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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis of CeFe10.5Mo1.5 with ThMn12-type structure by melt spinning

Rare earth compounds RFe12_xMx with tetragonal ThMn12-type structure are of great research interest for potential applications as permanent magnets. These materials are known to serve as the precursors for nitriding and hydriding processes which in certain conditions can dramatically increase the Curie temperature, spontaneous magnetization, and affect the magnetic anisotropy. In this paper, we report the phase study of CeFe10.5Mo1.5 samples melt spun at various surface wheel speeds vs between 5 m/s and 60 m/s. The results from quantitative Rietveld analysis indicate that the as-spun ribbons are a mixture of primary CeFe10.5Mo1.5 phase with impurity phases such as Ce2Fe17, Fe-Mo alloy and CeFe2. When the wheel speed vs is below 25 m/s, CeFe10.5Mo1.5 phase accounts for greater than 85 wt% in the as-spun ribbons, while the Fe-Mo alloy is the only detectable impurity phase. Above v(s)=25 m/s, as the wheel speed increases, CeFe10.5Mo1.5 phase decreases monotonically to about 60 wt% at v(s)=6O m/s while the amounts of impurity phases increase. Thermogravimetric measurement indicates that the Curie temperature T-c. corresponding to CeFe10.5Mo1.5 phase is 341 K. As a result, the best performing sample melt spun at v(s),=15 m/s only exhibits an energy product BHmax=0.121 MGOe at room temperature. Although such a number is modest for a permanent magnet, further nitriding is expected to greatly enhance the Curie temperature, and hence the magnetic performance. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zhou, C↗
DOE OSTI2017

Assessment of System Frequency Support Effect of PMSG-WTG Using Torque-Limit-Based Inertial Control

To release the 'hidden inertia' of variable-speed wind turbines for temporary frequency support, a method of torque-limit-based inertial control is proposed in this paper. This method aims to improve the frequency support capability considering the maximum torque restriction of a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The advantages of the proposed method are improved frequency nadir (FN) in the event of an under-frequency disturbance; and avoidance of over-deceleration and a second frequency dip during the inertial response. The system frequency response is different, with different slope values in the power-speed plane when the inertial response is performed. The proposed method is evaluated in a modified three-machine, nine-bus system. The simulation results show that there is a trade-off between the recovery time and FN, such that a gradual slope tends to improve the FN and restrict the rate of change of frequency aggressively while causing an extension of the recovery time. These results provide insight into how to properly design such kinds of inertial control strategies for practical applications.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Invited Review Article: The electrostatic plasma lens

The fundamental principles, experimental results, and potential applications of the electrostatic plasma lens for focusing and manipulating high-current, energetic, heavy ion beams are reviewed. First described almost 50 years ago, this optical beam device provides space charge neutralization of the ion beam within the lens volume, and thus provides an effective and unique tool for focusing high current beams where a high degree of neutralization is essential to prevent beam blow-up. Short and long lenses have been explored, and a lens in which the magnetic field is provided by rare-earth permanent magnets has been demonstrated. Applications include the use of this kind of optical tool for laboratory ion beam manipulation, high dose ion implantation, heavy ion accelerator injection, in heavy ion fusion, and other high technology.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scalable and compact magnetocaloric heat pump technology

Magnetocaloric heat pumping (MCHP) promises to be more efficient than traditional vapor compression while also eliminating the deleterious effects of gaseous refrigerants. While MCHP devices have shown the temperature spans and efficiencies needed for different heating and cooling applications, they struggle to become commercially viable due to their large size and mass, and resultant high cost. This paper evaluates a baseline MCHP device and explores methods to boost its system power density (SPD). The key components of the baseline system are the gadolinium packed-particle bed active magnetic regenerator (AMR) and a magnetic source composed of permanent magnets and high permeability magnetic steel. To enhance the SPD, the paper evaluates maximizing the AMR volume, opting for first-order magnetocaloric materials, optimizing the magnet and AMR geometry, and reducing the size of magnets and magnetic steel parts. At larger thermal powers, increasing the AMR diameter and the number of magnetic poles were evaluated. Using finite element models, solid models, and estimates of magnetocaloric material performance, thermal powers ranging from 37 W to 44 kW at a nominal 10 K temperature span were projected, and SPD was estimated to improve from 6 W/kg to 81 W/kg. Neglecting end effects, an upper limit of 114 W/g is estimated. Compared to SPD of off-the-shelf compressors with similar environment temperatures, MCHP power density using gadolinium is competitive up to roughly 200 W of cooling power. This is extended to 1 kW when using LaFeSi alloys and up to 3 kW in the limiting case. In conclusion, these results indicate that the performance and mass of MCHP can match that of compressors, which is a critical step toward cost-competitive magnetocaloric technology.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cooling the motion of diamond nanocrystals in a magneto-gravitational trap in high vacuum

