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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Joint analysis of galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering: Methodology and forecasts for Dark Energy Survey

The joint analysis of galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering is a promising method for inferring the growth function of large scale structure. Our analysis will be carried out on data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), with its measurements of both the distribution of galaxies and the tangential shears of background galaxies induced by these foreground lenses. We develop a practical approach to modeling the assumptions and systematic effects affecting small scale lensing, which provides halo masses, and large scale galaxy clustering. Introducing parameters that characterize the halo occupation distribution (HOD), photometric redshift uncertainties, and shear measurement errors, we study how external priors on different subsets of these parameters affect our growth constraints. Degeneracies within the HOD model, as well as between the HOD and the growth function, are identified as the dominant source of complication, with other systematic effects sub-dominant. The impact of HOD parameters and their degeneracies necessitate the detailed joint modeling of the galaxy sample that we employ. Finally, we conclude that DES data will provide powerful constraints on the evolution of structure growth in the universe, conservatively/optimistically constraining the growth function to 7.9%/4.8% with its first-year data that covered over 1000 square degrees, and to 3.9%/2.3% with its full five-year data that will survey 5000 square degrees, including both statistical and systematic uncertainties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamical tuning of the chemical potential to achieve a target particle number in grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations

We present a method to facilitate Monte Carlo simulations in the grand canonical ensemble given a target mean particle number. The method imposes a fictitious dynamics on the chemical potential, to be run concurrently with the Monte Carlo sampling of the physical system. Corrections to the chemical potential are made according to time-averaged estimates of the mean and variance of the particle number, with the latter being proportional to thermodynamic compressibility. Here, we perform a variety of tests, and in all cases find rapid convergence of the chemical potential—inexactness of the tuning algorithm contributes only a minor part of the total measurement error for realistic simulations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Determining Metastable Ion Lifetime and History through Wave-Particle Interaction

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) performed on metastable ions is frequently used to probe the dynamics of ground-state ion motions in many laboratory plasmas. However, these measurements place restrictions on the metastable ion lifetime. Metastable states are produced from direct ionization of neutral atoms as well as ions in other electronic states, of which the former will only faithfully represent processes that act on the ion dynamics in a time shorter than the metastable lifetime. We present here the first experimental study of this type of systematic effect using wave-particle interaction in an argon multidipole plasma. Furthermore, the metastable lifetime and relative fraction of metastables produced from preexisting ions, necessary for correcting the LIF measurement errors, can be determined by fitting the experimental results with the theory we propose.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Demonstration of Algorithmic Quantum Speedup for an Abelian Hidden Subgroup Problem

Simon’s problem is to find a hidden period (a bitstring) encoded into an unknown 2-to-1 function. It is one of the earliest problems for which an exponential quantum speedup was proven for ideal, noiseless quantum computers, albeit in the oracle model. Here, using two different 127-qubit IBM Quantum superconducting processors, we demonstrate an algorithmic quantum speedup for a variant of Simon’s problem where the hidden period has a restricted Hamming weight 𝑤. For sufficiently small values of 𝑤 and for circuits involving up to 58 qubits, we demonstrate an exponential speedup, albeit of a lower quality than the speedup predicted for the noiseless algorithm. The speedup exponent and the range of 𝑤 values for which an exponential speedup exists are significantly enhanced when the computation is protected by dynamical decoupling. Further enhancement is achieved with measurement error mitigation. This case constitutes a demonstration of a bona fide quantum advantage for an Abelian hidden subgroup problem.

