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DOE OSTI2017

FPGA Authentication Methods.

One of the greatest challenges facing designers of equipment to be used in a nuclear arms control treaty is how to convince the other party in the treaty to trust its results and functionality. Whether the host provides equipment meant to prove treaty obligations and the inspector needs to gain that trust (commonly referred to as authentication), or the inspector provides this equipment and the host needs to gain this trust (commonly considered to be included in certification), one party generally has higher confidence in the equipment at the start of a treaty regime and the other party needs to gain that confidence prior to use. While we focus on authentication in this document—that is, the inspector gaining confidence in host-provided equipment—our conclusions will likely apply to host certification of inspector-provided equipment.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

DOE OSTI2017

U.S. Department of Energy Zero Energy Ready Home Implementation

This report documents the process and outcomes involved in achieving the U.S. Department of Energy Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) program certification standards while helping homebuilders in Climate Zones 5 and 6 in the Upper Midwest achieve ZERH certification.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2017

U.S. Department of Energy Zero Energy Ready Home Implementation

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2017

Integrated Predictive Tools for Customizing Microstructure and Material Properties of Additively Manufactured Aerospace Components

Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to a process by which digital three-dimensional (3-D) design data is converted to build up a component by depositing material layer-by-layer. United Technologies Corporation (UTC) is currently involved in fabrication and certification of several AM aerospace structural components made from aerospace materials. This is accomplished by using optimized process parameters determined through numerous design-of-experiments (DOE)-based studies. Certification of these components is broadly recognized as a significant challenge, with long lead times, very expensive new product development cycles and very high energy consumption. Because of these challenges, United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), together with UTC business units have been developing and validating an advanced physics-based process model. The specific goal is to develop a physics-based framework of an AM process and reliably predict fatigue properties of built-up structures as based on detailed solidification microstructures. Microstructures are predicted using process control parameters including energy source power, scan velocity, deposition pattern, and powder properties. The multi-scale multi-physics model requires solution and coupling of governing physics that will allow prediction of the thermal field and enable solution at the microstructural scale. The state-of-the-art approach to solve these problems requires a huge computational framework and this kind of resource is only available within academia and national laboratories. The project utilized the parallel phase-fields codes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), along with the high-performance computing (HPC) capabilities existing at the two labs to demonstrate the simulation of multiple dendrite growth in threedimensions (3-D). The LLNL code AMPE was used to implement the UTRC phase field model that was previously developed for a model binary alloy, and the simulation results were compared against the UTRC simulation results, followed by extension of the UTRC model to simulate multiple dendrite growth in 3-D. The ORNL MEUMAPPS code was used to simulate dendritic growth in a model ternary alloy with the same equilibrium solidification range as the Ni-base alloy 718 using realistic model parameters, including thermodynamic integration with a Calphad based model for the ternary alloy. Implementation of the UTRC model in AMPE met with several numerical and parametric issues that were resolved and good comparison between the simulation results obtained by the two codes was demonstrated for two dimensional (2-D) dendrites. 3-D dendrite growth was then demonstrated with the AMPE code using nondimensional parameters obtained in 2-D simulations. Multiple dendrite growth in 2-D and 3-D were demonstrated using ORNL’s MEUMAPPS code using simple thermal boundary conditions. MEUMAPPS was then modified to incorporate the complex, time-dependent thermal boundary conditions obtained by UTRC’s thermal modeling of single track AM experiments to drive the phase field simulations. The results were in good agreement with UTRC’s experimental measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

