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DOE OSTI2023

BUILD: Binary Understanding and Integration Logic for Dependencies (Final Report)

Increasingly diverse mission needs, the emergence of AI and cloud, and increasing hardware diversity are driving HPC software to be more complex. Modern codes are built from hundreds of small, complex components, and much of the software development process involves integrating these components rather than developing new components from scratch. The goal of the BUILD project was to ease the task of software integration for developers across LLNL’s programs. The project focused on (1) modeling software compatibility, (2) modeling ABI compatibility with binary analysis, (3) developing solver techniques to reason about compatibility, and (4) developing AI/ML models to fill gaps in our understanding of software compatibility. The project has developed several key technologies that help developers—by accelerating development workflows, removing the need for rebuilds, and enabling faster, automatic, and less error-prone code sharing. These technologies are used in LLNL codes and will be ready for the new El Capitan Exascale system in Livermore Computing. Many of these technologies have been hardened and integrated with LLNL’s Spack package manager, and they are already in use by production code teams. Results of BUILD have laid the groundwork for future advances in software integration—the ML and binary modification techniques developed in this project still need to be operationalized but have great potential to further speed up software integration.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology. Technical Design Report

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS2009

A Study on Advanced Lithium-Based Battery Cell Chemistries to Enhance Lunar Exploration Missions

NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) Energy Storage Project conducted an advanced lithium-based battery chemistry feasibility study to determine the best advanced chemistry to develop for the Altair lunar lander and the Extravehicular Activities (EVA) advanced lunar surface spacesuit. These customers require safe, reliable energy storage systems with extremely high specific energy as compared to today's state-of-the-art batteries. Based on customer requirements, the specific energy goals for the development project are 220 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) delivered at the battery level at 0 degrees Celsius (degrees Celcius) at a C/10 discharge rate. Continuous discharge rates between C/5 and C/2, operation over 0 to 30 degrees C, and 200 cycles are targeted. The team, consisting of members from NASA Glenn Research Center, Johnson Space Center, and Jet Propulsion laboratory, surveyed the literature, compiled information on recent materials developments, and consulted with other battery experts in the community to identify advanced battery materials that might be capable of achieving the desired results with further development. A variety of electrode materials were considered, including layered metal oxides, spinel oxides, and olivine-type cathode materials, and lithium metal, lithium alloy, and silicon-based composite anode materials. lithium-sulfur systems were also considered. Hypothetical cell constructs that combined compatible anode and cathode materials with suitable electrolytes, separators, current collectors, headers, and cell enclosures were modeled. While some of these advanced materials are projected to obtain the desired electrical performance, there are risks that also factored into the decision making process. The risks include uncertainties due to issues such as safety of a system containing some of these materials, ease of scaling-up of large batches of raw materials, adaptability of the materials to processing using established or reasonable cost manufacturing techniques, manufacturability of the materials in dimensions required for integration into battery cells of practical capacities, low Technology Readiness levels (TRl), and the ability to achieve the desired performance by the customer need dates. The advanced cell chemistry options were evaluated with respect to multiple quantitative and qualitative attributes while considering their projected performance at the end of the available development timeframe. Following a rigorous ranking process, a chemistry that combines a lithiated nickel manganese cobalt oxide (lithium NMC) cathode with a silicon-based composite anode was selected as the technology that can offer the best combination of safety, specific energy, energy density, and likelihood of success. Tasks over the next three years will focus on development of electrode materials, compatible electrolytes, and separator materials, and integration of promising components to assess their combined performance in working cells. Cells of the chosen chemistry will be developed to TRl 6 by 2014 and will then be transferred to the customers for infusion into their mission paths.

Reid, Concha↗

NASA NTRS1991

Getting expert systems off the ground: Lessons learned from integrating model-based diagnostics with prototype flight hardware

As an initial attempt to introduce expert system technology into an onboard environment, a model based diagnostic system using the TRW MARPLE software tool was integrated with prototype flight hardware and its corresponding control software. Because this experiment was designed primarily to test the effectiveness of the model based reasoning technique used, the expert system ran on a separate hardware platform, and interactions between the control software and the model based diagnostics were limited. While this project met its objective of showing that model based reasoning can effectively isolate failures in flight hardware, it also identified the need for an integrated development path for expert system and control software for onboard applications. In developing expert systems that are ready for flight, artificial intelligence techniques must be evaluated to determine whether they offer a real advantage onboard, identify which diagnostic functions should be performed by the expert systems and which are better left to the procedural software, and work closely with both the hardware and the software developers from the beginning of a project to produce a well designed and thoroughly integrated application.

