews progress made on an energy and water planning study conducted at Fort Bliss, Texas. The second and third describes planning conducted at Fort Bragg, North Carolina and the Joint Region Marianas, Guam, respectively, under the updated guidance from 2017 regarding energy and water resilience. Analysis methods, key metrics, and key infrastructure and operational constraints are described, as well as technical, economic and business concepts used during the planning process.

Urban, Angela B.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Best Practices for Enhancing Performance Contracts with Monitoring-Based Commissioning

Fact sheet highlights best practices for incorporating monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx), a type of energy management information system (EMIS), in performance contracts. It draws from the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) report, Enhancing Performance Contracts Using Monitoring-based Commissioning. MBCx is commercially available, yet is underutilized in performance contracts. MBCx can result in significant benefits for both a federal facility and the performance contractor.

EMIS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Status of Net Metering: Assessing the Potential to Reach Program Caps (Poster)

Several states are addressing the issue of net metering program caps, which limit the total amount of net metered generating capacity that can be installed in a state or utility service territory. In this analysis, we examine net metering caps to gain perspective on how long net metering will be available in various jurisdictions under current policies. We also surveyed state practices and experience to understand important policy design considerations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Port Technical Assistance Program: A Proposed Initiative to Support U.S. Ports Through Energy Innovation

This document highlights the crucial importance of the maritime sector within the United States (U.S.) economy, serving as a key node for trade and global goods transportation. U.S. ports are currently grappling with challenges posed by rising shipping demands, the health impacts of diesel fuel reliance, and the technology adoptions of global trade partners due to increasing environmental regulations. This document proposes forming a technical assistance program, led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), to help U.S. ports transition to sustainable energy solutions that not only improve environmental and community outcomes, but also enhance resilience to unexpected weather events and reduce pressure on local utilities. Coordinated by PNNL, this initiative would offer a web-based platform of consolidated resources and tools for comprehensive strategic planning and cost-benefit analysis. It also seeks to establish a collaborative network between ports and national laboratories to facilitate the sharing of best practices. The document suggests that optimizing resource allocation and providing tailored support could be achieved through strategic categorization of ports within this network, with relevant attributes and examples detailed in the report. The anticipated benefits of such a program could include increased efficiency and cost savings in port operations and the advancement of scientific innovation via alternative energy research. Also, it could enhance economic growth and competitiveness in international trade by enabling ports to meet shipping demands and develop resilient critical infrastructure through informed, long-term strategies.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

QCOR; A Language Extension Specification for the Heterogeneous Quantum-Classical Model of Computation

Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging computational paradigm that leverages the laws of quantum mechanics to perform elementary logic operations. Existing programming models for QC were designed with fault-tolerant hardware in mind, envisioning stand-alone applications. However, the susceptibility of near-term quantum computers to noise limits their stand-alone utility. To better leverage limited computational strengths of noisy quantum devices, hybrid algorithms have been suggested whereby quantum computers are used in tandem with their classical counterparts in a heterogeneous fashion. This modus operandi calls out for a programming model and a high-level programming language that natively and seamlessly supports heterogeneous quantum-classical hardware architectures in a single-source-code paradigm. Motivated by the lack of such a model, we introduce a language extension specification, called QCOR, which enables single-source quantum-classical programming. Programs written using the QCOR library–based language extensions can be compiled to produce functional hybrid binary executables. After defining QCOR’s programming model, memory model, and execution model, we discuss how QCOR enables variational, iterative, and feed-forward QC. Additionally, QCOR approaches quantum-classical computation in a hardware-agnostic heterogeneous fashion and strives to build on best practices of high-performance computing. The high level of abstraction in the language extension is intended to accelerate the adoption of QC by researchers familiar with classical high-performance computing.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2018

The Power of Partnerships - Federal Energy Management Program and Department of Homeland Security: Resilience Framework

The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) collaborated in a strategic partnership to advance federal critical infrastructure resilience and develop a Resilience Framework to apply across the DHS enterprise. The partnership also established resilience performance metrics and monitoring guidelines, identified best practices for resilience technologies and solutions, and provided technical support.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2015

Workplace Charging Challenge Mid-Program Review: Employees Plug In

The EV Everywhere Workplace Charging Challenge aims to have 500 U.S. employers offering workplace charging by 2018. These reports describe the progress made in the Challenge. In 2015, the Workplace Charging Challenge celebrated a major milestone – it reached the halfway point to its goal of 500 Challenge partners committed to installing workplace charging by 2018. More than 250 employers have joined as Challenge partners and the installation of workplace charging as a sustainable business practice is growing across the country. Their efforts have resulted in more than 600 workplaces with over 5,500 charging stations accessible to nearly one million employees. In 2015, more than 9,000 PEV-driving employees charged at these worksites on a regular basis. Our Workplace Charging Challenge Mid-Program Review reports this progress and other statistics related to workplace charging, including employee satisfaction and charger usage.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Installing Deep Groundwater Monitoring Wells in a Volcanic Dominated Rift Basin: Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico - 17594