ISO 50001 and SEP Faster and Cheaper - Exploring the Enterprise-Wide Approach

ISO 50001 and other management systems (e.g., ISO 9001 and ISO 14001) allow for implementation and certification at the enterprise level. The "Central Office" concept, which allows a small group of employees to manage and facilitate the organization’s energy management system (EnMS) at the enterprise level, was introduced within the ISO 50003 standard to provide guidance to ISO 50001 certification bodies. Four industrial companies have partnered with the United States Department of Energy to pilot the enterprise-wide ISO 50001/SEP concept under the Better Buildings Superior Energy Performance (SEP) Enterprise-wide Accelerator. Each organization developed a Central Office to host their EnMS while implementing ISO 50001/SEP at multiple physically separated sites. The four corporate partners tailored their Central Office implementation model to meet their own specific circumstances and needs. This paper reviews the commonalities, differences, and benefits of each of these enterprise-wide implementation models, including organizational structures, Central Office staff responsibilities, and key strategies. The cost savings and benefits of using the enterprise-wide approach were assessed, including the cost per site compared with that of a conventional, single-site ISO 50001/SEP implementation approach. This paper also discusses the drivers for the cost reductions realized through these enterprise-wide approaches. The four partner companies worked with 30 total sites. On average, these 30 sites improved energy performance by 5% annually over their SEP achievement periods, saved more than $600,000 annually in energy costs and reduced implementation cost for ISO 50001 and SEP by $19,000 and 0.8 Full Time Equivalent × years (FTE-yr) of staff time per site. The results can inform other organizations seeking to implement enterprise-wide ISO 50001/SEP, as well as energy efficiency organizations seeking to promote wider adoption of ISO 50001 implementation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2017

Effect of Thermal Storage on the Performance of a Wood Pellet-fired Residential Boiler

Interest in the direct use of biomass for thermal applications as a renewable technology is increasing as is also focus on air pollutant emissions from these sources and methods to minimize the impact. This work has focused on wood pellet-fired residential boilers, which are the cleanest fuel in this category. In the residential application the load varies strongly over the course of a year and a high fraction of the load is typically under 15% of the maximum boiler capacity. Thermal storage can be used even with boilers which have modulation capacity typically to 30% of the boiler maximum. One common pellet boiler was tested at full load and also at the minimum load used in the U.S. certification testing (15%). In these tests the load was steady over the test period. Testing was also done with an emulated load profile for a home in Albany, N.Y. on a typical January, March, and April day. In this case the load imposed on the boiler varied hourly under computer control, based on the modeled load for the example case used. The boiler used has a nominal output of 25 kW and a common mixed hardwood/softwood commercial pellet was used. Moisture content was 3.77%. A dilution tunnel approach was used for the measurement of particulate emissions, in accordance with U.S. certification testing requirements. The test results showed that the use of storage strongly reduces cycling rates under part load conditions. The transients which occur as these boilers cycle contribute to increased particulate emissions and reduced efficiency. The time period of a full cycle at a given load condition can be increased by increasing the storage tank volume and/or increasing the control differential range. It was shown that increasing the period strongly increased the measured efficiency and reduced the particulate emission (relative to the no storage case). The impact was most significant at the low load levels. Storage tank heat loss is shown to be a significant factor in thermal efficiency, particularly at low load. Different methods to measure this heat loss were explored. For one of the tanks evaluated the efficiency loss at the 15% load point was found to be as high as 7.9%. Where storage is used good insulation on the tank, insulation on the piping, and attention to fittings are recommended.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Ir-Rational Number Institute Report 2017-2018

The 2017 – 2018 Los Alamos National Laboratory Math and Science Academy Ir-Rational Number Institute (IrRNI) six-all-day sessions were held on Northern New Mexico College campus (NNMC) between September 2017 and March 2018. The IrRNI included 7 Northern New Mexico school districts (Bloomfield Public Schools, Cuba Independent Schools, Española Public Schools, Los Alamos Public Schools, Pojoaque Valley School District, Pecos Independent School District and Santa Fe Public Schools) and one Bureau of Indian Education school district, Jemez Day School, located in Jemez Pueblo. Twenty-nine teachers of mathematics, kindergarten through eighth grade, 2 principals, 1 STEM Coordinator, and 1 New Mexico Public Education Math and Science Bureau staffer* attended regularly and were eligible for a Certificate of Completion or Certificate of Engagement on the last day of instruction ( 20 participants were new to the IrRNI and 13 were returnees from the previous year or the MSA Summer Institute).

