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At least 73 records · Page 4

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NASA NTRS1942

A Study of the Effect of Increased Size and Speed of Pursuit Airplanes on the Aileron Balancing Problem

The present trend is toward faster and larger pursuit airplanes. Because both speed and size increase the aileron control forces, the design of ailerons for manual operation is becoming increasingly difficult. In order to obtain a clearer picture of the future problem of balancing ailerons, and inspection has been made of the effects of airplane size and speed on the control forces. Computations were made of the aileron control forces required to meet specified rolling conditions for plain ailerons on wings with spans from 40 to 80 feet and for speeds up to 500 miles per hour. The rolling conditions were specified by two alternative criterions. One was the rolling criterion pb/2V of reference 1. For reasons, which will be discussed later, a value of 0.09 rather than the recommended value of 0.07 was assigned to this criterion. For the criterion pb/2V, the required value of the rolling velocity p varies inversely with the airplane span b. There is some question as to whether the rolling velocity of a pursuit airplane can be permitted to decrease simply because its size is increased. For the second criterion, therefore, the rolling velocity is independent of span (p/V is a constant). The value assigned to this criterion was so chosen that for a wing of 40-foot span the value of pb/2V would be 0.09. The computations neglected compressibility effects. Available experimental data and the results of tests given in reference 2 indicate that the effect of compressibility is to increase the control force. Recent flight tests have indicated that, with certain types of aileron, serious compressibility effects may cause discontinuity at speeds of approximately 400 miles per hour in the aileron control force curves.

Soule, H. A.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Force and pressure tests of the GA(W)-1 airfoil with a 20% aileron and pressure tests with a 30% Fowler flap

Wind tunnel force and pressure tests were conducted for the GA(W)-1 airfoil equipped with a 20% aileron, and pressure tests were conducted with a 30% Fowler flap. All tests were conducted at a Reynolds number of 2.2 and a Mach number of 0.13. The aileron provides control effectiveness similar to ailerons applied to more conventional airfoils. Effects of aileron gaps from 0% to 2% chord were evaluated, as well as hinge moment characteristics. The aft camber of the GA(W)-1 section results in a substantial up-aileron moment, but the hinge moments associated with aileron deflection are similar to other configurations. Fowler flap pressure distributions indicate that unseparated flow is achieved for flap settings up to 40 deg., over a limited angle of attack range. Theoretical pressure distributions compare favorably with experiments for low flap deflections, but show substantial errors at large deflections.

Wentz, W. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Feasibility study of aileron and spoiler control systems for large horizontal axis wind turbines

The feasibility of using aileron or spoiler controls as alternates to pitch control for large horizontal axis wind turbines was studied. The NASA Mod-0 100 kw machine was used as the basis for the study. Specific performance studies were conducted for 20% chord ailerons over the outboard 30% span, and for 10% chord spoilers over the same portion of the span. Both control systems utilized control deflections up to 60 deg. Results of the study show that either ailerons or spoilers can provide the control necessary to limit turbine power in high wind conditions. The aileron system, as designed, provides overspeed protection at hurricane wind speeds, low wind speed starting torque of 778 N-m (574 ft. lb) at 3.6 m/sec, and a 1.3 to 1.5% increase in annual energy compared to a fixed pitch rotor. The aileron control system preliminary design study includes aileron loads analysis and the design of a failsafe flyweight actuator for overspeed protection in the event of a hydraulic system failure.

Wentz, W. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Reflection plane tests of a wind turbine blade tip section with ailerons

Tests were conducted in the NASA Langley 30 by 60 foot Wind Tunnel on a full scale 7.31 m (24 ft) long tip section of a wind turbine rotor blade. The blade tip section was built with ailerons on the trailing edge. The ailerons, which spanned a length of 6.1 m (20 ft), were designed so that two types could be evaluated: the plain and the balanced. The ailerons were hinged on the suction surface at the 0.62 X chord station behind the leading edge. The purpose of the tests was to measure the aerodynamic characteristics of the blade section for: an angle of attack range from 0 deg to 90 deg aileron deflections from 0 deg to -90 deg, and Reynolds numbers of 0.79 and 1.5 x 10 to the 6th power. These data were then used to determine which aileron configuration had the most desirable rotor control and aerodynamic braking characteristics. Tests were also run to determine the effects of vortex generators, leading edge roughness, and the gaps between the aileron sections on the lift, drag, and chordwise force coefficients of the blade tip section.