Stephan, Amy↗

DOE OSTI2016

Completing the Cleanup of the US Department of Energy's East Tennessee Technology Park - Four Years Early - 16067

On August 1, 2011, URS - CH2M Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR) began its $2.6 billion cleanup of the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), the former Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, located on the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) in Tennessee. Under the contract, the scope of work to be completed includes demolition of all gaseous diffusion buildings, namely K-25, K-31 and K-27, as well as other facilities such as the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator, the K-1200 Centrifuge Complex and the K-1037 Barrier Plant. Additionally, UCOR will remove contaminated soils and treat contaminated groundwater. Waste generated by these cleanup activities will be disposed at onsite as well as offsite facilities. UCOR will also continue to manage hundreds of the DOE Oak Ridge Office of Environmental Management (OREM)-owned facilities across the ORR. Due largely to funding challenges early in the project, the DOE estimated in their October 2013 Program Plan 2014-2024 that ETTP cleanup would not be achieved until 2024, four years later than originally scheduled in UCOR's contract with the DOE. In November 2014, the DOE Manager for OREM, Susan Cange, publicly shared her 'vision' for ETTP cleanup by 2020, four years earlier than the DOE's current plan. As part of Vision 2020, all gaseous diffusion buildings would be demolished by the end of 2016. In response to Ms. Cange's vision, UCOR published a Strategic Plan describing how ETTP could be cleaned up by 2020, provided that a number of funding and programmatic and technical challenges could be overcome. UCOR is in the midst of implementing its Strategic Plan, and progress is being made to that end. Since assuming its responsibilities as the ETTP cleanup contractor, UCOR has completed its life-cycle Performance Measurement Baseline (PMB); received its Earned Value Management System (EVMS) certification; completed the D and D of the 44-acre K-25 and 17-acre K-31 gaseous diffusion buildings; completed the K-1070- B Burial Ground remediation project; completed RCRA closure of the TSCA Incinerator; and disposed of more than 541,411 cubic yards of cleanup waste while managing the on-site Environmental Management Waste Management Facility (EMWMF). In 2015, UCOR achieved safety 'Star Status' under the DOE's Voluntary Protection Program (VPP); completed the demolition of the K-31 gaseous diffusion building; advanced the characterization and deactivation of the K-27 gaseous diffusion building, readying the building for the start of demolition in 2016; and began characterization activities in the K-1037 Barrier Plant as well as a number of facilities in the Poplar Creek Area of the ETTP Site. Project performance through December 31, 2015, is as follows: Cost Performance Index - 1.12, Schedule Performance Index - 1.02. Since safety is the foundation of all cleanup work, UCOR's safety record goes hand-in-hand with its project performance. Through calendar year 2015, UCOR's recordable injury rate was 0.94 occurrences per 200,000 work hours, and the day away case rate was 0.31. These rates are both below the DOE and UCOR goals. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS1999

Telescope Scientist on the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Observatory

The most important activity during this reporting period was the calibration of the AXAF High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) and the analysis of the copious data which were obtained during that project. The calibration was highly successful, and will result in the AXAF being by far the best calibrated X-ray observatory ever flown, and more accurate results by all of its users. This period also included participation in the spacecraft alignment and assembly activities and final flight readiness reviews. The planning of the first year of Telescope Scientist AXAF observations also was accomplished. The Telescope Scientist team also served as a technical resource for various problems which were encountered during this period. Many of these contributions have been documented in memoranda sent to the project.

VanSpeybroeck, Leon↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Moon-to-Mars Planetary Autonomous Construction Technology Project: Overview and Status

