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Numerical lifting-surface method to calculate direct gust forces and moments on wings at subsonic speeds
Transonic wind tunnel tests of aerodynamic drag and lift forces on circular cylinder in two dimensional flow at high Reynolds number
A supersonic wind-tunnel investigation on store interference has been conducted in the Langley 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel at a Mach number of 1.61. Forces and moments were measured on a large ogive-cylinder store in the presence of a 45 deg swept-wing-fuselage bomber configuration for a number of store locations below the fuselage center line. Results of the investigation show that large variations of store lift, drag, and pitch occur with changes in store or airplane angle of attack, store vertical location, and store horizontal location. The variation of the store forces and moments with respect to the chordwise location of the wing plan form indicates that the wing is a large factor in producing the interference loads on the store. Comparison of data for underfuselage and underwing store locations at an angle of attack of 0 deg showed maximum store drag interferences of similar magnitudes, but showed considerably smaller maximum interference on store lift an pitching moments for underfuselage store locations.
Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted in a low speed wind tunnel on an 0.0405 scale representation of the 89A light weight Space Shuttle Orbiter to obtain pressure loads data in the presence of the ground for orbiter structural strength analysis. The model and the facility are described, and data reduction is outlined. Tables are included for data set/run number collation, data set/component collation, model component description, and pressure tap locations by series number. Tabulated force and pressure source data are presented.
The FREEMAC program used to generate the aerodynamic coefficients, as well as associated routines that allow the results to be used in other software is described. These capabilities are applied in two numerical examples to the short-term orbit prediction of the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spacecraft. Predictions using attitude-dependent aerodynamic coefficients were made on a modified version of the PC-based Ephemeris Generation Program (EPHGEN) and were compared to definitive orbit solutions obtained from actual tracking data. The numerical results show improvement in the predicted semi-major axis and along-track positions that would seem to be worth the added computational effort. Finally, other orbit and attitude analysis applications are noted that could profit from using FREEMAC-calculated aerodynamic coefficients, including orbital lifetime studies, orbit determination methods, attitude dynamics simulators, and spacecraft control system component sizing.
An aeroelastic model is developed to examine the use of splitter blades as a passive detuning mechanism for flow induced forced response of unstalled supersonic turbomachine rotors. The splitters introduce aerodynamic and structural detuning to the rotor design. The relationship between aerodynamic and structural detuning and the location and chord lengths of splitters is analyzed. The model is applied to the flow induced response of four 12-blade rotors with Verdon's (1973) Cascade B flow geometry. The data reveal that for gusts characterized by forward and backward traveling waves the splitters generally decrease the maximum amplitudes of response; however, for some gust load interblade phase angles, such as -180 deg and 120 deg the splitters did not reduce the amplitudes of response.
A comprehensive static aerodynamic simulation model of the 8 by 8 by 20 ft MILVAN cargo container is determined by combining the wind tunnel data from a 1972 NASA Ames Research Center study taken over the restricted domain (0 is less than or equal to phi is less than or equal to 90 degrees; 0 is less than or equal to alpha is less than or equal to 45 degrees) with extrapolation relations derived from the geometric symmetry of rectangular boxes. It is found that the aerodynamics of any attitude can be defined from the aerodynamics at an equivalent attitude in the restricted domain (0 is less than phi is less than 45 degrees; 0 is less than alpha is less than 90 degrees). However, a similar comprehensive equivalence with the domain spanned by the data is not available; in particular, about two-thirds of the domain with the absolute value of alpha is greater than 45 degrees is unrelated to the data. Nevertheless, as estimate can be defined for this region consistent with the measured or theoretical values along its boundaries and the theoretical equivalence of points within the region. These descrepancies are assumed to be due to measurement errors. Data from independent wind tunnel studies are reviewed; these are less comprehensive than the NASA Ames Research Center but show good to fair agreement with both the theory and the estimate given here.
An account is given of theoretical considerations for the determination of turbomachine response under aerodynamic excitation, as in the cases of advanced turboprop rotors with highly swept blades and axial flow compressors. Dynamic response is characterized in terms of the normal modal coordinates of tuned rotating cyclic structures for both rigid and flexible hubs/disks. Implementation of the scheme is in NASTRAN; coriolis and centripetal accelerations are included, together with differential stiffness effects. Analytically predicted vibratory stresses for the blades of two different advanced turboprops are compared to those determined by wind tunnel tests conducted by NASA-Lewis.
The dimensionless, transformed, nonlinear differential equation developed in NASA TR R-11 for describing the approximate motion and heating during entry into planetary atmospheres for constant aerodynamic coefficients and vehicle shape has been modified to include entries during which the aerodynamic coefficients and the vehicle shape are varied. The generality of the application of the original equation to vehicles of arbitrary weight, size, and shape and to arbitrary atmospheres is retained. A closed-form solution for the motion, heating, and the variation of drag loading parameter m/C(D)A has been obtained for the case of constant maximum resultant deceleration during nonlifting entries. This solution requires certain simplifying assumptions which do not compromise the accuracy of the results. The closed-form solution has been used to determine the variation of m/C(D)A required to reduce peak decelerations and to broaden the corridor for nonlifting entry into the earth's atmosphere at escape velocity. The attendant heating penalty is also studied.