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL, or the Laboratory) is located in northern New Mexico near the west margin of the Espanola Basin. LANL is underlain by a complex basin-fill sequence of alluvial fan deposits, volcanic tuff, basaltic and dacitic lavas, and riverine deposits. On-going environmental remediation and characterization activities have evolved to improve the performance of groundwater monitoring wells, ensuring they yield representative groundwater and core samples. Groundwater occurs as canyon-fill alluvial water, perched intermediate-depth water associated with the basalts and other local-scale perching horizons, and as a regional-scale aquifer that is the main water supply for the area. Anthropogenic contaminants are found in all three groundwater zones. The regional aquifer below LANL is nominally 1000-1400 feet below ground surface (bgs). Monitoring wells at the Laboratory, are therefore, among the deepest routinely installed in the US. Logistical challenges at LANL include steep terrain, widespread cultural sites, and threatened and endangered species habitat restrictions. Additionally, the cost of installing monitoring wells is high because of groundwater depths and the variable drilling techniques that are required to characterize and install wells in a complex geologic environment. A major challenge to the characterization approach at LANL has been to meet sample quality requirements while minimizing drilling costs. In the late 1990's threaded drill-casing was advanced by rotary drilling methods using compressed air as the only circulation fluid. This resulted in relatively low impacts to the geochemical integrity of rock and groundwater samples, but led to frequent episodes of stuck casing. Additional fluids were introduced to the air-rotary program, improving penetration rates, but also resulting in non-representative groundwater samples due to long-term impacts to the aquifer in the vicinity of the well screen. Mud-rotary drilling was incorporated into the program, but it also had significant long-term impacts on groundwater quality, and often inhibited identification of perched groundwater zones and accurate identification of the water table in the regional aquifer. Current drilling practice makes limited use of fluid additives (e.g. foam) to supplement air circulation methods in order to advance drill casing through the vadose zone. Starting about 100 feet above the water table, drill casing is advanced to the target horizon in the regional aquifer using only air and municipal water (when needed) for circulation. Additionally, the threaded drill casing couplings have been replaced with welded connections, significantly reducing the occurrence of stuck casing. Careful observations of water production and water levels during drilling, coupled with the ability to retract casing for video and geophysical logs, now allows for robust characterization of perched groundwater systems and accurate definition of the top of regional saturation. Recent advances in the drilling program include combined dual-rotary/sonic drilling to depths up to 1150 feet and dual-rotary casing advance at angles up to 25 deg. from vertical. The former allows for core collection with minimal fluid addition, thereby preserving pore water chemistry. The latter method allows for well installation into portions of the aquifer otherwise inaccessible due to constraints at the surface (e.g., cultural sites or topography). Similar to the development of drilling techniques, both well design and groundwater sampling system design have evolved throughout the program. Current well design emphasizes a minimal annulus of filter pack, maximum screen slot size based on formation sieve analyses, and thorough well development to mitigate formation damage due to drilling. To sample groundwater at multiple levels in the same well, earlier sampling systems included Westbay{sup R} multi-zone systems and dual-screen single-pump and dual-screen dual-pump systems designed in collaboration with Baski, Inc. These multi-zone sampling systems proved difficult to develop and maintain given the depth to groundwater, and most current well installations are configured with a single screen and a submersible pump. The ability to purge from a well-developed single-screen well has substantially improved the collection of representative groundwater samples. A carefully crafted groundwater characterization program in target aquifers at depths ranging from 1,000 to 1,400 feet bgs within a complex geologic setting, while also retaining the ability to collect representative core and groundwater samples, may have application at a number of sites throughout the environmental industry. Optimizing each well to meet program objectives while reducing total project costs benefits all environmental investigations. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Peak Demand Savings from Efficiency: Opportunities and Practices [Slides]

Electricity systems are designed to meet peak demand - the maximum load during a specified period, typically in summer - even if that demand occurs only a few hours in a year. Yet most evaluations of electricity efficiency programs focus on reductions in annual energy use. However, these efficiency programs are also delivering peak demand savings at an affordable cost. A new study by the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) explores the program administrator (PA) cost - or the cost to implement an energy efficiency program to a utility or third party administrator - of saving peak demand through efficiency programs for electric utility customers. Berkeley Lab collected data on costs, annual energy savings, and peak demand savings for electricity efficiency programs for 52 utilities and other program administrators in 15 states between 2014 and 2018. The analysis focused on eight program types that represent 68% of the peak demand savings for the utilities and program administrators studied. The findings improve our understanding of which energy efficiency programs produce the most peak demand savings and their cost performance.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