Levitated diamond nanocrystals with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in high vacuum have been proposed as a unique system for experiments in fundamental quantum mechanics, including the generation of large quantum superposition states and tests of quantum gravity. This system promises extreme isolation from its environment while providing quantum control and sensing through the NV centre spin. While optical trapping has been the most explored method of levitation, recent results indicate that excessive optical heating of the nanodiamonds under vacuum may make the method impractical with currently available materials. Here, we study an alternative magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particles, such as diamond nanocrystals, with stable levitation from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum. Magnetic field gradients from permanent magnets confine the particle in two dimensions, while confinement in the third dimension is gravitational. Furthermore, we demonstrate that feedback cooling of the centre-of-mass motion of a trapped nanodiamond cluster results in cooling of one degree of freedom to less than 1 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Extraction of negative hydrogen ions from a compact 14 GHz microwave ion source

A pair of permanent magnets has formed enough intensity to realize electron cyclotron resonance condition for a 14 GHz microwave in a 2 cm diameter 9 cm long alumina discharge chamber. A three-electrode extraction system assembled in a magnetic shielding has formed a stable beam of negative hydrogen ions (H{sup -}) in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. The measured H{sup -} current density was about 1 mA/cm{sup 2} with only 50 W of discharge power, but the beam intensity had shown saturation against further increase in microwave power. The beam current decreased monotonically against increasing pressure.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Extreme ultraviolet emission and confinement of tin plasmas in the presence of a magnetic field

We investigated the role of a guiding magnetic field on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and ion emission from a laser produced Sn plasma for various laser pulse duration and intensity. For producing plasmas, planar slabs of pure Sn were irradiated with 1064 nm, Nd:YAG laser pulses with varying pulse duration (5–15 ns) and intensity. A magnetic trap was fabricated with the use of two neodymium permanent magnets which provided a magnetic field strength ∼0.5 T along the plume expansion direction. Our results indicate that the EUV conversion efficiency do not depend significantly on applied axial magnetic field. Faraday Cup ion analysis of Sn plasma show that the ion flux reduces by a factor of ∼5 with the application of an axial magnetic field. It was found that the plasma plume expand in the lateral direction with peak velocity measured to be ∼1.2 cm/μs and reduced to ∼0.75 cm/μs with the application of an axial magnetic field. The plume expansion features recorded using fast photography in the presence and absence of 0.5 T axial magnetic field are simulated using particle-in-cell code. Our simulation results qualitatively predict the plasma behavior.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electrostatic acceleration of helicon plasma using a cusped magnetic field

The electrostatic acceleration of helicon plasma is investigated using an electrostatic potential exerted between the ring anode at the helicon source exit and an off-axis hollow cathode in the downstream region. In the downstream region, the magnetic field for the helicon source, which is generated by a solenoid coil, is modified using permanent magnets and a yoke, forming an almost magnetic field-free region surrounded by an annular cusp field. Using a retarding potential analyzer, two primary ion energy peaks, where the lower peak corresponds to the space potential and the higher one to the ion beam, are detected in the field-free region. Using argon as the working gas with a helicon power of 1.5 kW and a mass flow rate of 0.21 mg/s, the ion beam energy is on the order of the applied acceleration voltage. In particular, with an acceleration voltage lower than 150 V, the ion beam energy even exceeds the applied acceleration voltage by an amount on the order of the electron thermal energy at the exit of the helicon plasma source. The ion beam energy profile strongly depends on the helicon power and the applied acceleration voltage. Since by this method the whole working gas from the helicon plasma source can, in principle, be accelerated, this device can be applied as a noble electrostatic thruster for space propulsion.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fabrication of Fe nanowires on yittrium-stabilized zirconia single crystal substrates by thermal CVD methods

Magnetic nanowires (NWs) are promising as material for use in spintronics and as the precursor of permanent magnets because they have unique properties due to their high aspect ratio. The growth of magnetic Fe whiskers was reported in the 1960s, but the diameter was not on a nanoscale level and the growth mechanism was not fully elucidated. In the present paper, we report the almost vertical growth of Fe NWs on a single crystal yttrium-stabilized zirconia (Y{sub 0.15}Zr{sub 0.85}O{sub 2}) by a thermal CVD method. The NWs show a characteristic taper part on the bottom growing from a trigonal pyramidal nucleus. The taper angle and length can be controlled by changing the growth condition in two steps, which will lead to obtaining uniformly distributed thin Fe NWs for applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Detailed characterization of the LLNL imaging proton spectrometer

Ultra-intense short pulse lasers incident on solid targets (e.g., thin Au foils) produce well collimated, broad-spectrum proton beams. These proton beams can be used to characterize magnetic fields, electric fields, and density gradients in high energy-density systems. The LLNL-Imaging Proton Spectrometer (L-IPS) was designed and built [H. Chen et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 10D314 (2010)] for use with such laser produced proton beams. The L-IPS has an energy range of 50 keV-40 MeV with a resolving power (E/dE) of about 275 at 1 MeV and 21 at 20 MeV, as well as a single spatial imaging axis. In order to better characterize the dispersion and imaging capability of this diagnostic, a 3D finite element analysis solver is used to calculate the magnetic field of the L-IPS. Particle trajectories are then obtained via numerical integration to determine the dispersion relation of the L-IPS in both energy and angular space.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Magnetic vortex nucleation/annihilation in artificial-ferrimagnet microdisks

