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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 685 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Reinterpretation of the electronic absorption spectrum of the methylene amidogen radical (H 2 CN)

The odd electronic absorption spectrum of H 2 CN has been of great interest to experiment. Herein, this system is reported on extensively by applying theoretical methods to the ground and low-lying excited electronic states. Employing a large breadth of high-level ab initio computations, including coupled cluster [CCSD(T) and CCSDT(Q)] and multireference configuration interaction [MRCISD+Q] methods, we comprehensively demonstrate that the most recent experimental and theoretical interpretations of the electronic spectrum of H 2 CN are in error. The previous assignments of the two broad features in the spectrum as the origin 0$^{0}_{0}$ (~35 050 cm –1 ) and 4$^{2}_{0}$ (~35 600 cm –1 )$\widetilde{B}$ 2 A 1 ←$\widetilde{X}$ 2 B 2 transitions are both found to be incorrect. The presently reported transition energies suggest that the higher energy band near 35 600 cm –1 is the true origin band. Moreover, from the computed anharmonic vibrational frequencies of the $\widetilde{X}$ 2 B 2 and $\widetilde{B}$ 2 A 1 states, we demonstrate that this ~550 cm –1 band spacing cannot be attributed to a simple vibronic transition, as claimed by the 4$^{2}_{0}$ assignment. Possible alternative explanations for the appearance of the lower intensity band near 35 050 cm –1 are discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin-flip, tensor equation-of-motion configuration interaction with a density-functional correction: A spin-complete method for exploring excited-state potential energy surfaces

We revisit the formalism of the spin-adapted, spin-flip (SA-SF) configuration-interaction singles (CIS) method based on a tensor equation-of-motion formalism that affords proper spin eigenstates without sacrificing single-reference simplicity. Matrix elements for SA-SF-CIS are then modified in a manner similar to collinear spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT), to include a DFT exchange-correlation correction. The performance of this method, which we call SA-SF-DFT, is evaluated numerically and we find that it systematically improves the energies of electronic states that exhibit significant spin contamination within the conventional SF-TDDFT approach. The new method cures the state assignment problem that plagues geometry optimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using traditional SF-TDDFT, without sacrificing computational efficiency, and furthermore provides correct topology at conical intersections, including those that involve the ground state, unlike conventional TDDFT. As such, SA-SF-DFT appears to be a promising method for generating excited-state potential energy surfaces at DFT cost.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Accurate classical short-range forces for the study of collision cascades in Fe–Ni–Cr

The predictive power of a classical molecular dynamics simulation is largely determined by the physical validity of its underlying empirical potential. In the case of high-energy collision cascades, it was recently shown that correctly modeling interactions at short distances is necessary to accurately predict primary damage production. An ab initio based framework is introduced for modifying an existing embedded-atom method FeNiCr potential to handle these short-range interactions. Density functional theory is used to calculate the energetics of two atoms approaching each other, embedded in the alloy, and to calculate the equation of state of the alloy as it is compressed. The pairwise terms and the embedding terms of the potential are modi ed in accordance with the ab initio results. Using this reparametrized potential, collision cascades are performed in Ni 50 Fe 50 , Ni 80 Cr 20 and Ni 33 Fe 33 Cr 33 . The simulations reveal that alloying Ni and NiCr to Fe reduces primary damage production, in agreement with some previous calculations. Alloying Ni and NiFe to Cr does not reduce primary damage production, in contradiction with previous calculations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Toward spectroscopically accurate global ab initio potential energy surface for the acetylene-vinylidene isomerization

A new full-dimensional global potential energy surface (PES) for the acetylene-vinylidene isomerization on the ground (S{sub 0}) electronic state has been constructed by fitting ∼37 000 high-level ab initio points using the permutation invariant polynomial-neural network method with a root mean square error of 9.54 cm{sup −1}. The geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of acetylene, vinylidene, and all other stationary points (two distinct transition states and one secondary minimum in between) have been determined on this PES. Furthermore, acetylene vibrational energy levels have been calculated using the Lanczos algorithm with an exact (J = 0) Hamiltonian. The vibrational energies up to 12 700 cm{sup −1} above the zero-point energy are in excellent agreement with the experimentally derived effective Hamiltonians, suggesting that the PES is approaching spectroscopic accuracy. In addition, analyses of the wavefunctions confirm the experimentally observed emergence of the local bending and counter-rotational modes in the highly excited bending vibrational states. The reproduction of the experimentally derived effective Hamiltonians for highly excited bending states signals the coming of age for the ab initio based PES, which can now be trusted for studying the isomerization reaction.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evidence for nitrogen binding to surface defects for topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3

Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy and theoretical simulations we have studied the effects of nitrogen gas exposure on the electronic density of states of Bi 2 Se 3 , a well-studied topological insulator. In carefully controlled measurements, Bi 2 Se 3 crystals were initially cleaved in a helium gas environment and then exposed to a 22 SCFH flow of ultra-high purity N 2 gas. We observe a resulting change in the spectral curves, with the exposure effect saturating after approximately 50 min, ultimately bringing the Dirac point about 50 meV closer to the Fermi level. Furthermore, these results are compared to density functional theory calculations, which support a picture of N 2 molecules physisorbing near Se vacancies. Furthermore, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations aided by a Blue Moon ensemble method reveal the dissociative adsorption of N 2 molecules which then bind strongly to Se vacancies at the surface. In this scenario, the binding of the N atom to a Se vacancy site removes the surface defect state created by the vacancy and changes the position of the Fermi energy with respect to the Dirac point.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Quantum calculations of the IR spectrum of liquid water using ab initio and model potential and dipole moment surfaces and comparison with experiment

The calculation and characterization of the IR spectrum of liquid water have remained a challenge for theory. In this paper, we address this challenge using a combination of ab initio approaches, namely, a quantum treatment of IR spectrum using the ab initio WHBB water potential energy surface and a refined ab initio dipole moment surface. The quantum treatment is based on the embedded local monomer method, in which the three intramolecular modes of each embedded H{sub 2}O monomer are fully coupled and also coupled singly to each of six intermolecular modes. The new dipole moment surface consists of a previous spectroscopically accurate 1-body dipole moment surface and a newly fitted ab initio intrinsic 2-body dipole moment. A detailed analysis of the new dipole moment surface in terms of the coordinate dependence of the effective atomic charges is done along with tests of it for the water dimer and prism hexamer double-harmonic spectra against direct ab initio calculations. The liquid configurations are taken from previous molecular dynamics calculations of Skinner and co-workers, using the TIP4P plus E3B rigid monomer water potential. The IR spectrum of water at 300 K in the range of 0–4000 cm{sup −1} is calculated and compared with experiment, using the ab initio WHBB potential and new ab initio dipole moment, the q-TIP4P/F potential, which has a fixed-charged description of the dipole moment, and the TTM3-F potential and dipole moment surfaces. The newly calculated ab initio spectrum is in very good agreement with experiment throughout the above spectral range, both in band positions and intensities. This contrasts to results with the other potentials and dipole moments, especially the fixed-charge q-TIP4P/F model, which gives unrealistic intensities. The calculated ab initio spectrum is analyzed by examining the contribution of various transitions to each band.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1994

Fourfold Clusters of Rovibrational Energies in H2Te Studied With an Ab Initio Potential Energy Function

We report an ab initio investigation of the cluster effect (i.e., the formation of nearly degenerate, four member groups of rotation-vibration energy levels at higher J and K(sub a). values) in the H2Te molecule. The potential energy function has been calculated ab initio at a total of 334 molecular geometries by means of the CCSD(T) method where the (1s-4f) core electrons of Te were described by an effective core potential. The values of the potential energy function obtained cover the region up to around 10,000/cm above the equilibrium energy. On the basis of the ab initio potential, the rotation-vibration energy spectra of H2Te-130 and its deuterated isotopomers have been calculated with the MORBID (Morse Oscillator Rigid Bender Internal Dynamics) Hamiltonian and computer program. In particular, we have calculated the rotational energy manifolds for J less than or = 40 in the vibrational ground state, the upsilon(sub 2) state, the "first triad" (the upsilon(sub l)/upsilon(sub 3)/2upsilon(sub 2) interacting vibrational states), and the "second triad" (the upsilon(sub 1) + upsilon(sub 2/upsilon(sub 2) + upsilon(sub 3)/3upsilon(sub 2) states) of H2Te-130. We find that the cluster formation in H2Te is very similar to those of of H2Se and H2S, which we have studied previously. However, contrary to semiclassical predictions, we do not determine any significant displacement of the clusters towards lower J values relative to H2Se. Hence the experimental observation of the cluster states in H2Te will be at least as difficult as in H2Se.