NASA plans to land the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2025 through the initial Artemis missions. NASA and its international partners plan to establish a sustainable long-term presence on the lunar surface and build up infrastructure in the subsequent Artemis missions. The Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative (LSII), within NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate, aims to spur the creation of novel technologies needed for lunar surface exploration and accelerate the technology readiness of key systems and components. The primary thrust areas of LSII include sustainable power; dust mitigation; in-situ resource utilization; surface excavation, construction, and outfitting; and extreme access/extreme environments. The Moon-to-Mars Planetary Autonomous Construction Technology (MMPACT) project was initiated to address the lunar surface construction thrust area of LSII. The goal of the MMPACT project is to develop, deliver, and demonstrate on-demand capabilities to protect astronauts and create infrastructure on the lunar surface via construction of landing pads, habitats, shelters, roadways, berms and blast shields using lunar regolith-based materials. The MMPACT project is leveraging technology derived from NASA’s 3D Printed Mars Habitat Challenge along with contributions from other Government agencies, and multiple partners within industry and academia. The MMPACT project is comprised of three interrelated elements, construction hardware and process development; feedstock materials development; and microwave structure construction capabilities. These elements are working together to address the multiple challenges of infrastructure construction on the surface of the Moon including increased autonomy of operations, hardware operation and manufacturing under lunar environmental conditions, long-duration operation of mechanisms and parts, scale of construction activities, and material and construction requirements and standards. This presentation will summarize the status of development activities in each of the three elements, including testing of the various candidate materials, preliminary design concepts for future lunar infrastructure elements, and the vision for future technology demonstrations on the lunar surface. These demonstrations, targeting the mid-to-late 2020’s, are expected to enable landing pad construction and habitat construction resulting in commercial capabilities early in the next decade.

Additive construction, regolith processing, lunar ↗

NASA NTRS2008

NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster: The NEXT Ion Propulsion System for Solar System Exploration

This viewgraph presentation reviews NASA s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) Ion Propulsion system. The NEXT project is developing a solar electric ion propulsion system. The NEXT project is advancing the capability of ion propulsion to meet NASA robotic science mission needs. The NEXT system is planned to significantly improve performance over the state of the art electric propulsion systems, such as NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR). The status of NEXT development is reviewed, including information on the NEXT Thruster, the power processing unit, the propellant management system (PMS), the digital control interface unit, and the gimbal. Block diagrams NEXT system are presented. Also a review of the lessons learned from the Dawn and NSTAR systems is provided. In summary the NEXT project activities through 2007 have brought next-generation ion propulsion technology to a sufficient maturity level.

Pencil, Eric J.↗

DOE OSTI2016

Rapid Carbon Fiber Prepreg Molding Technology for Automobile Structural Parts - "SEAHAWKS"

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) offer a variety of potential benefits to automotive parts vs. metals, mainly in the form of light-weighting, part consolidation, and corrosion resistance. However, complexities of composite manufacturing and lack of robust supply chain evolution and integration have hindered technological advancements to overcome high manufacturing costs, slow production rates and prolonged time to market. As a result, the use of CFRP in automotive structural parts has been limited to expensive “low to medium” volume platforms. The project overall investigates a concept of ecosystem-based composite manufacturing that enables rapid implementation of an integrated manufacturing system. Through partnering with individual organizations in the prepreg supply chain along with their respective technological advancements in materials, part designs, tool, equipment, recycling and repair, this project’s objective is to integrate these technologies into a manufacturing system through optimizing them individually and as a whole. Upon a successful delivery of a finished composite component to market, all associated technologies are evolved to production readiness levels not only individually but also in part of the integrated manufacturing system itself. Risks are mitigated effectively, as development costs and successes (and/or failures) are shared among all organizations. As a result, further cost reduction of the finished component is anticipated. Toray Composites (America) Inc. led the effort along with 13 other organizations to investigate and validate the concept. Phase I of this project via flat panel demonstrations focused on molding aspects of the integrated manufacturing system from several combinations of prepreg materials and molding methods used such as hydraulic press, RapidClave®, heated composite light tool (HCLT), light induction tool (LIT) and Quickstep. Other aspects such as automation equipment, recycling and component identification to further investigate and validate the concept via component demonstration in Phase II were also explored. It was found that several prepreg/process combinations could achieve a 3-6 min cure cycle time with panel thickness from 0.8 to 2.4 mm. This can be achieved under compaction pressure as low as vacuum, leading to composite panels that are void free, have good to excellent molded surfaces, Tg (by G’onset of DMA) ranging from 120-190 °C, and mechanical performance comparable to conventional autoclave cure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

NRWAL (NLR formerly known as NREL Wind Analysis Library) [SWR-21-26]