The topological nature of magnetic-vortex state gives rise to peculiar magnetization reversal observed in magnetic microdisks. Interestingly, magnetostatic and exchange energies which drive this reversal can be effectively controlled in artificial ferrimagnet heterostructures composed of rare-earth and transition metals. [Py(t)/Gd(t)] 25 (t=1 or 2 nm) superlattices demonstrate a pronounced change of the magnetization and exchange stiffness in a 10–300 K temperature range as well as very small magnetic anisotropy. Due to these properties, the magnetization of cylindrical microdisks composed of these artificial ferrimagnets can be transformed from the vortex to uniformly-magnetized states in a permanent magnetic field by changing the temperature. We explored the behavior of magnetization in 1.5-µm [Py(t)/Gd(t)] 25 (t=1 or 2 nm) disks at different temperatures and magnetic fields and observed that due to the energy barrier separating vortex and uniformly-magnetized states, the vortex nucleation and annihilation occur at different temperatures. This causes the temperature dependences of the Py/Gd disks magnetization to demonstrate unique hysteretic behavior in a narrow temperature range. It was discovered that for the [Py(2 nm)/Gd(2 nm)] 25 microdisks the vortex can be metastable at a certain temperature range.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Spatially resolved measurements of electron density of a magnetically confined split-ring resonator source

Laser-collisional induced fluorescence is used to study the plasma generated by a split-ring resonator discharge under an external cusp shaped magnetic field created by permanent magnets. The electron density and electron temperature are measured for a helium plasma at different pressures, powers, and magnet field strengths. It is found that the magnetic fields produce higher electron temperatures with peak temperatures of ∼3 eV, while the no magnet case has peak temperatures of ∼0.8 eV. Conversely, the peak electron density is obtained in the no magnet case at a value of ∼1.9 × 1011 cm−3. This indicates that the cusp-field did magnetize the electrons, but contrary to expectations, it resulted in a decrease in electron density. This is believed to be due to the magnetic field having negative effects on the resonance of the plasma source.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spectroscopic and probe measurements of the electron temperature in the plasma of a pulse-periodic microwave discharge in argon

A pulse-periodic 2.45-GHz electron-cyclotron resonance plasma source on the basis of a permanent- magnet mirror trap has been constructed and tested. Variations in the discharge parameters and the electron temperature of argon plasma have been investigated in the argon pressure range of 1 × 10{sup –4} to 4 × 10{sup –3} Torr at a net pulsed input microwave power of up to 600 W. The plasma electron temperature in the above ranges of gas pressures and input powers has been measured by a Langmuir probe and determined using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) from the intensity ratios of spectral lines. The OES results agree qualitatively and quantitatively with the data obtained using the double probe.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1976

Extraterrestrial magnetic fields - Achievements and opportunities

The major scientific achievements associated with the measurement of magnetic fields in space over the past decade and a half are reviewed. Aspects of space technology relevant to magnetic-field observations are discussed: magnetometers and how they operate, problems arising from spacecraft-generated magnetic fields and appropriate countermeasures and on-board processing of magnetometer data. The solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, the earth's magnetic field in space, the interaction of the solar wind with the planets, planetary magnetic fields, and the permanent magnetic fields of the moon are discussed. A fairly complete bibliography lists original contributions as well as more recent publications and review articles.

Smith, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Industrial ion source technology

A 30 cm electron bombardment ion source was designed and fabricated for micromachining and sputtering applications. This source has a multipole magnetic field that employs permanent magnets between permeable pole pieces. An average ion current density of 1 ma/sq cm with 500 eV argon ions was selected as a design operating condition. The ion beam at this operating condition was uniform and well collimated, with an average variation of plus or minus 5 percent over the center 20 cm of the beam at distances up to 30 cm from the ion source. A variety of sputtering applications were undertaken with a small 10 cm ion source to better understand the ion source requirements in these applications. The results of these experimental studies are also included.

Kaufman, H. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Application of ion thruster technology to a 30-cm multipole sputtering ion source

A 30-cm electron-bombardment ion source has been designed and fabricated for micromachining and sputtering applications. This source has a multipole magnetic field that employs permanent magnets between permeable pole pieces. An average ion current density of 1 ma/sq cm with 500-eV argon ions was selected as a design operating condition. The ion beam at this operating condition was uniform and well collimated, with an average variation of + or -5 percent over the center 20 cm of the beam at a distance up to 30 cm from the ion source.

Robinson, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Visible optical isolator using ZnSe

A compact Faraday effect optical isolator was constructed for visible wavelengths and tested at 5145 A. The nonreciprocal element of the isolator was polycrystalline zinc selenide placed in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. For 5145 A the isolator had a 2.06-dB insertion loss and a 25.5-dB isolation. Indices of refraction and Verdet constants were measured for zinc selenide in the wavelength region from 4700 to 6300 A.

Wunderlich, J. A.↗