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2019

DNV GL Joint Industry Project on Coupled Analysis of Floating Wind Turbines

This shared resource CRADA defines research collaborations between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Det Norske Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany), known as DNV GL, an international certification body. Under the terms and conditions described in this CRADA agreement, NREL will participate in an offshore wind turbine Joint Industry Project (JIP) led by DNV GL, and including twelve other Joint Industry Project participants, to examine the coupled analysis methodologies needed for the design and verification of floating wind turbines. The international design standards are implemented by certification companies, such as DNV GL, the organizing agent of the JIP. Through this collaboration, the JIP participants have the ability to improve offshore wind turbine design, internationally, as well as in the United States, and can make this improvement by leveraging the significant aggregation of industry funds that has been organized by DNV GL.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

DNV GL Joint Industry Project on Validation of Turbulence Models

This shared resource CRADA defines research collaborations between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Det Norske Veritas (Norway) and Germanischer Lloyd (Germany), known as DNV GL, an international certification body. Under the terms and conditions described in this CRADA agreement, NREL will participate in a wind turbine Joint Industry Project (JIP) led by DNV GL, and including nine other Joint Industry Project sponsors and partners to examine the wind inflow models needed to define the design conditions for wind turbines, with specific focus on atmospheric turbulence. The international design standards are implemented by certification companies, such as DNV GL, the organizing agent of the JIPs. Through this collaboration, the JIP participants have the ability to improve wind turbine design, internationally, as well as in the United States, and can make this improvement by leveraging the significant aggregation of industry funds that has been organized by DNV GL.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Performance of a Biomass Boiler in a Load Profile Test

In this report, results are presented of the performance evaluation of a modern residential cordwood-fired hydronic heater. This unit was tested under a specific load and operating profile that includes cold start, four load levels, reload, and cycling in response to an emulated thermostat. The protocol can be completed in a single day, which allows for replicate runs in about a week of testing. This can characterize variability with greater confidence than current methods used in certification testing, reduces time to conduct certification tests, and moves toward greater representative operations as the test includes start-up and requires boilers to respond to a variety of heat loads in a manner that better reflects day-to-day operations. Detailed in the report are the results of triplicate testing of one U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-certified cordwood-fired outdoor wood boiler. Cold start emissions were the greatest among all testing periods. In triplicate testing, emission output values for the cold start tests were 9.52, 4.74, and 6.63 lb/MMBtu of output for Test 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The overall emission output values for Test 1, 2, and 3 were 0.44, 0.34, and 0.19 lb/MMBtu of output, respectively. Additionally, the work in this project found significant differences in filter sampling methods with different integrated time periods. The use of real-time particulate matter emission measurement devices was explored. Specifically, sampling with one filter over a long test with various phases (cold starts, reloads, high and low burns) yielded lower particulate mass than sampling phase by phase (one filter for high burns, one filter for low burns, etc.). Perhaps the use of a real-time particulate matter emission measurement device can be used to distinguish different burn phases without having to change filters multiple times throughout a varied load test method

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

Investigating Machine Learning Based X-Ray Computed Tomography Reconstruction Methods to Enhance the Accuracy of CT Scans

Development of new materials and predictive capabilities of component performance hinges on the ability to accurately digitize "as-built" geometries. X-ray computed tomography (CT) offers a non-destructive method of capturing these details but current methodologies are unable to produce the required fidelity for critical component certification. This project focused on discovering the limitations of existing CT reconstruction algorithms and exploring machine learning (ML) methodologies to overcome these limitations. We found that existing CT reconstruction methods are insufficient for Sandia's critical component certification process and that ML algorithms are a viable path forward to improving the quality of CT images.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Cost Efficient and Highly Weather-Resistant Solar Panel Backsheet Produced through Continuous Co-Extrusion Processing