NRWAL (NLR (National Laboratory of the Rockies) formerly known as NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Wind Analysis Library: A library of offshore wind cost equations (plus new energy technologies like marine hydro!) Easy equation manipulation without editing source code Full continental-scale integration with the NREL Renewable Energy Potential Model (reV) https://nrel.github.io/reV/ Ready-to-use configs for basic users Dynamic python tools for intuitive equation handling One seriously badass sea unicorn To get started with NRWAL, check out the NRWAL Config documentation or the NRWAL example notebook. You can also launch the notebook in an interactive jupyter shell right in your browser without any downloads or software using binder. Ready to build a model with NRWAL but don't want to contribute to the library? No problem! Check out the example getting started project here. Here is the important stuff: The NRWAL Equation Library. Default NRWAL Configs

Nunemaker, Jacob↗

DOE OSTI2016

Performance Validation of Advanced PHEV Vehicle

Summary of Major Accomplishments: Chrysler developed a PHEV minivan as part of a DOE contract to develop a production-ready PHEV prototype. Although conventional certification tests were conducted by Chrysler during their development, Argonne was brought in at the end of the development project to run their research-oriented benchmark testing on one of the prototype vehicles. Here are the accomplishments: Prototype vehicle was instrumented by removing some panels and installing voltage and current probes; Other signals such as temperature and setting up CAN network data collection; 42 drive cycle tests were run on the 4WD chassis dynamometer, in both CD and CS modes over UDDS, US06, HWY, SC03 cycles, and research cycles including steady-state

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2024

AOI [1] Advanced Manufacturing of Ceramic Anchors with Embedded Sensors for Process and Health Monitoring of Coal Boilers

Researchers at West Virginia University (WVU) developed methods to fabricate and test ceramic anchors with an embedded sensor technology for monitoring the health and processing conditions within pulverized coal (PC) and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) boiler systems. The technology included the development of advanced manufacturing processes for 2D/3D printing electroceramic (conductive ceramic) sensor designs within the ceramic anchor microstructure during the manufacturing process. This advanced manufacturing process would allow for the precise control of local microstructure and composition in order to engineer layer-by-layer any protective and electrically active materials within the refractory anchor. This 3D printing technology would permit the rapid and controlled design of the refractory microstructure and embedded sensor design throughout the volume of the ceramic anchor. The work also included a method to interconnect the sensors to boiler shell through the anchor clamp, where the sensor signals will be processed by low-power electronics and transmitted wirelessly to a central processing hub. The end-goal of the program was to produce a ceramic anchor sensor system which would be ready for implementation within a coal boiler, and/or other similar refractory liner systems (such as that in the glass and metal manufacturing areas). The project objectives were to: 1) Define the chemical and microstructural stability, in addition to the electrical properties, of oxide and non-oxide ceramic composites to be embedded within the ceramic anchor compositions that may operate up to 1400ºC; 2) Develop and implement the 2D/3D printing technology to pattern and control the microstructure of the ceramic anchor and embedded sensor circuits; 3) Develop an interconnect technology which will permit easy installation of the ceramic anchors and signal collection at the boiler shell; 4) Develop low power analog electronics and wireless communication hardware to efficiently collect the sensor signal at each processing unit and transmit data to a central hub for data analysis; 5) Demonstrate the smart ceramic anchor system for temperature and liner fracture within a high-temperature processing unit, such as a boiler furnace or glass melting furnace floor/wall liner.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

NASA NTRS2001

Organic Materials Ionizing Radiation Susceptibility for the Outer Planet/Solar Probe Radioisotope Power Source

The Department of Energy is considering the current Stirling Technology Corporation 55 We Stirling Technology Demonstration Convertor as a baseline option for an advanced radioisotope power source for the Outer Planets/Solar Probe project of Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other missions. However, since the Technology Demonstration Convertor contains organic materials chosen without any special consideration of flight readiness, and without any consideration of the extremely high radiation environment of Europa, a preliminary investigation was performed to address the radiation susceptibility of the current organic materials used in the Technology Demonstration Convertor. This report documents the results of the investigation. The results of the investigation show that candidate replacement materials have been identified to be acceptable in the harsh Europa radiation environment.