computation↗
DOE OSTI2013

The inverse problem of bimorph mirror tuning on a beamline

One of the challenges of tuning bimorph mirrors with many electrodes is that the calculated focusing voltages can be different by more than the safety limit (such as 500 V for the mirrors used at 17-ID at the Advanced Photon Source) between adjacent electrodes. A study of this problem at 17-ID revealed that the inverse problem of the tuning in situ, using X-rays, became ill-conditioned when the number of electrodes was large and the calculated focusing voltages were contaminated with measurement errors. Increasing the number of beamlets during the tuning could reduce the matrix condition number in the problem, but obtaining voltages with variation below the safety limit was still not always guaranteed and multiple iterations of tuning were often required. Applying Tikhonov regularization and using the L-curve criterion for the determination of the regularization parameter made it straightforward to obtain focusing voltages with well behaved variations. Some characteristics of the tuning results obtained using Tikhonov regularization are given in this paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

3D-printed sheet jet for stable megahertz liquid sample delivery at X-ray free-electron lasers

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can probe chemical and biological reactions as they unfold with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. A principal challenge in this pursuit involves the delivery of samples to the X-ray interaction point in such a way that produces data of the highest possible quality and with maximal efficiency. This is hampered by intrinsic constraints posed by the light source and operation within a beamline environment. For liquid samples, the solution typically involves some form of high-speed liquid jet, capable of keeping up with the rate of X-ray pulses. However, conventional jets are not ideal because of radiation-induced explosions of the jet, as well as their cylindrical geometry combined with the X-ray pointing instability of many beamlines which causes the interaction volume to differ for every pulse. This complicates data analysis and contributes to measurement errors. An alternative geometry is a liquid sheet jet which, with its constant thickness over large areas, eliminates the problems related to X-ray pointing. Since liquid sheets can be made very thin, the radiation-induced explosion is reduced, boosting their stability. These are especially attractive for experiments which benefit from small interaction volumes such as fluctuation X-ray scattering and several types of spectroscopy. Although their use has increased for soft X-ray applications in recent years, there has not yet been wide-scale adoption at XFELs. Here, gas-accelerated liquid sheet jet sample injection is demonstrated at the European XFEL SPB/SFX nano focus beamline. Its performance relative to a conventional liquid jet is evaluated and superior performance across several key factors has been found. This includes a thickness profile ranging from hundreds of nanometres to 60 nm, a fourfold increase in background stability and favorable radiation-induced explosion dynamics at high repetition rates up to 1.13 MHz. Its minute thickness also suggests that ultrafast single-particle solution scattering is a possibility.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Low-Power and In Situ Annealing Mitigation Technique for Fast Neutrons Irradiation of Integrated Temperature Sensing Diodes

High doses of fast neutrons is detrimental to the performance of most common solid-state devices such as diodes and transistors. The ionizing effect is observed in particular for diodes used as simple integrated temperature sensors, or thermo-diodes, when their junction voltage is measured at constant current bias. In this work, we present a low-power and in situ mitigation technique based on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) micro-hot-plates to recover thermo-diodes. The basic operating principle consists in annealing the temperature-sensitive diodes integrated on the membrane during or after their irradiation in order to restore similar sensing characteristics over time. We measured thermo-diodes integrated to micro-hot-plates during their irradiation by fast neutrons (23 MeV peak) with total doses about 2.97±0.08 kGy. The membrane annealing is taking place at 450 deg. C using 40 mW of electrical power. Thanks to the annealing, the diode keeps a total measurement error below 0.5 deg. C. In this harsh radiation environment and beside the good tolerance of the thermo-diodes and the membrane materials to the total ionizing dose, the thermo-diode located on the heating membrane keeps a constant sensitivity. The demonstrated resistance of micro-hot-plates and the integrated thermo-diodes to fast neutron radiations can extend their use in nuclear plants and for radiation detectors. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Analysis of Pulse Replicators for High-Bandwidth, High-Dynamic-Range, Single-Shot Optical Characterization

Optical pulse replicators generate multiple replicas of an optical waveform that are averaged to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of single-shot, high-bandwidth temporal measurements. Processing a replicated waveform requires that the delayed realizations of the waveform under test be retimed properly before averaging. Delay miscalibration significantly reduces the measurement bandwidth. Processing algorithms based on edge alignment, centroid matching, and minimization of the distance between replicas decrease the impact of the detrimental bandwidth reduction, and a global distance minimization, simultaneously taking into account the distance between all pairs of retimed replicas, has the best performance, even in the presence of significant measurement noise. The general impact of chromatic dispersion on the averaged waveform is derived in the framework of the temporal transport-of-intensity equation, and the measurement error is quantified for various optical signals.