Savino, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Effect of aileron deflections on the aerodynamic characteristics of a semispan model of a subsonic energy-efficient transport

An investigation was conducted in the Langley 8 Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel to determine the effect of aileron deflections on the aerodynamic characteristics of a subsonic energy efficient transport (EET) model. The semispan model had an aspect ratio 10 supercritical wing and was configured with a conventionally located set of ailerons (i.e., a high speed aileron located inboard and a low speed aileron located outboard). Data for the model were taken over a Mach number range from 0.30 to 0.90 and an angle of attack range from approximately -2 deg to 10 deg. The Reynolds number was 2.5 million per foot for Mach number = 0.30 and 4 million per foot for the other Mach numbers. Model force and moment data, aileron effectiveness parameters, aileron hinge moment data, otherwise pressure distributions, and spanwise load data are presented.

Jacobs, P. F.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Performance and power regulation characteristics of two aileron-controlled rotors and a pitchable tip-controlled rotor on the Mod-O turbine

Tests were conducted on the DOE/NASA mod-0 horizontal axis wind turbine to compare and evaluate the performance and the power regulation characteristics of two aileron-controlled rotors and a pitchable tip-controlled rotor. The two aileron-controlled rotor configurations used 20 and 38 percent chord ailerons, while the tip-controlled rotor had a pitchable blade tip. The ability of the control surfaces to regulate power was determined by measuring the change in power caused by an incremental change in the deflection angle of the control surface. The data shows that the change in power per degree of deflection angle for the tip-controlled rotor was four times the corresponding value for the 2- percent chord ailerons. The root mean square power deviation about a power setpoint was highest for the 20 percent chord aileron, and lowest for the 38 percent chord aileron.

Corrigan, Robert D.↗

NASA NTRS1947

Observations on an Aileron-Flutter Instability Encountered on a 45 Degree Swept-Back Wing in Transonic and Supersonic Flight

In the course of a flight test of a supersonic research pilotless aircraft (the NACA RM-1), large-amplitude aileron oscillations, probably aileron compressibility flutter, were encountered in the transonic and supersonic speed ranges. The wing was oscillating at the same frequency as the aileron. The aircraft was equipped with 45 degree swept-back wings of symmetrical NASA 65-010 airfoil section. Completely mass-balanced ailerons with 20 degree beveled trailing edges were installed on the wings. The ailerons were free floating with no mechanical restraining force other than the friction of the aileron hinges and servomechanism bearings throughout the high-speed interval of flight.

Pitkin, Marvin↗

NASA NTRS1934

Wind-tunnel research comparing lateral control devices, particularly at high angles of attack VI : skewed ailerons on rectangular wings

This report covers the sixth of a series of investigations in which various lateral control devices are compared with particular reference to their effectiveness at high angles of attack. The present report deals with flap-type ailerons hinged about axes having an angle with respect to the leading and trailing edges of the wing. Tests were made on four different skewed ailerons, including two different angles of skew and two sizes of ailerons. At the high angles of attack, all the skewed ailerons tested were slightly inferior with respect to rolling and yawing moments to straight ailerons having the same span and average chord. Computations indicate that the skewed ailerons are also inferior with respect to hinge moments.

Weick, Fred E↗

NASA NTRS1944

A theoretical investigation of the rolling oscillations of an airplane with ailerons free

An analysis is made of the stability of an airplane with ailerons free, with particular attention to the motions when the ailerons have a tendency to float against the wind. The present analysis supersedes the aileron investigation contained in NACA Technical Report no. 709. The equations of motion are first written to include yawing and sideslipping, and it is demonstrated that the principal effects of freeing the ailerons can be determined without regard to these motions. If the ailerons tend to float against the wind and have a high degree of aerodynamic balance, rolling oscillations, in addition to the normal lateral oscillations, are likely to occur. On the basis of the equations including only the rolling motion and the aileron deflection, formulas derived for the stability and damping of the rolling oscillations in terms of the hinge-moment derivatives are also presented showing the oscillatory regions and stability boundaries for a fictitious airplane of conventional proportion. The effects of friction in the control system are investigated and discussed.

