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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Data handling and data flow design and their application in the space telescope guide star selection system

The data formats and data encapsulation techniques used in the Space Telescope Guide Star Selection System (GSSS) are described. Emphasis is given to the use of image field and object list transformation to organize and refine high-levels of data flow from Space Telescope. The application of the Ada programming language to data encapsulation techniques is discussed in detail.

Rosenthal, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Nonlinear viscoelastic characterization of polymer materials using a dynamic-mechanical methodology

Polymer materials retrieved from LDEF exhibit nonlinear constitutive behavior; thus the authors present a method to characterize nonlinear viscoelastic behavior using measurements from dynamic (oscillatory) mechanical tests. Frequency-derived measurements are transformed into time-domain properties providing the capability to predict long term material performance without a lengthy experimentation program. Results are presented for thin-film high-performance polymer materials used in the fabrication of high-altitude scientific balloons. Predictions based upon a linear test and analysis approach are shown to deteriorate for moderate to high stress levels expected for extended applications. Tests verify that nonlinear viscoelastic response is induced by large stresses. Hence, an approach is developed in which the stress-dependent behavior is examined in a manner analogous to modeling temperature-dependent behavior with time-temperature correspondence and superposition principles. The development leads to time-stress correspondence and superposition of measurements obtained through dynamic mechanical tests. Predictions of material behavior using measurements based upon linear and nonlinear approaches are compared with experimental results obtained from traditional creep tests. Excellent agreement is shown for the nonlinear model.

Strganac, Thomas W.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Online Monitor Analysis of the ICARUS-T600 Detector

In preparation for the full launch of the ICARUS -T600 far detector in the Short Baseline Neutrino program, (SBN), this report details the creation of the online display layout with operational metrics, waveforms, and Fast Fourier Transforms, (FFT) that will be used to analyze detector events displayed in the main control room at Fermi National Laboratory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1987

Design and evaluation of executable assertions for concurrent error detection

System level concurrent detection of errors due to hardware faults can be accomplished by introducing software redundancy in the form of executable assertions into a program to monitor the correct operation of the system during its execution. This paper attempts to formalize the use of executable assertions for the purpose of concurrent error detection, and discusses a transformation approach to the design of assertion statements. The second part deals with the effectiveness of the error detection technique. A fault simulation method for the evaluation of the reliability of the assertion statements is described. This scheme was used to study the effectiveness of a nontrivial program in providing protection against faults in the underlying system. The experimental results shows that the use of executable assertions provides an effective approach to achieve concurrent error detection.

Hua, Kien A.↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Alabama Energy Code Compliance Project

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program launched a series of research studies in 2014 across eight U.S. states (shown in Figure 1) to investigate typical energy efficiency practices in residential buildings and identify opportunities to reduce household utility bills. A primary goal of the study was to help document baseline practices for new single-family construction, target areas for improvement relative to the state energy code, and quantify the related savings potential. This information is intended to assist states in measuring compliance with their energy codes and to identify areas of focus for future education and training initiatives. Following the original baseline studies, project teams in each state conducted a series of education, training, and outreach activities aimed at improving compliance with the state residential energy code. A second baseline study was then implemented in each state with the objective of determining whether the investment in education, training, and outreach programs had produced a significant and measurable change in statewide residential energy use. Through the program, DOE planned to establish a sufficient data set to represent baseline construction trends across states and detect significant changes in energy use resulting from education and training activities. This report outlines the application of the study in the state of Alabama, which was led by the Institute for Market Transformation (IMT). Data gathered have been submitted to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for analysis. Findings available to date are published as PNNL technical reports on the DOE Building Energy Codes Program website.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2022

Expansion of Existing Research and Analysis Programs

Small-grants programs play a vital role in Heliophysics research. They are a modest investment with a huge scientific payoff. Frequently, it is individuals and small research groups funded by small grants that make the high-innovation breakthroughs that have such a transformative impact on a field. Small grants also give most early-career researchers their first experience as principal investigator – experience they need to eventually become leaders in their field. We therefore recommend that existing NASA programs like Heliophysics Supporting Research (HSR), Heliophysics Guest Investigator (HGI), and Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for Science (HTIDeS) be greatly expanded. We also recommend that funding opportunities be created for mid-size grants, $500-1000K/yr, either as part of existing programs or with new programs dedicated to this size.

