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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
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NASA NTRS2011

East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST -AIRC): An overview

As the most populated region of the world, Asia is a major source of aerosols with potential large impact over vast downstream areas, Papers published in this special section describe the variety of aerosols observed in China and their effects and interactions with the regional climate as part of the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST-AIRC), The majority of the papers are based on analyses of observations made under three field projects, namely, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Mobile Facility mission in China (AMF-China), the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols: An International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE), and the Atmospheric Aerosols of China and their Climate Effects (AACCE), The former two are U,S,-China collaborative projects, and the latter is a part of the China's National Basic Research program (or often referred to as "973 project"), Routine meteorological data of China are also employed in some studies, The wealth of general and speCIalized measurements lead to extensive and close-up investigations of the optical, physical, and chemical properties of anthropogenic, natural, and mixed aerosols; their sources, formation, and transport mechanisms; horizontal, vertical, and temporal variations; direct and indirect effects; and interactions with the East Asian monsoon system, Particular efforts are made to advance our understanding of the mixing and interaction between dust and anthropogenic pollutants during transport. Several modeling studies were carried out to simulate aerosol impact on radiation budget, temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric circulation, fog, etc, In addition, impacts of the Asian monsoon system on aerosol loading are also simulated.

Zhangqing, Li↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) Field Campaign Report

The scientific focus here is interagency collaboration to support a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-sponsored 2023 field campaign: Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS). IMPACTS objectives are to provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; study how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and improve snowfall remote-sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance predictive capabilities. The relevance to The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility's mission was to support the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services (ICAMS)’ objectives to enhance communication and coordination, and promote sharing, within and across agencies. NASA therefore requested to borrow ARM’s two-dimensional stereo probe (2DS) for possible use during the 2023 IMPACTS project. Additionally, this use of the 2DS could improve understanding of ARM 2DS measurements collected on previous field campaigns. The plan was to have the 2DS available for possible backup deployment on the NASA Lockheed Orion P-3 aircraft during the 2023 IMPACTS field project. NASA has a 2DS probe and the ARM 2DS is a hot swappable probe in case the project's 2DS fails. The 2DS is a critical probe and we had issues during a 2022 field project that prevented us from obtaining 2DS data on several flights. Hence, we wanted a hot swappable 2DS on stand-by. We have a data acquisition system, along with a backup data acquisition system for the 2DS, so we only needed the 2DS probe. David Delene was responsible for the use of the 2DS on the NASA P-3 aircraft. He has experience deploying the 2DS on several aircraft, including previously on the NASA P-3 in 2022. The team ensured that the aircraft wiring and deployment of the 2DS were completed correctly for the ARM 2DS.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1997

STS-85 Day 09 Highlights

On this ninth day of the STS-85 mission, the flight crew, Cmdr. Curtis L. Brown, Jr., Pilot Kent V. Rominger, Payload Cmdr. N. Jan Davis (Ph.D.), Mission Specialists Robert L. Curbeam, Jr. and Stephen K. Robinson (Ph.D.), and Payload Specialist Bjarni V. Tryggvason watch over the Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) experiment while Japanese investigators again maneuvere the Small Fine Arm remotely from a control room near Mission Control. It is the final planned work with the arm during this mission. While MFD operations are ongoing, Robinson again uses the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System's ultraviolet imaging telescope to observe Comet Hale-Bopp and Curbeam continue his work with the Bioreactor Demonstration System designed to perform cell biology experiments under controlled conditions. Tryggvason spends his day supporting data gathering with the Microgravity Vibration Isolation Mount experiment. Before the crew's workday began, they discussed the mission's progress with reporters in the U.S. and Canada as part of the traditional crew news conference. Questions ranged from life in space for the first time space travelers to providing a report card on the more than 24 experiments being conducted throughout the mission.

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NASA NTRS2001

STS-100 Flight Day 10 Highlights

On this tenth day of the STS-100 mission, the computer problems that delayed tests on the Canadian robotic arm are discussed between the Atlantis and Mission Ground Control. The Canadian robotic arm is seen after it lifts Spacelab from the pallet on Atlantis and moves to meet the Space Shuttle's robotic arm as it 'hands over' Spacelab to the smaller robotic arm. The Canadian robotic arm with Spacelab are seen against a backdrop of Earth as the Space Shuttle and International Space Station pass to the northeast of Australia.