Dispersion, fiber optics, frequency response, opti↗
DOE OSTI2018

Determining Series Resistance for Equivalent Circuit Models of a PV Module

Literature describes various methods for determining a series resistance for a photovoltaic device from measured IV curves. We investigate use of these techniques to estimate the series resistance parameter for a single diode equivalent circuit model. With simulated IV curves we demonstrate that the series resistance values obtained by these techniques differ systematically from the known series resistance parameter values used to generate the curves, indicating that these methods are not suitable for determining the series resistance parameter for the single diode model equation. Furthermore, we present an alternative method to determine the series resistance parameter jointly with the other parameters for the single diode model equation, and demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this technique in the presence of measurement errors.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Short-Term Distribution System State Forecast Based on Optimal Synchrophasor Sensor Placement and Extreme Learning Machine

This paper proposes an approach for distribution system state forecasting, which aims to provide an accurate and high speed state forecasting with an optimal synchrophasor sensor placement (OSSP) based state estimator and an extreme learning machine (ELM) based forecaster. Specifically, considering the sensor installation cost and measurement error, an OSSP algorithm is proposed to reduce the number of synchrophasor sensor and keep the whole distribution system numerically and topologically observable. Then, the weighted least square (WLS) based system state estimator is used to produce the training data for the proposed forecaster. Traditionally, the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) are widely used in forecasting due to their nonlinear modeling capabilities. However, the ANN contains heavy computation load and the best parameters for SVR are difficult to obtain. In this paper, the ELM, which overcomes these drawbacks, is used to forecast the future system states with the historical system states. The proposed approach is effective and accurate based on the testing results.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Distribution System Fault Classification

Faults happen very frequently in distribution systems. Identifying fault types and phases are of critical importance for outage management, fault location, and service restoration. However, this task becomes very challenging due to measurement scarcity in distribution systems. This paper is among the first few that applies deep learning techniques in distribution system fault classification. Specifically, a sequential Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)-based classifier is developed to identify fault buses and phases. The input to the CNN is the steady-state voltage and current data measured at substations. The fault identification is modeled as a multi-label classification problem. Training data under various fault scenarios are obtained in OpenDSS and Gaussian noises are added to mimic measurement errors. A case study in IEEE 13-feeder test system is conducted with single and multiple bus faults scenarios. Numerical results demonstrate the high accuracy and fast computation of the proposed deep CNN-based fault classification.

Tian, Guanyu↗
DOE OSTI2012

Performance Testing using Silicon Devices - Analysis of Accuracy: Preprint

Accurately determining PV module performance in the field requires accurate measurements of solar irradiance reaching the PV panel (i.e., Plane-of-Array - POA Irradiance) with known measurement uncertainty. Pyranometers are commonly based on thermopile or silicon photodiode detectors. Silicon detectors, including PV reference cells, are an attractive choice for reasons that include faster timeresponse (10 us) than thermopile detectors (1 s to 5 s), lower cost and maintenance. The main drawback of silicon detectors is their limited spectral response. Therefore, to determine broadband POA solar irradiance, a pyranometer calibration factor that converts the narrowband response to broadband is required. Normally this calibration factor is a single number determined under clear-skyconditions with respect to a broadband reference radiometer. The pyranometer is then used for various scenarios including varying airmass, panel orientation and atmospheric conditions. This would not be an issue if all irradiance wavelengths that form the broadband spectrum responded uniformly to atmospheric constituents. Unfortunately, the scattering and absorption signature varies widely withwavelength and the calibration factor for the silicon photodiode pyranometer is not appropriate for other conditions. This paper reviews the issues that will arise from the use of silicon detectors for PV performance measurement in the field based on measurements from a group of pyranometers mounted on a 1-axis solar tracker. Also we will present a comparison of simultaneous spectral andbroadband measurements from silicon and thermopile detectors and estimated measurement errors when using silicon devices for both array performance and resource assessment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Self-Reference Procedure to Reduce Uncertainty in Module Calibration