James A. Klimchuk↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

How the Open Data Policy of the Landsat Program Has Advanced Our Understanding of Environmental Change

A time series is a sequence of observations of a phenomenon taken sequentially in time. A crucial characteristic of a time series is the dependence among adjacent observations – techniques for analyzing this dependence are referred to as time series analysis. This analytical approach enables us to predict or forecast future values of a time series, study the impact of various inputs on the observed phenomenon, and examine interrelationships among related time series variables. Within the geographical sciences, time series analysis has historically been limited to coarse-resolution satellite data, as constructing time series of data suitable for studying land cover and land use dynamics, such as Landsat data, were prohibitively costly. A transformative shift occurred in 2008 when the U.S. Government decided to make free and open all past and future data collected by the Landsat satellite program. The decision brought about a paradigm shift away from analyzing individual images or observations to continuous monitoring in time. Of particular relevance to environmental remote sensing is the ability to forecast observations – if we can predict how future observations should behave, we can infer information about how the land surface is changing. In this presentation, we will examine literature examples that showcase scientific gains enabled by time series analysis of satellite data. We will delve into how the analysis of dense time series of satellite data revealed that overall rate of forest disturbance in the Amazon has increased despite a reduction in deforestation; how different types of forest degradation, previously unquantified, are now being accurately assessed in the Caucasus region; and how we now can study the highly dynamic and intricate patterns of shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia.

Pontus Olofsson↗
DOE OSTI2019

Kinetics and Mechanism of Nickel Oxide Reduction by Methane

Nickel oxide reduction by methane is of particular importance in catalysis, extractive metallurgy, and clean power generation technologies. Despite extensive investigations of the NiO + CH 4 reaction, many questions remain about its kinetics and molecular and structural transformation mechanisms. We discuss the reduction kinetics of bulk polycrystalline NiO by CH 4 using a new calorimetric method. The technique permits rapid, controllable heating of the NiO/Ni wires and continuous data (electrical power, the electrical resistivity of the wire, and temperature) acquisition with a frequency of 10 kHz. The method also allows arresting and preservation of the structure of the sample by programmed termination of electric power in thin specimens. This approach, coupled with ex situ electron microscopy, allows determination of the reaction rate and tracking of the ongoing structural transformations. The mechanism of NiO reduction by methane is suggested based on direct correlations between reaction kinetics and the observed microstructure transformations. The kinetic data treatment revealed that the nucleation-growth model describes the reaction kinetics. Ex situ microscopy observations of reacted specimens showed that the first nuclei rapidly accelerate the process. Pore formation occurs at the nucleation sites, and the porous structure then quickly grows into the bulk NiO. The second type of reduced Ni microstructure, compact layer, can be observed only on the outer surface of the wire. Based on kinetic data and microstructural observations, a mechanism of reduction was suggested according to which porous microstructure forms predominantly by NiO reduction with carbon. The compact layer observed on the outer surface of the wire forms through the diffusion-controlled hydrogen reduction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1996