Golliher, Eric L.↗

NASA NTRS2006

A Fast Technology Infusion Model for Aerospace Organizations

A multi-year Fast Technology Infusion initiative proposes a model for aerospace organizations to improve the cost-effectiveness by which they mature new, in-house developed software and hardware technologies for space mission use. The first year task under the umbrella of this initiative will provide the framework to demonstrate and document the fast infusion process. The viability of this approach will be demonstrated on two technologies developed in prior years with internal Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) funding. One hardware technology and one software technology were selected for maturation within one calendar year or less. The overall objective is to achieve cost and time savings in the qualification of technologies. At the end of the recommended three-year effort, we will have demonstrated for six or more in-house developed technologies a clear path to insertion using a documented process that permits adaptation to a broad range of hardware and software projects.

technology readiness level↗

NASA NTRS2014

Preparation and Integration of ALHAT Precision Landing Technology for Morpheus Flight Testing

The Autonomous precision Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) project has developed a suite of prototype sensors for enabling autonomous and safe precision land- ing of robotic or crewed vehicles on solid solar bodies under varying terrain lighting condi- tions. The sensors include a Lidar-based Hazard Detection System (HDS), a multipurpose Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL), and a long-range Laser Altimeter (LAlt). Preparation for terrestrial ight testing of ALHAT onboard the Morpheus free- ying, rocket-propelled ight test vehicle has been in progress since 2012, with ight tests over a lunar-like ter- rain eld occurring in Spring 2014. Signi cant work e orts within both the ALHAT and Morpheus projects has been required in the preparation of the sensors, vehicle, and test facilities for interfacing, integrating and verifying overall system performance to ensure readiness for ight testing. The ALHAT sensors have undergone numerous stand-alone sensor tests, simulations, and calibrations, along with integrated-system tests in special- ized gantries, trucks, helicopters and xed-wing aircraft. A lunar-like terrain environment was constructed for ALHAT system testing during Morpheus ights, and vibration and thermal testing of the ALHAT sensors was performed based on Morpheus ights prior to ALHAT integration. High- delity simulations were implemented to gain insight into integrated ALHAT sensors and Morpheus GN&C system performance, and command and telemetry interfacing and functional testing was conducted once the ALHAT sensors and electronics were integrated onto Morpheus. This paper captures some of the details and lessons learned in the planning, preparation and integration of the individual ALHAT sen- sors, the vehicle, and the test environment that led up to the joint ight tests.

Carson, John M., III↗

NASA NTRS2015

Advanced UVOIR Mirror Technology Development for Very Large Space Telescopes

The Advanced Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) project is in phase 2 of a multiyear effort, initiated in FY 2012. This effort is to mature, by at least a half Technology Readiness Level step, the critical technologies required to enable 4-meter or larger ultraviolet, optical, and infrared (UVOIR) space telescope primary mirror assemblies for both general astrophysics and ultra-high contrast observations of exoplanets. AMTD continues to achieve all of its goals and has accomplished all of its milestones to date. This has been achieved by assembling an outstanding team from academia, industry, and government with extensive expertise in astrophysics and exoplanet characterization, and in the design/manufacture of monolithic and segmented space telescopes; by deriving engineering specifications for advanced normal-incidence mirror systems needed to make the required science measurements; and by defining and prioritizing the most important technical problems to be solved. Our results have been presented to the CoPAG and Mirror Tech Days 2013, and proceedings papers of the 2013 and 2014 SPIE Optics & Photonics Symposia have been published.

Effinger, Mike↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of the Advanced Regolith Ground Operations (ARGO) Test Bed – A Robotic Excavation and Construction Test Facility with Simulated Lunar Environments

NASA’s Artemis Program is working towards developing a sustained presence on the Moon and eventually Mars. To achieve this goal, robotic excavation, site preparation and construction technologies are under development to establish the capability to construct infrastructure such as launch/landing pads and radiation protection shelters. Technologies must be proven in simulated Lunar conditions prior to surface demonstration missions. To that end, the Relevant Additive Construction Technology (REACT) Announcement of Collaboration Opportunities (ACO) project with AI Space Factory and the NASA Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations Laboratory (a.k.a. Swamp Works) has developed the Advanced Regolith Ground Operations (ARGO) Test Bed. ARGO includes a ~1.5m x 1.5m x 1.2m (~5x5x4ft) vacuum chamber, cryogenically cooled thermal shroud, 3-axis robotic positioning system, and regolith bin. For the REACT project, a pellet extruder, feed hopper, and heated 600mm x 600mm (23.6x23.6in) build plate have been installed on ARGO to advance the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of regolith-polymer composite Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive construction systems, processes, and materials. This paper will focus on the design and operational characteristics of the ARGO Test Bed with pellet extruder.

regolith↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of the Advanced Regolith Ground Operations (ARGO) Test Bed: A Robotic Excavation and Construction Test Facility with Simulated Lunar Environments

regolith↗