This paper presents a composite measurement approach that capitalizes on complimentary strengths of 3 different test beds to significantly reduce uncertainty in I-V parameters for secondary module calibration. This approach addresses PV manufacturers' need for reduced uncertainty in the calibration modules that provide the basis for their module power ratings. This new method enables NREL to reduce uncertainty for secondary module calibration in commercial c-Si modules from +/-3.2% to +/-0.7% for I SC and from +/-3.3% to +/-1.1% for P MAX . This new module self-reference, or MSR procedure is based on the sensitivity of module voltage to temperature plus the uniformity of outdoor sunlight. By calibrating module V OC in thermal equilibrium on a flash simulator we provide an accurate gauge of junction temperature for subsequent measurements. By calibrating I SC outdoors in natural sunlight we enable the module to serve as its own reference device in setting the intensity of a continuous simulator, effectively eliminating the impact of spatial non-uniformity and spectral mismatch on the I-V measurement. These procedures significantly reduce measurement errors due to temperature uncertainty, spatial non-uniformity, and spectral mismatch.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mitigating Communication Delays in Remotely Connected Hardware-in-the-loop Experiments

Here, this paper introduces a potential approach for mitigating the effects of communication delays between multiple, closed-loop hardware-in-the-loop experiments which are virtually connected, yet physically separated. The method consists of an analytical method for the compensation of communication delays, along with the supporting computational and communication infrastructure. The control design leverages tools for the design of observers for the compensation of measurement errors in systems with time-varying delays. The proposed methodology is validated through computer simulation and hardware experimentation connecting hardware-in-the-loop experiments conducted between laboratories separated by a distance of over 100 km.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Time-Domain Protection Approach for AC Transmission Systems With Grid-Forming Resources

Ac transmission protection must reliably detect, classify, and locate short-circuit faults from voltage and current measurements. At present, these functionalities, which have been classically engineered using phasors approaches, are being challenged by the dynamic behavior and fault-current limits of converter-based generation. This paper tackles these challenges by engineering a time-domain protection approach that leverages the classical Bergeron model in a new manner. Low- and high-impedance faults are detected and classified by ascertaining how well line voltage and current measurements match the Bergeron equations. Faults are located by posing a novel one-variable optimization problem, whereas voltage and current waveforms at the fault location are estimated by unveiling rigorous relationships. The proposed elements are secure against external faults, measurement errors, and variation of line parameters and sampling time. Furthermore, these advances are tested via electromagnetic transient simulations and are significant to satisfy IEEE and North American Electric Reliability Corporation requirements.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Effect of 1–10-MeV Neutrons on the JESD89 Test Standard

Here, the JESD89 test standard defines how terrestrial neutron testing is conducted [1] . The test standard covers a number of different types of radiation used for testing, including protons, neutrons, and alphas, and different types of testing, including life testing and accelerated testing. Broad-spectrum neutron testing is the most common type of accelerated radiation testing for the terrestrial radiation environment. Unlike most test standards, the JESD89 defines the minimum energy for determining the cumulative fluence for the deployed and test environment. Currently, the minimum energy is set at 10 MeV. As the test standard is currently being rewritten, changing the minimum energy to 1 MeV is being explored, because it is believed that the onset to neutron-induced single-event effects (SEEs) is less than 10 MeV. There are three separate problems with lowering the minimum energy: determining whether electronics have a sensitivity to neutron-induced SEEs below 10 MeV, determining whether the test spectra match the terrestrial environment in the 1–10-MeV range, and the measurement error caused by not including the fluence from 1 to 10 MeV. In this paper, we present information on these factors and whether the minimum energy should be lowered to 1 MeV.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