This report gives the results of wind-tunnel tests with a seaplane model as a contribution to the solution of the aerodynamic problems. In the tests it was assumed that the seaplane rested motionless on the water and was exposed, in various positions with respect to the supposedly flat surface of the water, to a uniform air current 0 to 360 degrees.
A method is proposed by which an aeroservoelastic problem is brought to a state-space form with a minimum number of augmented aerodynamic terms. The examples treated in this work relate to NASA's Drone for Aerodynamic and Structural Testing-Aerodynamic Research Wing 1 (DAST-ARW1) and to the YF-17 fighter model. It is shown that in all cases considered, the method yields a very good accuracy regarding the flutter parameters and the dynamic behavior of the systems, using only two augmented aerodynamic states. The method should prove useful in the design of lower order control laws based on optimal control theory.
A wind-tunnel investigation has been performed to quantify the effects of a jet on the leading-edge vortices generated by a 70-deg-sweep sharp-edged delta wing at low Reynolds numbers. Efforts were made ot optimize the jet nozzle position with respect to maximum lift increments. Both half-span force-balance testing and half- and full-span flow visualization tests were conducted. Two angles of attack were investigated, 30 and 35 deg, at Reynolds numbers of 150,000 and 200,000. Aerodynamic enhancement, including lift and drag gains of about 20 and 17 percent respectively, were measured. Results indicate an optimum jet nozzle location to be close to the leading edge, tangent to the upper wing surface, and in a direction aligned parallel to the leading edge. Nozzle interference effects, especially near the apex, were not negligible.
This report describes the new method for making computations in connection with the study of rigid airship, which was used in the investigation of the navy's ZR-1 by the special subcommittee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics appointed for this purpose. It presents the general theory of the air forces on airship hulls of the type mentioned, and an attempt has been made to develop the results from the very fundamentals of mechanics without reference to some of the modern highly developed conceptions, which may not yet be thoroughly known to readers uninitiated into modern aerodynamics, and which may, perhaps, for all time remain restricted to a small number of specialists.
The oscillating air forces on a two-dimensional wing oscillating in pitch about the midchord have been measured at various mean angles of attack and at Mach numbers of 0.35 and 0.7. The magnitudes of normal-force and pitching-moment coefficients were much higher at high angles of attack than at low angles of attack for some conditions. Large regions of negative damping in pitch were found, and it was shown that the effect of increasing the Mach number 0.35 to 0.7 was to decrease the initial angle of attack at which negative damping occurred. Measurements of the aerodynamic damping of a 10-percent-thick and of a 3-percent-thick finite-span wing oscillating in the first bending mode indicate no regions of negative damping for this type of motion over the range of variables covered. The damping measured at high angles of attack was generally larger than that at low angles of attack. (author)
A seamless adaptive compliant trailing edge (ACTE) flap was demonstrated in flight on a Gulfstream III aircraft at the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center. The trailing edge flap was deflected between minus 2 deg up and plus 30 deg down in flight. The safety-of-flight parameters for the ACTE flap experiment require that flap-to-wing interface loads be sensed and monitored in real time to ensure that the structural load limits of the wing are not exceeded. The attachment fittings connecting the flap to the aircraft wing rear spar were instrumented with strain gages and calibrated using known loads for measuring hinge moment and normal force loads in flight. The safety-of-flight parameters for the ACTE flap experiment require that flap-to-wing interface loads be sensed and monitored in real time to ensure that the structural load limits of the wing are not exceeded. The attachment fittings connecting the flap to the aircraft wing rear spar were instrumented with strain gages and calibrated using known loads for measuring hinge moment and normal force loads in flight. The interface hardware instrumentation layout and load calibration are discussed. Twenty-one applied calibration test load cases were developed for each individual fitting. The 2-sigma residual errors for the hinge moment was calculated to be 2.4 percent, and for normal force was calculated to be 7.3 percent. The hinge moment and normal force generated by the ACTE flap with a hinge point located at 26-percent wing chord were measured during steady state and symmetric pitch maneuvers. The loads predicted from analysis were compared to the loads observed in flight. The hinge moment loads showed good agreement with the flight loads while the normal force loads calculated from analysis were over-predicted by approximately 20 percent. Normal force and hinge moment loads calculated from the pressure sensors located on the ACTE showed good agreement with the loads calculated from the installed strain gages.
General equations for lift, drag and heat transfer for concave hemispherical surface at arbitrary angle of attack in free molecule flow
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