The efficient generation and delivery of ‘clean energy” through photovoltaic (PV) technology relies heavily on the cost, performance and reliability of solar panels, along with the individual components used in assembly of those panels. In order to continue towards the Department of Energy’s (DOE) goals of driving costs down, the lifetime of high-output power generation equipment (i.e. solar modules) must be extended to reduce costs associated with power output degradation and replacement of failed or degraded panels. One of the major sources of module failures in the past 30 years has been the failure of the solar panel backsheet. Failure of this component causes severe output losses due to oxidation and yellowing of the module while creating safety concerns as the major electrical insulation of the module is compromised. Tomark-Worthen LLC was formed in 2012 with the goal of designing and manufacturing novel PV backsheets and encapsulants that would be produced in the United States of America and exceed expectations of domestic and international module producers. These backsheets would improve upon known backsheet design failures (i.e. Isovoltaic’s AAA backsheet) and create domestic manufacturing jobs in the PV sector. This goal became a reality with a first-generation product in 2018 and now, with the support of the DOE, Tomark-Worthen has launched a second-generation product known as PhotoMark® Reflections™ 205-3 and 360-3. This 2+ year effort began in late 2017 with a screening of potential polymeric materials and backsheet structural designs. Performance evaluations of each material provided the necessary data needed to select the proper material combinations and move forward into the design of the manufacturing process. These decisions were made by teaming with a local university, well-respected government laboratories, and private research organizations who provided the tools necessary to predict long-term performance of these materials in much shorter periods of time. Once the go/no-go criteria were met at the mid-point of the project, the effort transitioned to predicting 30+ year performance, achieving certifications, and improving manufacturing efficiencies designed to lower costs in order to be competitive in a cost-driven market. Major project accomplishments include recognition of the new backsheet by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and international certification for 1000V and 1500V modules by TUV Sud. Both 1000V and 1500V products have been proven on several module manufacturing lines and initial customer orders have been received by both domestic and international module producers. Accelerated exposure testing has shown that the performance of this backsheet exceeds the prior polyamide-based backsheet known to fail in the field. Cost-models and initial customer orders have shown the ability to produce this backsheet at a cost acceptable to many domestic manufacturers, while International costs for standard backsheet remains extremely low. Tomark-Worthen remains one of the only U.S. companies manufacturing backsheet domestically and this has drawn interest from many domestic module manufacturers looking to improve their material supply logistics by avoiding long lead times and custom’s headaches while avoiding current tariffs on Chinese-made components. Along with the launch of a new PV backsheet, this project has provided a critical deliverable to the PV R&D community. This deliverable is the knowledge that not all polyamide-containing backsheets are doomed to failure as the earlier versions did. There has been a fear amongst the PV community to consider these materials due to the failure of one design. This effort has brought a new level of interest to the scientific community as it has been shown that polyamides can be used successfully in a well-designed backsheet. As we move forward from this project, we are excited to see how backsheet technology and manufacturing in the U.S. will continue to progress and grow.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Filtration Performance Results: Sierra Peaks Material No. 4

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) assessed the filtration performance of materials from Sierra Peaks to identify alternatives which may perform similarly to materials used in FDA-approved N95 respirators. This work is meant to characterize the aerosol performance of materials to give Sierra Peaks information for them to determine if they elect to submit masks made using these materials for follow-on N95 certification testing at an accredited facility. The R&D testbed used is a large-scale filtration system designed to test commercial filter boxes. System modifications were performed to simulate, where possible, parameters defined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for certification of filter materials for N95 respirators (NIOSH 2019). The system is a pull-through design. Air enters through a Laminar Flow Element (LFE) and the volumetric flow is measured based on the pressure drop across the LFE. Pressure is measured via a Pressure Transducer (PT). The air then passes through a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter to purge the air of ambient airborne particulates. Test aerosol is injected into the flow shortly after and mixing is induced via a coarse mesh. The airflow is allowed to fully develop prior to arriving at the test section. The aerosol then passes through the test material mounted in a box in the test section. Pressure drop across the test article is measured and aerosol sampling probes measure the aerosol concentrations upstream and downstream of the sample. The air passes through a second HEPA filter prior to being exhausted to ambient by a blower. A Topas aerosol generator is used to produce the test aerosol from Sodium Chloride (NaC1) dissolved in deionized (DI) water. Generated aerosol passes through a heated mixing chamber and a desiccant dryer to produce nanosized solid-state particulates. A dilution loop allows for the aerosol concentration to be regulated. The aerosol sampling probes upstream and downstream of the test section are aligned with the flow path. These are ducted directly to the aerosol sizing and counting instruments. A Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (LAS) was used for data collection in the original configuration of the system and was also used for initial testing in this project. Because the lower measurement range for the LAS is 90 nanometers (nm), the LAS was switched out for a more complicated Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) spectrometer system. The SMPS is comprised of an Electrostatic Classifier (EC), Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). This enabled data collection at 75 nm, the particle size called out in the NIOSH guidelines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Antarctica Radiological Source Removals (Final Report)

