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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

The effect of aerosol vertical profiles on satellite-estimated surface particle sulfate concentrations

The aerosol vertical distribution is an important factor in determining the relationship between satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ground-level fine particle pollution concentrations. We evaluate how aerosol profiles measured by ground-based lidar and simulated by models can help improve the association between AOD retrieved by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and fine particle sulfate (SO4) concentrations using matched data at two lidar sites. At the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) site, both lidar and model aerosol profiles marginally improve the association between SO4 concentrations and MISR fractional AODs, as the correlation coefficient between cross-validation (CV) and observed SO4 concentrations changes from 0.87 for the no-scaling model to 0.88 for models scaled with aerosol vertical profiles. At the GSFC site, a large amount of urban aerosols resides in the well-mixed boundary layer so the column fractional AODs are already excellent indicators of ground-level particle pollution. In contrast, at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site with relatively low aerosol loadings, scaling substantially improves model performance. The correlation coefficient between CV and observed SO4 concentrations is increased from 0.58 for the no-scaling model to 0.76 in the GEOS-Chem scaling model, and the model bias is reduced from 17% to 9%. In summary, despite the inaccuracy due to the coarse horizontal resolution and the challenges of simulating turbulent mixing in the boundary layer, GEOS-Chem simulated aerosol profiles can still improve methods for estimating surface aerosol (SO4) mass from satellite-based AODs, particularly in rural areas where aerosols in the free troposphere and any long-range transport of aerosols can significantly contribute to the column AOD.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Mineral properties, microbes, transport, and plant-input profiles control vertical distribution and age of soil carbon stocks

The role of organo-mineral interactions, microbial dynamics, and vertical plant input profiles are hypothesized to be important in controlling soil organic matter (SOM) stocks and dynamics. In this paper, to test this hypothesis, we enhanced and applied a model (Biotic and Abiotic Model of SOM – BAMS1) that represents microbial dynamics and organo-mineral interactions integrated with a multiphase reactive transport solver for variably saturated porous media. The model represents aqueous chemistry, aqueous advection and diffusion, gaseous diffusion, sorption processes, bacterial and fungal activity, and archetypal monomer- and polymer-carbon substrate groups, including dead cell wall material. This model structure is fundamentally different, and produces different SOM dynamics, than the pseudo-first order relationships that are used in most site- and global-scale terrestrial SOM models. We simulated two grasslands, a seven-site chronosequence (~3.9–240 Ky) in Northern California, and a Russian Chernozem site where soils were sampled 100 years apart. We calibrated the model's vertically-resolved soil bulk specific surface area (SBSSA) using observed bulk SOM content, and then tested the model against observed Δ 14 C profiles. The modeled microbial processes, organo-mineral interactions, and vertical aqueous transport produced realistic vertically-resolved predictions of bulk SOM content, Δ 14 C values of SOM, lignin content, and fungi-to-aerobic bacteria biomass ratios. Using sensitivity analyses, we found that vertical carbon input profiles were important controls over the Δ 14 C depth distribution. Shallower carbon input profiles lead to older carbon at depth. In addition, the SBSSA was the dominant control over the magnitude and vertical distribution of SOM stocks. Finally, the findings of this study demonstrate the value of explicitly incorporating microbial activity, sorption, and vertical transport into land models to predict SOM dynamics.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Short-term calorie restriction feminizes the mRNA profiles of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in livers of mice

