Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Apollo”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Some surface properties of Apollo 17 soils

The surface chemistry of Apollo 17 lunar fines samples 74220 (the orange soil) and 74241 (the gray control soil) has been studied by measuring the adsorption of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen (all at -196 C) and also water vapor (at 20 C or 22 C). In agreement with results for samples from other missions, both samples had low initial specific surface areas, consisted of nonporous particles, and were attacked by water vapor at high relative pressures to give an increased specific surface area and create a pore system which gave rise to a capillary condensation hysteresis loop in the adsorption isotherms. In contrast to previous samples, both of the Apollo 17 soils were partially hydrophobic in their initial interaction with water vapor (both samples were completely hydrophilic after the reaction with water). The results are consistent with formation at high temperatures without subsequent exposure to significant amounts of water.

Holmes, H. F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A description of hardware and mission planning for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

The Apollo-Soyuz Test Program (ASTP) is scheduled for flight in July 1975. This paper will describe briefly the mission planning and hardware associated with the program. Of interest are modifications to the basic Apollo and Soyuz vehicles as well as the newly developed docking module and docking system. Joint aspects of the mission profile are explained. Science objectives and corresponding experiments are described. Utilization of the ATS-6 Satellite for relay of TV, voice, and data to the ground is also a topic. The paper concludes with a discussion of the joint flight control interface.

Littleton, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo 17 neutron stratigraphy - Sedimentation and mixing in the lunar regolith

A report is presented concerning the Gd isotopic ratios in ten samples, representing nearly the entire depth of the drill stem which was recovered during the Apollo 17 mission. The lunar neutron energy spectrum is discussed along with questions regarding neutron fluence and neutron flux. The significance of the Apollo 17 deep drill stem is considered and attention is given to the statistical nature of the fluence in the lunar regolith. Vertical mixing models are also described.

Curtis, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The Apollo lunar surface experiment package suprathermal ion detector experiment

A compilation of reports and scientific papers is presented for the following topics: (1) the lunar ionosphere; (2) electric potential of the lunar surface; (3) ion activity on the lunar nightside; (4) bow shock protons; (5) magnetosheath and magnetotail; (6) solar wind-neutral gas cloud interactions at the lunar surface; (7) penetrating solar particles; and (8) rocket exhaust products from Apollo missions. Descriptions and photographs of ion detecting equipment at the lunar sites of Apollo 12, 13, 14, and 15 are given.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

Biomedical Results of Apollo

The biomedical program developed for Apollo is described in detail. The findings are listed of those investigations which are conducted to assess the effects of space flight on man's physiological and functional capacities, and significant medical events in Apollo are documented. Topics discussed include crew health and inflight monitoring, preflight and postflight medical testing, inflight experiments, quarantine, and life support systems.

Richard S. Johnston↗
NASA NTRS1975

The role of toxicology in the Apollo space program

Some of the major considerations are presented which governed the formation and application of the toxicology program employed in support of the Apollo program. The overriding concern of the program was the safety of crews exposed to trace contaminant gases for extended periods of time. The materials screening program employed, in conjunction with a well designed spacecraft environmental control system, helped to attain the goals set forth for the Apollo program. The knowledge gained from working with the toxicity problems and the identification of compounds in the space cabin atmosphere are of importance for continued efforts in manned space flight. Tabular data of spacecraft contaminants are presented.

Wayland J. Rippstein, Jr↗
NASA NTRS1975

Endocrine, electrolyte, and fluid volume changes associated with Apollo missions

The endocrine and metabolic results obtained before and after the Apollo missions and the results of the limited in-flight sampling are summarized and discussed. The studies were designed to evaluate the biochemical changes in the returning Apollo crewmembers, and the areas studied included balance of fluids and electrolytes, regulation of calcium metabolism, adaptation to the environment, and regulation of metabolic processes.

Carolyn S. Leach↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo flight crew vestibular assessment

Vestibular function in the weightless state of space flight is examined. Due to the lack of a systematic program to assess quantitatively the effects of space flight on crew vestibular function the analysis is based on qualitative information derived from motion sickness histories and subjective reporting by individual astronauts on the type and magnitude of vestibular disturbances experienced during and following their missions. It is concluded that the increased mobility afforded by the larger volume of the Apollo CM/LM resulted in a higher incidence of vestibular disturbances in the Apollo Program and that it is difficult to predict the likelihood of inflight vestibular problems. Quantitative examination of the effects of weightlessness on the vestibular function is recommended.

J.L. Homick↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo Expeditions to the Moon

The Apollo program is described from the planning stages through Apollo 17. The organization of the program is discussed along with the development of the spacecraft and related technology. The objectives and accomplishments of each mission are emphasized along with personal accounts of the major figures involved. Other topics discussed include: ground support systems and astronaut selection.

Cortright, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Apollo experience report: Crew station integration. Volume 1: Crew station design and development

An overview of the evolution of the design and development of the Apollo command module and lunar module crew stations is given, with emphasis placed on the period from 1964 to 1969. The organizational planning, engineering techniques, and documentation involved are described, and a detailed chronology of the meetings, reviews, and exercises is presented. Crew station anomalies for the Apollo 7 to 11 missions are discussed, and recommendations for the solution of recurring problems of crew station acoustics, instrument glass failure, and caution and warning system performance are presented. Photographs of the various crew station configurations are also provided.