On 18 May 2015, the research vessel Akademik Fedorov of the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) delivered four radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) from Antarctica to the port of St. Petersburg, Russia. The RTGs had been previously used in the work program of the former Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE). From the mid-1970s, RTGs have been used to provide autonomous power at geophysical and meteorological stations located in remote regions of Antarctica. The research was completed in the early 1990s, but not all the generators had been removed when the stations were decommissioned. The remaining four unsecured RTGs, with their strontium-90 ( 90 Sr) radiological material and a combined total activity of 80,000 curies (Ci), still posed a potential risk as they could be used for nefarious purposes. Therefore, a plan of action for the removal of the RTGs from Antarctica was developed. This was done within the framework of the international program for the disposal of Russian RTGs. Financial support and technical oversight was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), while logistical support was provided by the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and by subsidiaries of the Russian Federation’s Rosatom State Corporation. Recovering and repatriating the RTGs from the continent of Antarctica to the Russian Federation proved to be a very difficult task, including satisfying all the legal aspects within a very tight timeframe. This involved indemnification issues, adhering to new laws enacted after the Soviet Union era, and obtaining all the necessary permits and certifications for transport of the RTGs by air, sea, and land. It was an international, collaborative effort involving the cooperation of multiple organizations to complete the legal work and preparation of necessary documents. In addition, AARI needed to create a separate structure within its organization to manage the process, including the provision of special medical screenings, training, and certifications of its institute personnel. This was done so AARI could fulfill its obligation for the safe handling of radioactive materials while in the field. Recovery of the RTGs required overcoming several logistical hurdles. The Akademik Fedorov, which transported the RTGs back to the Russian Federation, required retrofits to accommodate the RTGs for safe and secure transport of radioactive material. The United States Project Team (USPT) inspected the vessel while it was in dry dock in Turku, Finland, being retrofitted with their design. Special sleds had to be designed to transport RTGs, as well as equipment for identifying crevasses in the glaciers, over the Antarctic packed snow and ice. Provision of adequate fuel supplies for the long trek to the interior of Antarctica to recover one of the RTGs also had to be addressed. With the successful recovery, repatriation, and disassembly of the RTGs, the Radioactive Heat Sources (RHSs) were extracted and dispositioned, thus eliminating any risk of these radioactive sources being used for terrorist purposes. Successful completion of the project also fulfilled the requirements of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty concerning the need to remove unused radioactive materials.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of Nondestructive Examination Responses from Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracks: Fabrication of Base Metal Test Specimens