Jensen, Per↗
DOE OSTI2017

Voltage Dependence of Molecule–Electrode Coupling in Biased Molecular Junctions

Biased interfaces between individual molecules and metallic electrodes are central in many nanoscale devices. A key quantity that governs the nature of the metal–molecule interface is the degree of hybridization between frontier orbitals of the molecule and electrode continuum states. This hybridization leads to the broadening of molecular resonances, a measure of the electronic coupling to the surface. In this work, we present detailed ab initio calculations of the evolution of this electronic coupling for selected frontier orbitals with bias voltage in molecular junctions, nanoscale devices where metal–molecule interface effects are dominant. We focus on symmetric and asymmetric junctions based on an experimentally well-studied system, Au–bipyridine–Au, as examples of our method. The nature of the bias-dependent coupling that emerges from our ab initio calculations provides new physical insight into experimentally achievable systems and is a marked quantitative improvement over simple Lorentzian models often used in interpreting device measurements. Beyond molecular junctions, our approach can be straightforwardly generalized to other molecule–metal interfaces.

Liu, Zhen-Fei↗
DOE OSTI2020

Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of UN and UN +

The low-energy electronic states of UN and UN+ have been examined using high-level electronic structure calculations and two-color photoionization techniques. The experimental measurements provided an accurate ionization energy for UN (IE = 50 802 +/- 5 cm -1 ). Spectra for UN+ yielded ro-vibrational constants and established that the ground state has the electronic angular momentum projection omega = 4. Ab initio calculations were carried out using the spin-orbit state interacting approach with the complete active space second-order perturbation theory method. A series of correlation consistent basis sets were used in conjunction with small-core relativistic pseudopotentials on U to extrapolate to the complete basis set limits. The results for UN correctly obtained an omega = 3.5 ground state and demonstrated a high density of configurationally related excited states with closely similar ro-vibrational constants. Similar results were obtained for UN + , with reduced complexity owing to the smaller number of outer-shell electrons. The calculated IE for UN was in excellent agreement with the measured value. Improved values for the dissociation energies of UN and UN + , as well as their heats of formation, were obtained using the Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite thermochemistry method, including corrections up through coupled cluster singles, doubles, triples and quadruples. An analysis of the ab initio results from the perspective of the ligand field theory shows that the patterns of electronic states for both UN and UN + can be understood in terms of the underlying energy level structure of the atomic metal ion.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogen Bond Benchmark: Focal‐Point Analysis and Assessment of DFT Functionals

We performed a hierarchical, convergent ab initio benchmark study and systematically analyzed the performance of density functional approximations for describing hydrogen bonds in small neutral, cationic, and anionic complexes, as well as in larger systems involving amide, urea, deltamide, and squaramide moieties. Focal point analyses (FPA), extrapolating to the ab initio limit, were carried out using correlated wave function methods up to CCSDT(Q) for the small complexes and CCSD(T) for the larger systems, together with correlation-consistent Gaussian basis sets up to the complete basis set limit. Optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies were obtained at the CCSD(T) level. The resulting FPA hydrogen-bond energies converge within a few tenths of a kcal mol −1 . These reference data were used to evaluate 60 density functionals (including 12 dispersion-corrected), spanning the local-density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximations (GGAs), meta-GGAs, hybrids, meta-hybrids, double-hybrids, and range-separated hybrids. Overall, the meta-hybrid M06-2X provides the best performance for both hydrogen bond energies and geometries, while the dispersion-corrected GGAs BLYP-D3(BJ) and BLYP-D4 also yield accurate hydrogen-bond data and can serve as cost-effective options for studying large and complex systems.

coupled cluster theory↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Momentum Distribution of Liquid ⁴He

