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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
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NASA NTRS1972

Strength and compressibility of returned lunar soil.

Two oedometer and three direct shear tests have been performed in vacuum on a 200 g sample of lunar soil from Apollo 12 (12001, 119). The compressibility data have been used to calculate bulk density and shear wave velocity versus depth on the lunar surface. The shear wave velocity was found to increase approximately with the one-fourth power of the depth, and the results suggest that the Apollo 14 Active Seismic Experiment may not have detected the Fra Mauro formation at a depth of 8.5 m, but only naturally consolidated lunar soil. The shear data indicate that the strength of the lunar soil sample is about 65% that of a ground basalt simulant at the same void ratio.

Carrier, W. D., III↗
NASA NTRS1973

Shock wave compression of iron-silicate garnet.

Shock wave compression data to over 650 kb are presented for single-crystal almandine garnet. The data indicate the initiation of a phase transformation near 200 kb. Total transition to the high-pressure polymorph occurs at approximately 300 kb. The elastic properties of the high-pressure phase are calculated from the metastable Hugoniot data by using the linear shock velocity-particle velocity relationships. The overall results obtained strongly suggest that upper mantle minerals are likely to occur in the ilmenite structure over a substantial part of the lower mantle.

Graham, E. K.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A shock-induced phase change in orthoclase.

New shock compression data to 340 kb for single-crystal orthoclase (along (001)), demonstrate the onset of a shock-induced phase change at about 115 kb. Along the Hugoniot a mixed-phase region extends to about 300 kb, above which the data are believed to correspond to the properties of a high-pressure phase having the hollandite structure (zero pressure density of 3.84 g/cu cm) reported by Ringwood et al. If the hollandite value for the zero pressure density is used, the zero pressure bulk modulus of this phase is approximately 1.8 plus or minus 0.2 Mb.

Ahrens, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Developments in electronic imaging techniques; Proceedings of the Seminar-in-Depth, San Mateo, Calif., October 16, 17, 1972.

Capabilities and limitations of infrared imaging systems are discussed, and a real-time simulator for image data systems is described. Ultrahigh resolution electronic imaging and storage with the return beam vidicon is treated, and a description is given of an electron-lens for opaque photocathodes. Ground surveillance with an active low light level TV, digital processing of Mariner 9 TV data, image enhancement by holography, and application of data compression techniques to spacecraft imaging systems are given attention. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Zirkind, R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

An orientable, stabilized balloon-borne gondola for around-the-world flights

A system capable of pointing a balloon-borne telescope at selected celestial objects to an accuracy of approximately 10 arc minutes for an extended period (weeks to months) without reliance on telemetry is described. A unique combination of a sun/star tracker, an on-board computer, and a gyrocompass is utilized for navigation, source acquisition and tracking, and data compression and recording. The possibilities for intelligent activities by the computer are also discussed.

Ricker, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Convolutional coding techniques for data protection

Results of research on the use of convolutional codes in data communications are presented. Convolutional coding fundamentals are discussed along with modulation and coding interaction. Concatenated coding systems and data compression with convolutional codes are described.

Massey, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Networks systems and operations

The application of wideband communication techniques for data links with satellites is discussed. A diagram of the demand assigned voice communications system is provided. The development of prototype integrated spacecraft paramps at S- and C-bands is described and the performance of space-qualified paramps is tabulated. The characteristics of a dual parabolic cylinder monopulse zoom antenna for use with the tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS) are analyzed. The development of a universally applicable transponder at S-band is reported. A block diagram of the major subassemblies of the S-band transponder is included. The technology aspects of network timing and synchronization of communication systems are to show the use of the Omega navigation system. The telemetry data compression system used during the Skylab program is evaluated.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

Program verification document for the ASTP flight program

The various segments of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) flight program were verified. This included checks on the following: general verification, reference systems and transformations, launch preparations, boost navigation and guidance, orbital navigation and guidance, time bases, discretes, and interrupts, launch vehicle attitude control, switch selector processing, digital command system, real time telemetry and data compression, and algorithms.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Coordinated design of coding and modulation systems

Work on partial unit memory codes continued; it was shown that for a given virtual state complexity, the maximum free distance over the class of all convolutional codes is achieved within the class of unit memory codes. The effect of phase-lock loop (PLL) tracking error on coding system performance was studied by using the channel cut-off rate as the measure of quality of a modulation system. Optimum modulation signal sets for a non-white Gaussian channel considered an heuristic selection rule based on a water-filling argument. The use of error correcting codes to perform data compression by the technique of syndrome source coding was researched and a weight-and-error-locations scheme was developed that is closely related to LDSC coding.