DNA damage and repair in oncogenic transformation by heavy ion radiation

Energetic heavy ions are present in galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events. One of the most important late effects in risk assessment is carcinogenesis. We have studied the carcinogenic effects of heavy ions at the cellular and molecular levels and have obtained quantitative data on dose-response curves and on the repair of oncogenic lesions for heavy particles with various charges and energies. Studies with repair inhibitors and restriction endonucleases indicated that for oncogenic transformation DNA is the primary target. Results from heavy ion experiments showed that the cross section increased with LET and reached a maximum value of about 0.02 micrometer2 at about 500 keV/micrometer. This limited size of cross section suggests that only a fraction of cellular genomic DNA is important in radiogenic transformation. Free radical scavengers, such as DMSO, do not give any effect on induction of oncogenic transformation by 600 MeV/u iron particles, suggesting most oncogenic damage induced by high-LET heavy ions is through direct action. Repair studies with stationary phase cells showed that the amount of reparable oncogenic lesions decreased with an increase of LET and that heavy ions with LET greater than 200 keV/micrometer produced only irreparable oncogenic damage. An enhancement effect for oncogenic transformation was observed in cells irradiated by low-dose-rate argon ions (400 MeV/u; 120 keV/micrometer). Chromosomal aberrations, such as translocation and deletion, but not sister chromatid exchange, are essential for heavy-ion-induced oncogenic transformation. The basic mechanism(s) of misrepair of DNA damage, which form oncogenic lesions, is unknown.

NASA Discipline Number 45-10↗
DOE OSTI2019

NEUTRON-IRRADIATION–INDUCED DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN CONCRETE USING COMBINED PHASE CHARACTERIZATION AND NONLINEAR FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM SIMULATION

Understanding irradiation effects in concrete cavities of light water reactors is critical to the long-term operation (60+ years) of US nuclear power plants. Susceptibility of concrete to neutron irradiation greatly varies as a function of its constituents: coarse aggregates, sand, and hardened cement paste (hcp). In particular, higher irradiation–susceptibility of aggregates was found to be a direct function of radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE), or the propensity of aggregates to swell as a function of mineral contents, structures and textures. Irradiation-induced amorphization is accompanied by significant swelling, especially in silicates. For example, the maximum volumetric expansions of quartz and feldspars have been shown to be as large as ≈ 18% and ≈ 8%, respectively, while the change of density in calcite remains rather low (≈ 0.3–0.5%). High swelling is associated with a high number of covalent bonds (Si–O) and a high degree of polymerization of [SiO4] tetrahedrons. Differential RIVEs between rock-forming minerals cause high stresses and may potentially develop cracking within the aggregates at the interface between aggregates and the hcp and within the hcp. Modeling neutron-irradiation effects in concrete requires addressing the problem at a scale that captures both the details of the aggregates’ mineralogy and texture, which is <~ 100 μm, and the representative size of concrete, which is ~ 10 cm. This requires high-resolution, large mapping capabilities. To this end, the US Department of Energy (DOE) Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program developed an original tool suite called Microstructure Oriented Scientific Analysis of Irradiated Concrete (MOSAIC) in which Nonlinear 2D-fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques are employed to model mechanical or irradiation-induced cracking of high-resolution complex microstructures derived from combined mapping techniques, including micro x-ray fluorescence (m-XRF), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), ellipsometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Irradiated mineral properties are derived from the Irradiated Minerals, Aggregate and Concrete (IMAC) database, which includes available relevant literature data. Rigorous coupled damage-creep simulations are obtained through sequential linear analysis. Illustrations of actual accelerated irradiation-damage propagation in a complex microstructures are presented herein.

Le Pape, Yann↗
DOE OSTI2019

Quantification of MagLIF Morphology using the Mallat Scattering Transformation

The morphology of the stagnated plasma resulting from Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) is measured by imaging the self-emission x-rays coming from the multi-keV plasma, and the evolution of the imploding liner is measured by radiographs. Equivalent diagnostic response can be derived from integrated rad-MHD simulations from programs such as Hydra and Gorgon. There have been only limited quantitative ways to compare the image morphology, that is the texture, of simulations and experiments. We have developed a metric of image morphology based on the Mallat Scattering Transformation (MST), a transformation that has proved to be effective at distinguishing textures, sounds, and written characters. This metric has demonstrated excellent performance in classifying ensembles of synthetic stagnation images. We use this metric to quantitatively compare simulations to experimental images, cross experimental images, and to estimate the parameters of the images with uncertainty via a linear regression of the synthetic images to the parameter used to generate them. This coordinate space has proved very adept at doing a sophisticated relative back-ground subtraction in the MST space. This was needed to compare the experimental self emission images to the rad-MHD simulation images. We have also developed theory that connects the transformation to the causal dynamics of physical systems. This has been done from the classical kinetic perspective and from the field theory perspective, where the MST is the generalized Green's function, or S-matrix of the field theory in the scale basis. From both perspectives the first order MST is the current state of the system, and the second order MST are the transition rates from one state to another. An efficient, GPU accelerated, Python implementation of the MST was developed. Future applications are discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1990