We report a high-resolution neutron Compton scattering study of liquid ⁴He under milli-Kelvin temperature control. To interpret the scattering data, we performed Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the atomic momentum distribution and final state effects for the conditions of temperature and density considered in the experiment. There is excellent agreement between the observed scattering and ab initio calculations of its lineshape at all temperatures. We also used model fit functions to obtain from the scattering data empirical estimates of the average atomic kinetic energy and Bose condensate fraction. These quantities are also in excellent agreement with ab initio calculations. We conclude that contemporary Quantum Monte Carlo methods can furnish accurate predictions for the properties of Bose liquids, including the condensate fraction, close to the superfluid transition temperature.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Search for New Half-Metallic Ferromagnets in Quaternary Diamond-Like Compounds I–II{sub 2}–III–VI{sub 4} and I{sub 2}–II–IV–VI{sub 4} (I = Cu; II = Mn, Fe, Co; III = In; IV = Ge, Sn; VI = S, Se, Te)

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties I–II{sub 2}–III–VI{sub 4} and I{sub 2}–II–IV–VI{sub 4} are investigated firstly by using the first-principles calculations. The investigation was done using the ab initio full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method where the exchange–correlation potential was calculated with the frame of GGA and GGA+U. The theoretically predicted lattice parameters for I–II{sub 2}–III–VI{sub 4} and I{sub 2}–II–IV–VI{sub 4} alloys are in good agreement with existing experimental measurements. The possibility of half-metallic ferromagnetism in I–II{sub 2}–III–VI{sub 4} and I{sub 2}–II–IV–VI{sub 4} (I = Cu; II = Mn, Fe, Co; III = In; IV = Ge, Sn; VI = S, Se, Te) was analyzed by electronic band structure and density of states calculations. We found that Cu{sub 2}CoGeS{sub 4}, Cu{sub 2}FeGeS{sub 4}, Cu{sub 2}FeSnS{sub 4}, and CuMn{sub 2}InSe{sub 4} compounds exhibit a complete half-metallic characteristic with a total spin moment of 3.00, 4.00, 4.00, and 10.00 μ{sub B} and direct band gap of (Eg ↑ = 0.63 eV), (Eg ↑ = 0.90 eV), (Eg ↑ = 0.31 eV), and (Eg ↓ = 1.10 eV), respectively. These results may be of interest for spintronic applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Real-Space Quantification of Exciton Localization in Acene Crystals Using Wannier Function Decomposition

Here, we introduce the Wannier function decomposition of excitons (WFDX) method to quantify exciton localization in solids within the ab initio Bethe-Salpeter equation framework. By decomposing each Bloch exciton wave function into products of single-particle electron and hole maximally localized Wannier functions, this real-space approach provides well-defined orbital- and spatial-resolved measures of both Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons at low computational cost. We apply WFDX to excitons in acene crystals, quantifying how the number of rings, the exciton spin state, and the center-of-mass momentum affect spatial localization. Additionally, we show how this real-space representation reflects structural nonsymmorphic symmetries that are hidden in standard reciprocal-space descriptions. We demonstrate how the WFDX framework can be used to efficiently interpolate exciton expansion coefficients in reciprocal-space and outline how it may facilitate evaluation of observables involving position operators, highlighting its potential as a general tool for both analyzing and computing excitonic properties in solids.

Tao, Zui [University of California, Berkeley, CA (↗
DOE OSTI2019

Ab initio predictions for polarized deuterium-tritium thermonuclear fusion

The fusion of deuterium (D) with tritium (T) is the most promising of the reactions that could power thermonuclear reactors of the future. It may lead to even more efficient energy generation if obtained in a polarized state, that is with the spin of the reactants aligned. Here in this paper, we report first-principles predictions of the polarized DT fusion using nuclear forces from effective field theory. By employing the ab initio no-core shell model with continuum reaction method to solve the quantum mechanical five-nucleon problem, we accurately determine the enhanced fusion rate and angular distribution of the emitted neutron and 4 He. Our calculations demonstrate in detail the small contribution of anisotropies, placing on a firmer footing the understanding of the rate of DT fusion in a polarized plasma. In the future, analogous calculations could be used to obtain accurate values for other, more uncertain thermonuclear reaction data critical to nuclear science applications.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Active species in chloroaluminate ionic liquids catalyzing low-temperature polyolefin deconstruction