Calorie restriction (CR) is one of the most effective anti-aging interventions in mammals. A modern theory suggests that aging results from a decline in detoxification capabilities and thus accumulation of damaged macromolecules. The present study aimed to determine how short-term CR alters mRNA profiles of genes that encode metabolism and detoxification machinery in the liver. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed CR (0, 15, 30, or 40%) diets for one month, followed by mRNA quantification of 98 xenobiotic processing genes (XPGs) in the liver, including 7 uptake transporters, 39 phase-I enzymes, 37 phase-II enzymes, 10 efflux transporters, and 5 transcription factors. In general, 15% CR did not alter mRNAs of most XPGs, whereas 30 and 40% CR altered over half of the XPGs (32 increased and 29 decreased). CR up-regulated some phase-I enzymes (fold increase), such as Cyp4a14 (12), Por (2.3), Nqo1 (1.4), Fmo2 (5.4), and Fmo3 (346), and numerous number of phase-II enzymes, such as Sult1a1 (1.2), Sult1d1 (2.0), Sult1e1 (33), Sult3a1 (2.2), Gsta4 (1.3), Gstm2 (1.3), Gstm3 (1.7), and Mgst3 (2.2). CR feminized the mRNA profiles of 32 XPGs in livers of male mice. For instance, CR decreased the male-predominantly expressed Oatp1a1 (97%) and increased the female-predominantly expressed Oatp1a4 (11). In conclusion, short-term CR alters the mRNA levels of over half of the 98 XPGs quantified in livers of male mice, and over half of these alterations appear to be due to feminization of the liver. - Highlights: • Utilized a graded CR model in male mice • The mRNA profiles of xenobiotic processing genes (XPGs) in liver were investigated. • CR up-regulates many phase-II enzymes. • CR tends to feminize the mRNA profiles of XPGs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Identification of gene expression profiling associated with erlotinib-related skin toxicity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients

Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that showed activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The drug's most frequently reported side effect as a result of EGFR inhibition is skin rash (SR), a symptom which has been associated with a better therapeutic response to the drug. Gene expression profiling can be used as a tool to predict which patients will develop this important cutaneous manifestation. The aim of the present study was to identify which genes may influence the appearance of SR in PDAC patients. The study included 34 PDAC patients treated with erlotinib: 21 patients developed any grade of SR, while 13 patients did not (controls). Before administering any chemotherapy regimen and the development of SR, we collected RNA from peripheral blood samples of all patients and studied the differential gene expression pattern using the Illumina microarray platform HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip. Seven genes (FAM46C, IFITM3, GMPR, DENND6B, SELENBP1, NOL10, and SIAH2), involved in different pathways including regulatory, migratory, and signalling processes, were downregulated in PDAC patients with SR. Our results suggest the existence of a gene expression profiling significantly correlated with erlotinib-induced SR in PDAC that could be used as prognostic indicator in this patients. - Highlights: • Skin rash (SR) is the most characteristic side effect of erlotinib in PDAC patients. • Erlotinib-induced SR has been associated with a better clinical outcome. • Gene expression profiling was used to determine who will develop this manifestation. • 7 genes involved in different pathways were downregulated in PDAC patients with SR. • Our profile correlated with erlotinib-induced SR in PDAC could be used for prognosis.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Multilineage potential and proteomic profiling of human dental stem cells derived from a single donor

Dental tissues provide an alternative autologous source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regenerative medicine. In this study, we isolated human dental MSCs of follicle, pulp and papilla tissue from a single donor tooth after impacted third molar extraction by excluding the individual differences. We then compared the morphology, proliferation rate, expression of MSC-specific and pluripotency markers, and in vitro differentiation ability into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Finally, we analyzed the protein expression profiles of undifferentiated dental MSCs using 2DE coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS. Three types of dental MSCs largely shared similar morphology, proliferation potential, expression of surface markers and pluripotent transcription factors, and differentiation ability into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Upon hepatogenic induction, all MSCs were transdifferentiated into functional HLCs, and acquired hepatocyte functions by showing their ability for glycogen storage and urea production. Based on the proteome profiling results, we identified nineteen proteins either found commonly or differentially expressed among the three types of dental MSCs. In conclusion, three kinds of dental MSCs from a single donor tooth possessed largely similar cellular properties and multilineage potential. Further, these dental MSCs had similar proteomic profiles, suggesting their interchangeable applications for basic research and call therapy. - Highlights: • Isolated and characterized three types of human dental MSCs from a single donor. • MSCs of dental follicle, pulp and papilla had largely similar biological properties. • All MSCs were capable of transdifferentiating into functional hepatocyte-like cells. • 2DE proteomics with MALDI-TOF/MS identified 19 proteins in three types of MSCs. • Similar proteomic profiles suggest interchangeable applications of dental MSCs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Profiling Photoinduced Carrier Generation in Semiconductor Microwire Arrays via Photoelectrochemical Metal Deposition