This report documents efforts to create actual chloride-induced stress corrosion cracks (CISCCs) in stainless-steel specimens for evaluating application of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies for detection and sizing of CISCC in stainless-steel canisters in dry storage systems (DSSs) for spent nuclear fuel. In the United States, several DSSs for commercial spent nuclear fuel are approaching the end of their initial licensed or certified term. Many of these systems were originally licensed or certified for 20 years, after which the licensing or certification may be renewed for periods up to 40 years, according to Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR), Part 72, “Licensing Requirements for the Independent Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level Radioactive Waste, and Reactor-Related Greater than Class C Waste.” Guidance for review of renewal applications is provided in NUREG-1927, Standard Review Plan for Renewal of Spent Fuel Dry Cask Storage System Licenses and Certificates of Compliance. A review of aging effects that could affect important-to-safety structures, systems, and components is required in renewal applications and applicants are required to address aging effects using either a time-limited aging analysis or an aging management program. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued NUREG-2214, Managing Aging Processes In Storage (MAPS) Report, which provides guidance on the evaluation of known aging degradation mechanisms to determine if they could affect the ability of dry storage system components to fulfill their safety functions in the 20- to 60-year period of extended operation.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

On-Road Heavy-Duty Low-NOx Technology Cost Study

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted a cost analysis for emission control technologies under contract to the California Air Resources Board (CARB). CARB sought incremental cost analysis for emission control technologies for on-road heavy-duty (HD) engines, used in vehicle greater than 14,000 pounds (lbs) gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) to achieve oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions rates significantly lower than those required by current emissions standards. Specifically, incremental costs (without any retail price mark-up) were estimated for representative diesel, natural gas, and gasoline engine and emission aftertreatment systems that were selected to represent potential technology packages that could achieve 0.02 grams per brake horsepower hour (g/bhp-hr) NOx on certification test cycles, including a proposed updated certification test cycle that includes additional low load operating conditions. NREL surveyed stakeholders including industry association groups, Tier 1 suppliers, and engine original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to estimate incremental direct and indirect costs. Incremental costs were considered for current engine full useful life (FUL) definitions, as well as with proposed increased FUL and warranty period. The incremental costs were subsequently incorporated in life-cycle cost analyses examining the incremental engine and aftertreatment costs along with life-cycle costs over the various engine FUL scenarios. Life-cycle costs analysis included the incremental upfront cost, fuel consumption changes (changes in fuel economy), diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) consumption changes, and the maximum FUL of the aftertreatment package (major overhaul intervals).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Plutonium workers get a new level of education in the actinide mission

The Associate Laboratory Directorate for Weapons Production (ALDWP) and the National Security Education Center (NSEC) have teamed to develop a new Nuclear Enterprise Science and Technology (NEST) Academic Certificate program offered through the University of New Mexico – Los Alamos (UNM-LA). The pilot program, which virtually kicked off on January 19 even amidst snow closures, received accreditation by the State Higher Education Department (HED) in FY20 and is designed for LANL’s existing fissile material handler technician and technologist employee workforce. It will provide essential science, operations, and business education on all aspects of working in modern nuclear materials handling and processing facilities. The first course for the certificate program is called “Nuclear Facility Fundamentals.” A call for nominations went out to the directorate and a cohort of 15 individuals has been established to start the program.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Location-Dependent Mechanical Property Evaluation on Additively Manufacture Materials

This report summarizes research activities conducted at Argonne National Laboratory in support of the development, qualification and certification of additively manufactured (AM) metallic components to allow for innovative reactor design and licensing for the Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR). Focus is on the evaluation of high temperature mechanical properties including creep and fatigue of 316L stainless steel manufactured by the laser powder bed fusion process. Creep behavior of AM 316L stainless steel was evaluated for rods printed by either or a combination of both lasers of the dual-laser system of a Concept Laser-M2 printer to examine the consistency across the build plate. Creep tests were conducted at temperatures of 550, 575, 600, and 650°C and stresses between 175 and 300 MPa using ASTM standard-sized specimens. The effect of heat treatments at different temperatures on creep properties of AM 316L SS was examined to understand the processing-microstructure-property relationship. Fatigue properties of AM 316L SS were investigated for two print geometries (rod and plate) and in two build orientations of printed plates. Locations of specimens in the build were carefully tracked such that the testing data can be directly related to location-specific in situ data to establish links between printing process, post-printing treatment, microstructure and mechanical properties. The work is to support the development of a digital platform informed approach to AM component qualification and certification for nuclear applications.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