Abstract Chloroaluminate ionic liquids selectively transform (waste) polyolefins into gasoline-range alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation at temperatures below 100 °C. Further improvement of this process necessitates a deep understanding of the nature of the catalytically active species and the correlated performance in the catalyzing critical reactions for the tandem polyolefin deconstruction with isoalkanes at low temperatures. Here, we address this requirement by determining the nuclearity of the chloroaluminate ions and their interactions with reaction intermediates, combining in situ 27 Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, Al K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and catalytic activity measurement. Cracking and alkylation are facilitated by carbenium ions initiated by AlCl 3 - tert -butyl chloride (TBC) adducts, which are formed by the dissociation of Al 2 Cl 7 − in the presence of TBC. The carbenium ions activate the alkane polymer strands and advance the alkylation cycle through multiple hydride transfer reactions. In situ 1 H NMR and operando infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that the cracking and alkylation processes occur synchronously; alkenes formed during cracking are rapidly incorporated into the carbenium ion-mediated alkylation cycle. The conclusions are further supported by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations coupled with an enhanced sampling method, and model experiments using n-hexadecane as a feed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Exploration of laser-driven electron-multirescattering dynamics in high-order harmonic generation

Multiple rescattering processes play an important role in high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in an intense laser field. However, the underlying multi-rescattering dynamics are still largely unexplored. Here we investigate the dynamical origin of multiple rescattering processes in HHG associated with the odd and even number of returning times of the electron to the parent ion. We perform fully ab initio quantum calculations and extend the empirical mode decomposition method to extract the individual multiple scattering contributions in HHG. We find that the tunneling ionization regime is responsible for the odd number times of rescattering and the corresponding short trajectories are dominant. On the other hand, the multiphoton ionization regime is responsible for the even number times of rescattering and the corresponding long trajectories are dominant. Moreover, we discover that the multiphoton- and tunneling-ionization regimes in multiple rescattering processes occur alternatively. Our results uncover the dynamical origin of multiple rescattering processes in HHG for the first time. As a result, it also provides new insight regarding the control of the multiple rescattering processes for the optimal generation of ultrabroad band supercontinuum spectra and the production of single ultrashort attosecond laser pulse.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stabilities and defect-mediated lithium-ion conduction in a ground state cubic Li 3 N structure

A stable ground state structure with cubic symmetry of Li 3 N (c-Li 3 N) is found by ab initio initially symmetric random-generated crystal structure search method. Gibbs free energy, calculated within quasi-harmonic approximation, shows that c-Li 3 N is the ground state structure for a wide range of temperature. The c-Li 3 N structure has a negative thermal expansion coefficient at temperatures lower than room temperature, due mainly to two transverse acoustic phonon modes. This c-Li 3 N phase is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 1.90 eV within hybrid density functional calculation. We also investigate the migration and energetics of native point defects in c-Li 3 N, including lithium and nitrogen vacancies, interstitials, and anti-site defects. Lithium interstitials are found to have a very low migration barrier (~0.12 eV) and the lowest formation energy among all possible defects. Thus, the ionic conduction in c-Li 3 N is expected to occur via an interstitial mechanism, in contrast to that in the well-known α-Li 3 N phase which occurs via a vacancy mechanism.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Density functional theory study of the influence of segregation of S or Fe impurities on electromigration in nano-grained copper interconnects

The reliability of the circuits in the modern microelectronic devices remains, during last decades, one of the key topics in research and gains an attention for improving the promising candidates for conductors. Improvement of materials for such applications can be obtained by both electronic and compositional optimization. Ab initio calculations using full potential linearized augmented plane wave method in density functional theory are applied to explain the reduction in electromigration effect in the vicinity of grain boundaries (GB) in nano-structured Cu due to the segregation of some additives to the GB. Several possible mechanisms are considered. It is demonstrated that S atoms segregated to GB of nano-structured Cu lead to the growth of effective mass of the electrons. This decreases the mobility of electrons in external electric field, and, correspondingly, the momentum that they may transfer to atoms in collisions. Fe atoms segregated to GB of Cu create new empty states at the top of the valance band. These non-occupied states may stimulate the current of holes when external electric field is applied to the system, creating the “hole wind” in the direction opposite to the current of electrons. Such “hole wind” will compensate the forces generated by the electron current and therefore will reduce the total momentum transfer between charge carriers and atoms. The calculated electron density maps show that S and Fe segregating to Cu GB increases the strength of covalent bonds reducing the diffusion of Cu atoms in the vicinity of GB.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