Cohen, Doris↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Active Flow Control Enhanced Aileron of the High-Lift Common Research Model at Takeoff Condition

An experimental investigation was conducted in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel on the NASA 10% scale High-Lift Common Research Model (CRM-HL) to improve the high-lift aerodynamic performance of the takeoff configuration. Active flow control (AFC) was applied at the aileron hinge line to control flow separation at high aileron deflection angles to increase lift-to-drag ratio (L/D). Improvements in low speed L/D can increase vehicle payload and/or range resulting in a more efficient vehicle. Aileron deflection angles of 0°, 7.5°, 16°, and 25° were investigated. Flow control was applied to the two largest aileron deflections, which are considered the high-lift (HL) improved takeoff configurations. A companion paper will discuss baseline flow characteristics of the CRM-HL at the three takeoff conditions: reference, nominal, and HL-improved. In this paper, we focus on the aerodynamic improvement obtained when AFC was applied to an aileron deflected at 16° relative to the nominal configuration of 7.5° deflection. Multiple flow control parameters, including actuator type, spacing, and intensity, were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of the actuation system. The different AFC configurations tested were assessed with tuft visualization, steady surface pressure data, and force and moment data. The results indicated that all actuation types and spacings examined led to an increase in lift across the range of angles of attack investigated. Flow separation was mitigated with the injection of momentum at the aileron hinge line. The configurations with the smallest spacing produced the highest improvement in L/D. Steady jet actuation showed higher efficiency but similar aerodynamic performance when compared to the sweeping jet actuators. This work was performed in support of the NASA Advanced Air Transport Technology (AATT) Project.

CRM-HL↗

NASA NTRS1942

Aerodynamic Characteristics for Internal-Balance and Frise Type Ailerons on an NACA 6 Series Low-Drag Tip Section of the Wing for the XP-63 Airplane

At the request of the Army Air Forces, Materiel Command, tests were made in the two-Dimensional low-turbulence tunnel of a mode l submitted by Bell Aircraft Corporation as the tip section of the wing of the xp-63 airplane. " The model was a NACA 66, 2x-2l6 a = 0.6 airfoil section of 50-inch chord and made of dural according to standard sheet-metal practice. The model was fitted for an internal-balance aileron with a tab and a Frise type aileron. Several alterations of the skirts and balance on the internal- balance aileron were tested to obtain the various aerodynamic characteristics of the aileron.

AILERONS - DEFLECTION↗

NASA NTRS1944

Effect of Compressibility on Pressure Distribution over an Airfoil with a Slotted Frise Aileron

Pressure distribution measurements were made over an airfoil with slotted Frise aileron up to 0.76 Mach at various angles of attack and aileron defections. Section characteristics were determined from these pressure data. Results indicated loss of aileron rolling power for deflections ranging from -12 Degrees to -19 Degrees. High stick forces for non-differential deflections incurred at high speed, which were due to overbalancing tendency of up-moving aileron, may precipitate serious control difficulties. Detailed results are presented graphically.

WINGS-REPUBLIC P-47B-3 WIND TUNNEL TESTS(NACA-HIGH↗

NASA NTRS1983

Flutter prediction for a wing with active aileron control

A method for predicting the vibrational stability of an aircraft with an analog active aileron flutter suppression system (FSS) is expained. Active aileron refers to the use of an active control system connected to the aileron to damp vibrations. Wing vibrations are sensed by accelerometers and the information is used to deflect the aileron. Aerodynamic force caused by the aileron deflection oppose wing vibrations and effectively add additional damping to the system.

Penning, K.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Comparative wind tunnel tests at high Reynolds numbers of NACA 64 621 airfoils with two aileron configurations

An experimental program to measure the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 64-621 airfoil when equipped with plain ailerons of 0.38 chord and 0.30 chord and with 0.38 chord balanced aileron has been conducted in a pressurized 6 x 12-inch High Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel. Surface pressures were measured and integrated to yield lift and pressure drag coefficients for angles of attack from -3 deg to +42 deg, and for selected aileron deflections from 0 to -90 deg at nominal Mach and Reynolds numbers of 0.25 and 5 x l0 exp 6, respectively. When resolved into thrust coefficient for wind turbine aerodynamic control applications, the data indicated the anticipated decrease in thrust coefficient with negative aileron deflection at low angles of attack; however, as angle of attack increased, thrust coefficients eventually became positive. All aileron configurations, even at -90 deg deflections, showed this trend. Hinge moments for each configuration complete the data set.