Allen, L. D.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Verification test results of Apollo stabilization and control systems during undocked operations

The results are presented of analysis and simulation testing of both the Skylark 1 reaction control system digital autopilot (RCS DAP) and the thrust vector control (TVC) autopilot for use during the undocked portions of the Apollo/Soyuz Test Project Mission. The RCS DAP testing was performed using the Skylab Functional Simulator (SLFS), a digital computer program capable of simulating the Apollo and Skylab autopilots along with vehicle dynamics including bending and sloshing. The model is used to simulate three-axis automatic maneuvers along with pilot controlled manual maneuvers using the RCS DAP. The TVC autopilot was tested in two parts. A classical stability analysis was performed on the vehicle considering the effects of structural bending and sloshing when under control of the TVC autopilot. The time response of the TVC autopilot was tested using the SLFS. Results indicate that adequate performance stability margins can be expected for the CSM/DM configuration when under the control of the Apollo control systems tested.

Copeland, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Studies in support of the analysis of astronomical data from Apollo 16

The Apollo Gamma Ray Spectrometer which was part of the scientific instrument module aboard Apollo 16 obtained more than 20 hours of astronomical data near the end of the transearth coast phase of the mission. During this time the vehicle was maneuvered so that every part of the sky as seen by the spectrometer was eventually occulted by the spacecraft, providing a valuable data base for gamma ray astronomy in the 100 keV to 5 MeV spectral range. Schemes classified according to the underlying assumed source distribution are analyzed. It is known that there is at least one point source, the Crab, and it can be seen in the data. Methods for data analysis are shown. In one method looking only for point sources, some preliminary results concerning the Crab nebula are presented which confirm previous measurement of the strength of that source.

Greisen, K. I.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Medical microbiological analysis of Apollo-Soyuz test project crewmembers

The procedures and results of the Microbial Exchange Experiment (AR-002) of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project are described. Included in the discussion of procedural aspects are methods and materials, in-flight microbial specimen collection, and preliminary analysis of microbial specimens. Medically important microorganisms recovered from both Apollo and Soyuz crewmen are evaluated.

Taylor, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Electrical properties of Apollo 17 rock and soil samples and a summary of the electrical properties of lunar material at 450 MHz frequency

The dielectric constant and the voltage absorption length was measured for four Apollo 17 soil samples (73241, 74220, 75061, 76501) and for two Apollo 17 rock samples (76315 and 79135) at 450 MHz frequency. The dielectric constant and absorption length measurements made on the lunar samples are reviewed and related to the transition element concentration in these samples. The significance of the laboratory measurements for radar observations is discussed.

Gold, T.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Nuclear emulsion measurements of the astronauts' radiation exposure on the Apollo-Soyuz mission

On the Apollo-Soyuz mission each astronaut carried one passive dosimeter containing nuclear photographic emulsions, plastic foils, TLD chips, and neutron-activation foils for recording radiation exposure. This report is limited to the presentation of data retrieved from nuclear emulsions. Protons, most of them trapped particles encountered in numerous passes through the South Atlantic Anomaly, contributed by far the largest share to the mission dose. Their linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum was established from track and grain counts in a G.5 emulsion which is used for medium and high energies, and from ender counts in a K.2 emulsion which is used for low energies. The total mission fluence of protons was found to be equivalent to a unidirectional beam of 448,500 square centimeters. The broad spectrum was broken down into small LET intervals, which allowed for the computation of absorbed doses and dose equivalents. The totals are 51 millirad and 74 millirem. Counts of disintegration stars in K.2 emulsion are incomplete at present. While a total of 467 stars were identified, counting their prong numbers is still in progress. It was concluded that the Apollo-Soyuz astronauts' radiation exposure as such did not contain anything out of the ordinary that would seem to require special attention.

Schaefer, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Radioactivity observed in the sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer returned on the Apollo 17 mission

In order to obtain information on radioactive background induced in the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma-ray spectrometers (7 cm x 7 cm NaI) by particle irradiation during spaceflight, and identical detector was flown and returned to earth on the Apollo 17 mission. The induced radioactivity was monitored both internally and externally from one and a half hours after splashdown. When used in conjunction with a computation scheme for estimating induced activation from calculated trapped proton and cosmic-ray fluences, these results show an important contribution resulting from both thermal and energetic neutrons produced in the heavy spacecraft by cosmic-ray interactions.

Dyer, C. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Experimental investigation of reaction coronas on olivine in Apollo 14 high-grade breccias

Reaction coronas of pyroxene plus or minus ilmenite occur around clasts of olivine in Apollo 14 high-grade metamorphic breccias. In experiments of several months duration, there was no evidence of corona formation at 1000 C, but at 1050, with oxygen fugacity at or above Ilm-Ru-Fe and below Fe-Fe(1-x)O, incipient coronas formed around Fo(50-70), Fo(68), En(69) + Fe. Reduction of olivine under these conditions is inconsistent with the calculated stability relations and is attributed to uncertainties in the activity coefficient for olivine or pyroxene. The experiments also suggest that vesicularity in the Apollo 14 high-grade breccias may correlate with the amount of glassy material in their unmetamorphosed precursors. The metamorphic event is attributed to burial in a hot ejecta blanket, such as that of the Imbrium event.

Kesson, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Thermophysical properties of Apollo 14 fines

The vacuum thermal conductivity of lunar fines sample 14163 was measured for the approximate temperature range 100 to 400 deg K. Several sample densities from 1100 to 1800 kg/cu m were used. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to be well represented by the relation k = A + BT cubed, which is predicted by elementary theory. The coefficients A and B were obtained by least squares analysis of the data. The thermal diffusivity was calculated for the various densities by using specific heat data from the literature along with the measured conductivities. The results are compared with those obtained for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and terrestrial basalt samples.

Cremers, C. J.↗