Au was photoelectrochemically deposited onto cylindrical or tapered p-Si microwires on Si substrates to profile the photoinduced charge-carrier generation in individual wires in a photoactive semiconductor wire array. Similar experiments were repeated for otherwise identical Si microwires doped to be n-type. The metal plating profile was conformal for n-type wires, but for p-type wires was a function of distance from the substrate and was dependent on the illumination wavelength. Spatially resolved charge-carrier generation profiles were computed using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, and the localization of the deposition at the p-type wire surfaces observed experimentally correlated well with the regions of enhanced calculated carrier generation in the volumes of the microwires. Finally, this technique could potentially be extended to determine the spatially resolved carrier generation profiles in a variety of mesostructured, photoactive semiconductors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tutorial: Machine-Learning-Based CREASE-2D Analysis of 2D SAXS Profiles to Characterize Anisotropic Nanostructures in Soft Materials

We present a tutorial to guide users on how to extend the Computational Reverse Engineering Analysis of Scattering Experiments-2D (CREASE-2D) framework to interpret their experimental two-dimensional small-angle scattering (SAS) data from soft materials (e.g., polymers, peptide amphiphiles, biomolecular fibrils). Unlike most traditional SAS analysis approaches, which typically rely on azimuthally averaged onedimensional (1D) profiles, CREASE-2D utilizes the complete 2D scattering profile to reveal information about anisotropy in the structure. In past applications, CREASE has provided insights into complex structural features, including the cross-sectional shapes of assembled nanostructures and dispersity in these features, which are difficult to discern with existing analytical models. While (1D- ) CREASE has been applied to SANS and SAXS data, this tutorial shares the steps for implementing CREASE-2D using an example of a dipeptide solution system, for which we have SAXS data. We present details for these steps involved in using CREASE-2D to interpret SAXS profiles: how to preprocess SAXS data, define relevant structural features, generate three-dimensional real-space structures for specific values of these features, train a machine learning (ML) surrogate model to predict scattering profiles for given structural features, and optimize these features using genetic algorithms (GA). Then, we use these steps to interpret complex 2DSAXS data collected from dipeptide solutions that, in microscopy images, exhibit nanoscale structures that could be elliptical tubes/ flat tapes/cylinders or a combination of these cross sections. Open-source codes, computational hardware, and software requirements, as well as the strengths and limitations of this protocol, are also presented. We expect researchers working with (soft) biomaterials, peptide amphiphiles, amphiphilic polymer solutions, polymer nanocomposites, and blends of particles/polymers will find this CREASE-2D method and this tutorial of use.

CREASE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Characterizing Ion Profiles in Dynamic Junction Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

Organic semiconductors have the unique ability to conduct both ionic and electronic charge carriers in thin films, an emerging advantage in applications such as light-emitting devices, transistors, and electrochromic devices, among others. Evidence suggests that the profiles of ions and electrochemical doping in the polymer film during operation significantly impact the performance and stability of the device. However, few studies have directly characterized ion profiles within LECs. Here, we present profiles of ion distributions in LECs following application of voltage, via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Ion distributions were characterized with regard to film thickness, salt concentration, applied voltage, and relaxation over time. Results provide insight into the correlation between ion profiles and device performance, as well as potential approaches to tuning electrochemical doping processes in LECs.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2010

Multiband reflectometry system for density profile measurement with high temporal resolution on JET tokamak

A new system has been installed on the JET tokamak consisting of six independent fast-sweeping reflectometers covering four bands between 44 and 150 GHz and using orthogonal polarizations. It has been designed to measure density profiles from the plasma edge to the center, launching microwaves through 40 m of oversized corrugated waveguides. It has routinely produced density profiles with a maximum repetition rate of one profile every 15 {mu}s and up to 100 000 profiles per pulse.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2010

Stark Profiles In Plasmas Interacting With A Strong Oscillatory Quasi-Monochromatic Electric Field