Light weight, high power, high voltage dc/dc converter technologies

Power-conditioning weight reductions by orders of magnitude will be required to enable the megawatt-power-level space systems envisioned by the Strategic Defense Initiative, the Air Force, and NASA. An interagency program has been initiated to develop an 0.1-kg/kW dc/dc converter technology base for these future space applications. Three contractors are in the first phase of a competitive program to develop a megawatt dc/dc converter. Researchers at NASA Lewis Research Center are investigating innovative converter topology control. Three different converter subsystems based on square wave, resonant, and super-resonant topologies are being designed. The components required for the converter designs cover a wide array of technologies. Two different switches, one semiconductor and the other gas, are under development. Issues related to thermal management and material reliability for inductors, transformers, and capacitors are being investigated in order to maximize power density. A brief description of each of the concepts proposed to meet the goals of this program is presented.

Kraus, Robert↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Comprehensive Review of Practical Issues for Interoperability Using the Common Information Model in Smart Grids

Smart grids with interoperability improve grid reliability by collecting system information and transferring it to an energy management system and associated applications through a seamless end-to-end connection. To achieve interoperability, it is required to exchange the semantic information within the different domains. The international electrotechnical commission has established the Common Information Model (CIM) tool, which is a standard application programming interface for the exchange of semantic information in power systems. CIM provides a robust framework for accurate data sharing, merging, and transformation into reusable information. However, as CIM provides a basic framework for information exchange, various practical issues arise in establishing an energy management system capable of exchanging information using CIM. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive understanding by summarizing and categorizing the research on the practical use of CIM for interoperability in smart grids. Many papers are analyzed and the issues are classified into CIM extension, harmonization, and validation to address the issues that arise when establishing an integrated information exchange system.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1996

A Computer Program for the Computation of Running Gear Temperatures Using Green's Function

A new technique has been developed to study two dimensional heat transfer problems in gears. This technique consists of transforming the heat equation into a line integral equation with the use of Green's theorem. The equation is then expressed in terms of eigenfunctions that satisfy the Helmholtz equation, and their corresponding eigenvalues for an arbitrarily shaped region of interest. The eigenfunction are obtalned by solving an intergral equation. Once the eigenfunctions are found, the temperature is expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions with unknown time dependent coefficients that can be solved by using Runge Kutta methods. The time integration is extremely efficient. Therefore, any changes in the time dependent coefficients or source terms in the boundary conditions do not impose a great computational burden on the user. The method is demonstrated by applying it to a sample gear tooth. Temperature histories at representative surface locatons are given.

GREENS FUNCTIONS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Chromosomal changes in cultured human epithelial cells transformed by low- and high-LET radiation

For a better assessment of radiation risk in space, an understanding of the responses of human cells, especially the epithelial cells, to low- and high-LET radiation is essential. In our laboratory, we have successfully developed techniques to study the neoplastic transformation of two human epithelial cell systems by ionizing radiation. These cell systems are human mammary epithelial cells (H184B5) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Both cell lines are immortal, anchorage dependent for growth, and nontumorigenic in athymic nude mice. Neoplastic transformation was achieved by irradiating cells successively. Our results showed that radiogenic cell transformation is a multistep process and that a single exposure of ionizing radiation can cause only one step of transformation. It requires, therefore, multihits to make human epithelial cells fully tumorigenic. Using a simple karyotyping method, we did chromosome analysis with cells cloned at various stages of transformation. We found no consistent large terminal deletion of chromosomes in radiation-induced transformants. Some changes of total number of chromosomes, however, were observed in the transformed cells. These transformants provide an unique opportunity for further genetic studies at a molecular level.