Massey, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A fast Karhunen-Loeve transform for a class of random processes

It is shown that for a class of finite first-order Markov signals, the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform for data compression is a set of periodic sine functions if the boundary values of the signal are fixed or known. These sine functions are shown to be related to the Fourier transform so that a fast Fourier transform algorithm can be used to implement the KL transform. Extension to two dimensions with reference to images with separable contravariance function is shown.

Jain, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Image registration using binary boundary maps

Registration technique that matches binary boundary maps extracted from raw data, rather than matching actual data, is considerably faster than other techniques. Boundary maps, which are digital representations of regions where image amplitudes change significantly, typically represent data compression of 60 to 70 percent. Maps allow average products to be computed with addition rather than multiplication, further reducing computation time.

Andrus, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

RM2: rms error comparisons

The root-mean-square error performance measure is used to compare the relative performance of several widely known source coding algorithms with the RM2 image data compression system. The results demonstrate that RM2 has a uniformly significant performance advantage.

Rice, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Data processing/display design for the space shuttle/spacelab Electromagnetic Environment Experiment (EEE)

Methods for data analysis, data compression including universal coding, storage and retrieval on random access storage devices, and display were developed and implemented on the GSFC Interdata computer. The original 64 bit per frequency band representation was reduced to 10 bits through source coding/universal coding, a compression ratio of 6.4, prior to storage. Rapid encoding/decoding was achieved by the algorithms used so that rapid random access is retained.

Davisson, L. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Interframe transform coding of picture data

This semi-tutorial paper describes the process of using orthogonal transforms for the purposes of encoding TV picture data. Results pertaining to a 6:1 data compression experiment using the Walsh-Hadamard transform are included.

Ahmed, N.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Application of the high resolution return beam vidicon

The Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) is a high-performance electronic image sensor and electrical storage component. It can accept continuous or discrete exposures. Information can be read out with a single scan or with many repetitive scans for either signal processing or display. Resolution capability is 10,000 TV lines/height, and at 100 lp/mm, performance matches or exceeds that of film, particularly with low-contrast imagery. Electronic zoom can be employed effectively for image magnification and data compression. The high performance and flexibility of the RBV permit wide application in systems for reconnaissance, scan conversion, information storage and retrieval, and automatic inspection and test. This paper summarizes the characteristics and performance parameters of the RBV and cites examples of feasible applications.

Cantella, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Investigation of techniques for inventorying forested regions. Volume 2: Forestry information system requirements and joint use of remotely sensed and ancillary data

The author has identified the following significant results. Effects of terrain topography in mountainous forested regions on LANDSAT signals and classifier training were found to be significant. The aspect of sloping terrain relative to the sun's azimuth was the major cause of variability. A relative insolation factor could be defined which, in a single variable, represents the joint effects of slope and aspect and solar geometry on irradiance. Forest canopy reflectances were bound, both through simulation, and empirically, to have nondiffuse reflectance characteristics. Training procedures could be improved by stratifying in the space of ancillary variables and training in each stratum. Application of the Tasselled-Cap transformation for LANDSAT data acquired over forested terrain could provide a viable technique for data compression and convenient physical interpretations.

Nalepka, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

BLOB: An unsupervised clustering approach to spatial preprocessing of MSS imagery

A basic concept of Multispectral Scanner data processing was developed for use in agricultural inventories; namely, to introduce spatial coordinates of each pixel into the vector description of the pixel and to use this information along with the spectral channel values in a conventional unsupervised clustering of the scene. The result is to isolate spectrally homogeneous field-like patches (called blobs). The spectral mean vector of a blob can be regarded as a defined feature and used in a conventional pattern recognition procedure. The benefits of use are: ease in locating training units in imagery; data compression of from 10 to 30 depending on the application; reduction of scanner noise and consequently potential improvements in classification/proportion estimation performances.

Kauth, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Blob - An unsupervised clustering approach to spatial preprocessing of MSS imagery

A basic concept of MSS data processing has been developed for use in agricultural inventories; namely, to introduce spatial coordinates of each pixel into the vector description of the pixel and to use this information along with the spectral channel values in a conventional unsupervised clustering of the scene. The result is to isolate spectrally homogeneous field-like patches (called 'blobs'). The spectral mean vector of a blob can be regarded as a defined feature and used in a conventional pattern recognition procedure. The benefits of use are: ease in locating training units in imagery; data compression of from 10 to 30 depending on the application; reduction of scanner noise and consequently potential improvements in classification/proportion estimation performances.

Kauth, R. J.↗