This paper presents an advanced analysis of the spectroscopic signatures of the interaction of a strong oscillating Quasi-monochromatic Electric Field (QEF), generated by a high-power short-pulse laser, with a preformed laser-produced plasma. The computation of a synthetic spectrum emitted by such plasmas requires the calculation of the Stark line shape in the presence of a QEF and the evaluation of the QEF intensity profile throughout the line of sight in the plasma. As for the Stark profiles in hot dense plasmas submitted to a strong QEF, they are calculated using the so-called Floquet-Liouville formalism. In this formalism, the Liouville space, usually used for the calculation of Stark profiles in dense plasmas, and the Floquet theory, developed to solve time-periodic problems, have been joined together to solve the time-dependent Liouville equation. A second kind of simulations involving Particle-In-Cell PIC kinetic simulations is required for the calculation of the QEF inhomogeneous intensity and the exotic features exhibited in the spectroscopic diagnostic. The global synthetic profile is obtained integrating all individual contributions for every time and location in the plasma. Finally, a spectroscopic analysis of the experimental Al He {beta} line is performed using the tools presented in this work. The spectroscopic signatures of the QEF show up as prominent satellites, non symmetrical with respect to the unperturbed line and distinguishable from the di-electronic satellites.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Multi-Frequency Microwaves Plasma Production for Active Profile Control of Ion Beams on a Large Bore ECR Ion Source with Permanent Magnets

A new concept on magnetic field of plasma production and confinement by using permanent magnets, i.e. cylindrically comb-shaped magnets, has been proposed to enhance efficiency of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma for broad and dense ion beam source under the low pressure and also the low microwave power. The resonance zones corresponding to the fundamental ECR for 2.45 GHz and 11-13 GHz frequency are constructed at different positions. The profiles of the plasma parameters in the ECR ion source are different from each frequency of microwave. Large bore extractor is set at the opposite side against the microwave feeds. It is found that differences of their profiles also appear at those of ion beam profiles. We conducted to launch simultaneously multiplex frequency microwaves controlled individually, and tried to control the profiles of the plasma parameters and then those of extracted ion beam.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Full wave effects on the lower hybrid wave spectrum and driven current profile in tokamak plasmas

A numerical modeling of current profile modification by lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) using a fullwave/Fokker-Planck simulation code is presented. A MHD stable LHCD discharge on Alcator C-Mod was analyzed, and the current profile from full wave simulations was found to show better agreement with the experiment than a ray-tracing code. Comparison of full wave and ray-tracing simulation shows that, although ray-tracing can reproduce the stochastic wave spectrum broadening, the full wave calculation predicts even wider spectrum broadening, and the wave spectrum fills all of the kinematically allowed domain. This is the first demonstration of LHCD current profile modeling using a full wave simulation code in a multi-pass absorption regime, showing the clear impact of full wave effects on the LHCD driven current profile.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

A study on plasma edge boundary in ergodic layer of LHD based on radial profile measurement of impurity line emissions

Vertical profiles of edge impurity emissions have been measured in upper half region of elliptical plasmas at horizontally elongated plasma cross section in large helical device (LHD). The vertical profiles near upper O-point located just below helical coil are analyzed to study the plasma edge boundary of the ergodic layer consisting of stochastic magnetic field lines with connection lengths of 30 {<=} L{sub c} {<=} 2000 m. As a result, C{sup 3+} ion emitting CIV spectrum is identified as the ion existing in the farthest edge of the ergodic layer. The peak position of CIV (312.4 A: 1s{sup 2}3p {sup 2}P{sub 1/2,3/2}-1s{sup 2}2s {sup 2}S{sub 1/2}) vertical profile does not change at all in a wide temperature range of 150 {<=} T{sub e}({rho} = 1) {<=} 400 eV, whereas it moves inside the ergodic layer when T{sub e}({rho} = 1) is reduced below a threshold temperature, e.g., 130 eV at R{sub ax} = 3.75 m configuration. It is found that the C{sup 3+} ion exists at the boundary between ergodic layer and open magnetic filed layer at which the L{sub c} distributes in lengths of 5 to 30 m. The result indicates that the edge boundary near the O-point in LHD is determined by a starting point of the open filed layer, where a tokamak-like steeper edge temperature gradient is formed, although the edge boundary is quite obscure at the X-point region. Any plasma does not exist between the edge boundary and the vacuum vessel. The CIV profile at the O-point is simulated using a three-dimensional edge transport code of EMC3-EIRENE in which the magnetic field structure in vacuum is used for the ergodic layer. A clear discrepancy of 8 mm is found in the peak positions of CIV between measurement and simulation for magnetic configurations with thick ergodic layer, i.e., R{sub ax}=3.90 m, while only a small discrepancy of 3 mm is observed for those with relatively thin ergodic layer, i.e., R{sub ax} = 3.75 m. It suggests that the discrepancy is caused by a modification of the magnetic filed due to the presence of plasma pressure.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Compton Profile Study of Intermetallic Ti{sub 3}Al