Gregorek, G. M.↗

NASA NTRS1951

An Investigation at Mach Numbers of 1.40 and 1.59 of the Effects of Aileron Profile on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Complete Model of a Supersonic Aircraft Configuration

An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 4- by 4-foot supersonic tunnel at Mach numbers 1.40 and 1.59 to determine the effect of aileron profile on the aerodynamic characteristics of a complete model of a supersonic aircraft configuration. The model had a 40 degree sweptback tapered wing with 10-percent-thick circular-arc sections normal to the quarter-chord line. The ailerons were 20-percent chord and were located on the outboard 50 percent of the wing semispans. The various ailerons investigated included the basic circular-arc profile and three flat-sided ailerons having ratios of trailing-edge thickness to hinge-line thickness t of 0, 0.5, and 1.0. Low aileron effectiveness was obtained with the circular-arc and t = 0 profiles. Increasing the trailing-edge thickness (t = 0.5 and 1.0) resulted in increased effectiveness as well as increased hinge moments with only a slight increase in drag.

Spearman, M Leroy↗

NASA NTRS1958

Investigation of the Static Lateral Stability and Aileron Characteristics of a 0.067-Scale Model of the Bell X-2 Airplane at Mach Numbers of 2.29, 2.78, 3.22, and 3.71

Tests were performed in the high. Mach number test section of the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel to determine the static lateral stability. and aileron characteristics of a 0.067-scale model of the Bell X-2 airplane at Mach numbers of 2.29, 2. 78, 3.22, and. 3.71. The results of this investigation indicated that the directional stability of the model was low with directional instability occurring at Mach numbers higher than 3.1 and. angles of attack higher than about 5.0 deg (equivalent lift coefficient of about 0.18). The yaw due to aileron deflection was adverse and, with 10 deg of differential aileron deflection, large enough to overbalance the available directional restoring moment at all angles of attack higher than about 5.0 deg (equivalent lift coefficient of about 0.21) and Mach numbers higher than 2. 5. The model also had positive effective dihedral for all test attitudes and. Mach numbers. A combination of the lateral-stability parameters with the aileron characteristics to form a lateral-stability criterion for a maneuver using ailerons alone indicated that the model has characteristics which would. give unstable aperiodic behavior (divergence) over a large part of the test Mach number and angle-of-attack range.

Fournier, Roger H.↗

NASA NTRS1924

The Distribution of Lift Over Wing Tips and Ailerons

This investigation was carried out in the 5-foot wind tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory for the purpose of obtaining more complete information on the distribution of lift between the ends of wing spars, the stresses in ailerons, and the general subject of airflow near the tip of a wing. It includes one series of tests on four models without ailerons, having square, elliptical, and raked tips respectively, and a second series of positively and negatively raked wings with ailerons adjusted to different settings. The results show that negatively raked tips give a more uniform distribution of air pressure than any of the other three arrangements, because the tip vortex does not disturb the flow at the trailing edge. Aileron loads are found to be less severe on wings with negative application to the calculation of aileron and wing stresses and also to facilitate the proper distribution of load in sand testing. Contour charts show in great detail the complex distribution lift over the wing.

Bacon, David L↗

NASA NTRS1933

Wind-tunnel research comparing lateral control devices, particularly at high angles of attack III : ordinary ailerons rigged up 10 degrees when neutral

This report presents the results of wind-tunnel tests made on three model wings having different sizes of ordinary ailerons rigged up 10 degrees when neutral, the same models having previously been tested with the ailerons rigged even with the wings in the usual manner. One of the wings had ailerons of medium size, 25 per cent of the wing chord by 40 per cent of the semispan, one had long, narrow ailerons, and one had short, wide ones. These tests are part of a general investigation on lateral control devices, with particular reference to the control at high angles of attack, in which all the devices are being subjected to the same series of tests in the 7 by 10 foot wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Force tests of the usual type, free-autorotation tests, and forced-rotation tests were made showing the effect of the ailerons on the general performance of the wing, on the lateral controllability, and on the lateral stability.

Weick, Fred E↗