NASA Discipline Number 04-10↗
NASA NTRS2004

Intelligent Systems Technologies and Utilization of Earth Observation Data

The addition of raw data and derived geophysical parameters from several Earth observing satellites over the last decade to the data held by NASA data centers has created a data rich environment for the Earth science research and applications communities. The data products are being distributed to a large and diverse community of users. Due to advances in computational hardware, networks and communications, information management and software technologies, significant progress has been made in the last decade in archiving and providing data to users. However, to realize the full potential of the growing data archives, further progress is necessary in the transformation of data into information, and information into knowledge that can be used in particular applications. Sponsored by NASA s Intelligent Systems Project within the Computing, Information and Communication Technology (CICT) Program, a conceptual architecture study has been conducted to examine ideas to improve data utilization through the addition of intelligence into the archives in the context of an overall knowledge building system (KBS). Potential Intelligent Archive concepts include: 1) Mining archived data holdings to improve metadata to facilitate data access and usability; 2) Building intelligence about transformations on data, information, knowledge, and accompanying services; 3) Recognizing the value of results, indexing and formatting them for easy access; 4) Interacting as a cooperative node in a web of distributed systems to perform knowledge building; and 5) Being aware of other nodes in the KBS, participating in open systems interfaces and protocols for virtualization, and achieving collaborative interoperability.

Ramapriyan, H. K.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Big-Data Analytics for Electric Grid and Demand-Side Management

This report describes research to characterize the status of, and trends in, big-data analytics for the electricity grid. The research focused on 1) identifying power-grid big-data sources, types, and characteristics; and 2) characterizing big-data architecture, analytic methods, technology applications, and challenges. The first part of this report describes the main sources and characteristics of big data for the smart grid and comprehensively reviews big-data architecture, technologies, and applications in the power sector. The second part of this report presents case studies of big data applications in the power industry: (1) a smart-meter data and predictive analytics method for demand response (DR), (2) synchrophasor data analytics for the distribution grid, and (3) utility data for peak-demand management. For the predictive analytics case study, smart-meter-data-driven and physical models were developed to predict the potential kilowatt (kW) capacity reduction from DR. The DR estimation framework that was developed works for both small and large-scale customers. The synchrophasor case study demonstrates use of an algorithm applied to time-series data to detect events that appear as significant changes, known as “edges,” in voltage magnitude measurements. The synchrophasor case study also introduces an approach for clustering sets of events to reveal unique features that distinguish them (e.g., distinguishing capacitor bank switching from transformer tap changes). The peak-demand management case study describes the use of the data analytics to enable DR programs to limit forecasted peak demand, resulting in cost savings to the utility. The findings from the research described in this report support identification of opportunities and technologies for big-data and analytics applications for demand-side management in the power sector as well as other approaches to modernizing the electricity grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

American Homeowner Perceptions and Choices for Energy Efficiency: Summary of Technology Adoption – Census Division Level

In 2020 a nationwide survey of homeowners was conducted to determine what energy efficiency upgrades homeowners had made to their homes and which ones they would make in the near future. The survey also included results on respondent financials about energy efficiency home upgrades/retrofits and perceptions of the value of energy efficiency/who should support improving the energy efficiency of the residential sector. The Department of Energy’s goal for this survey is to inform ongoing work in the residential energy efficiency research portfolio on the human dimensions of residential energy systems transformation. In addition, DOE envisions this work supports efforts by industry, non-profits, and other government partners in informing programming, customer discovery, and policy writ large. This report provides a general summary of the nationwide results as they pertain to the following three issues: (1) how much did respondents indicate spending on energy efficiency-related home upgrades, (2) what upgrades/improvements had they made to their homes, and (3) which upgrades/improvements do they believe have the most significant impact on energy efficiency. The results provided are segmented by census division as specific regions demonstrated unique preferences for energy efficiency and willingness to expend family resources to achieve those goals. As such, the goal of this report is not to analyze the data nor draw cross-cutting conclusions but to serve as a resource for any groups interested in reviewing national trends about residential energy efficiency.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