The Compton scattering measurement on intermetallic alloy Ti{sub 3}Al is reported in this work. The measurement is made using 59.54 keV gamma-rays from Am{sup 241} source. Theoretical calculation of Compton profile is also performed employing CRYSTAL code within the framework of density functional theory to compare with the measurement. The theoretical profile of the alloy is also synthesized following the superposition model taking the published Compton profiles of elemental solids from the APW method. The experimental study of charge transfer in the alloys has also been done by performing the experimental Compton profile measurements on Ti and Al following the superposition model and charge transfer from Al to Ti is clearly seen on the alloy formation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Calibrated nanoscale dopant profiling using a scanning microwave microscope

The scanning microwave microscope is used for calibrated capacitance spectroscopy and spatially resolved dopant profiling measurements. It consists of an atomic force microscope combined with a vector network analyzer operating between 1-20 GHz. On silicon semiconductor calibration samples with doping concentrations ranging from 10{sup 15} to 10{sup 20} atoms/cm{sup 3}, calibrated capacitance-voltage curves as well as derivative dC/dV curves were acquired. The change of the capacitance and the dC/dV signal is directly related to the dopant concentration allowing for quantitative dopant profiling. The method was tested on various samples with known dopant concentration and the resolution of dopant profiling determined to 20% while the absolute accuracy is within an order of magnitude. Using a modeling approach the dopant profiling calibration curves were analyzed with respect to varying tip diameter and oxide thickness allowing for improvements of the calibration accuracy. Bipolar samples were investigated and nano-scale defect structures and p-n junction interfaces imaged showing potential applications for the study of semiconductor device performance and failure analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Comparison of collisional radiative models for edge electron density reconstruction from Li I (2s-2p) emission profiles

Four collisional radiative models (CRMs) for reconstruction of the edge electron density profile from the measured Li I (2s-2p) emission profile of an accelerated lithium beam are compared using experimental data from DIII-D. It is shown for both L- and H-mode plasmas that edge density profiles reconstructed with the CRMs DDD2, ABSOLUT, [Sasaki et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 1699 (1993)] and a new model developed at DIII-D agree in a density scan from n{sub e}{sup ped}= (2.0-6.5) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 19} m{sup -3} within 20%, 20%, <5%, and 40%, respectively, of the pedestal density measured with Thomson scattering. Profile shape and absolute density vary in a scan of the effective ion charge Z{sub eff}= 1-6 up to a factor of two but agree with Thomson data for Z{sub eff}= 1-2 within the error bars.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

The q-profile effect on high-order harmonic q = 1 tearing mode generation during sawtooth crashes

The effect of q-profiles on the excitation of high-order harmonic q=1 tearing modes during sawtooth crashes is investigated by a collisionless fluid model with the electron inertia term in Ohm's law. It is found that for a flat q-profile in the core region, the high-order harmonics, such as m/n=2/2 and/or m/n=3/3 modes, comparable to or stronger than the m/n=1/1 component, can be excited during tokamak sawteeth. The stronger the magnetic shear on the q=1 surface is, the more unstable the higher-m modes are. For smoothly monotonously increased q-profiles, a lower q value on the plasma edge tends to easily excite higher-m harmonics at the same level as the m = 1 mode simultaneously. The spatial characteristics of the eigenmodes in the cases with the typical q-profiles are also discussed. In addition, the basic feature of the magnetic island structures in the nonlinear evolution is numerically obtained, which is consistent qualitatively with the experimentally reconstructed phenomenon.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Radial profile measurement of electron temperature in edge stochastic magnetic field layer of LHD using intensity ratio of extreme ultraviolet line emissions

Vertical profile of neon line emissions in 30-650 A wavelength range has been observed in horizontally elongated plasma cross section of Large Helical Device (LHD). Intensity ratio between the neon line emissions is studied to measure the radial profile of electron temperature in the edge stochastic magnetic field layer of LHD. The edge temperature profile successfully obtained from the line ratio of NeVIII 2s-3p to 2p-3s transitions is compared with the simulation based on three-dimensional edge transport code. The result shows a reasonably good agreement with the edge temperature profile analyzed from atomic data and analysis structure code. The electron temperature at last closed flux surface measured from the intensity ratio is also in good agreement with that measured from Thomson scattering.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