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DOE OSTI2020

ARM Aerial Instrument Workshop Report

The mission of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program is to “support transformative science and scientific user facilities to achieve a predictive understanding of complex biological, earth, and environmental systems for energy and infrastructure security, independence, and prosperity.” (https://science.osti.gov/ber) Aligned with the BER central mission, the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division (EESSD) plays a vital role in supporting the fundamental research to understand and predict Earth’s climate and environmental systems, and is also in a unique position to inform the development of sustainable solutions to the nation’s energy and environmental challenges. Specifically, EESSD manages two scientific user facilities: the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility and the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL). These facilities provide the broader scientific community with scientific expertise, technical capabilities, and unique data sets to facilitate science in areas of importance to DOE. As a multi-platform scientific user facility, ARM aims to fulfill the needs predominantly within the EESSD Atmospheric System Research (ASR) and the Earth and Environmental System Modeling (EESM) mission areas, and provide the critical measurements required to improve understanding of aerosol and cloud life cycles and their interactions, and their coupling with the Earth’s surface. Over the years, ARM has carried out piloted and unmanned aircraft campaigns under different organizational and operational paradigms (Schmid et al. 2014, 2016). Building on its success, the ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) continues to complement the ground-based observations with airborne in situ cloud, aerosol, and trace gas observations as well as measurements of atmospheric state and atmospheric radiation. During the past three years, ARM has managed field campaigns using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and tethered balloon systems (TBS) at Oliktok Point in Alaska to improve understanding of atmospheric processes in the Arctic. In 2019, following a careful evaluation of scientific community needs, ARM acquired a Bombardier Challenger 850 regional jet to replace the vintage Grumman Gulfstream-159 turboprop aircraft previously used by AAF. With this new “laboratory in the sky”, AAF is evaluating its current and future aerial observation capabilities to continue satisfying the needs of the research community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1990

Integrated controls-structures design methodology development for a class of flexible spacecraft

Future utilization of space will require large space structures in low-Earth and geostationary orbits. Example missions include: Earth observation systems, personal communication systems, space science missions, space processing facilities, etc., requiring large antennas, platforms, and solar arrays. The dimensions of such structures will range from a few meters to possibly hundreds of meters. For reducing the cost of construction, launching, and operating (e.g., energy required for reboosting and control), it will be necessary to make the structure as light as possible. However, reducing structural mass tends to increase the flexibility which would make it more difficult to control with the specified precision in attitude and shape. Therefore, there is a need to develop a methodology for designing space structures which are optimal with respect to both structural design and control design. In the current spacecraft design practice, it is customary to first perform the structural design and then the controller design. However, the structural design and the control design problems are substantially coupled and must be considered concurrently in order to obtain a truly optimal spacecraft design. For example, let C denote the set of the 'control' design variables (e.g., controller gains), and L the set of the 'structural' design variables (e.g., member sizes). If a structural member thickness is changed, the dynamics would change which would then change the control law and the actuator mass. That would, in turn, change the structural model. Thus, the sets C and L depend on each other. Future space structures can be roughly divided into four mission classes. Class 1 missions include flexible spacecraft with no articulated appendages which require fine attitude pointing and vibration suppression (e.g., large space antennas). Class 2 missions consist of flexible spacecraft with articulated multiple payloads, where the requirement is to fine-point the spacecraft and each individual payload while suppressing the elastic motion. Class 3 missions include rapid slewing of spacecraft without appendages, while Class 4 missions include general nonlinear motion of a flexible spacecraft with articulated appendages and robot arms. Class 1 and 2 missions represent linear mathematical modeling and control system design problems (except for actuator and sensor nonlinearities), while Class 3 and 4 missions represent nonlinear problems. The development of an integrated controls/structures design approach for Class 1 missions is addressed. The performance for these missions is usually specified in terms of (1) root mean square (RMS) pointing errors at different locations on the structure, and (2) the rate of decay of the transient response. Both of these performance measures include the contributions of rigid as well as elastic motion.

Maghami, P. G.↗
DOE OSTI2021

ARM Aerosol Measurement Science Group 2019 Strategic Planning Workshop Report

This report summarizes the results of a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility workshop held in November 2019 to advance a science-based strategy for ARM’s aerosol measurement program. This was the second such workshop since the Aerosol Measurement Science Group (AMSG) was chartered in 2015 to enhance coordination of ARM observations of aerosols and atmospheric trace gases with the needs of ARM users. The results presented here reflect the AMSG’s focus in recent years on science-based strategies that will contribute to the increased use of ARM data to fulfill its mission of improving process representations and predictability in climate models. Sessions held during the workshop range from interfacing with models through aerosol sampling strategies to calibration protocols and data products. The AMSG workshops have been designed to recommend actions that will enable ARM to evolve and continue to meet its mission. To that end, the AMSG will develop an actionable plan from the recommendations outlined here. Some are well defined and can reasonably be accomplished in the short term. Others are less definite or of a larger scope that calls for a longer-term implementation. Further discussion will be required to develop and prioritize actionable items related to such areas. Task teams comprising the appropriate expertise and perspective from the AMSG and other members of the community will be formed to achieve this outcome. Some particular topics are recognized as high priority, so plans are underway to develop task teams and to hold follow-on discussions to address them. Four areas currently being considered for short, focused discussion are 1) aerosol measurements on the North Slope of Alaska, 2) improving data usability for modeling, 3) strategies for advancing remote sensing, vertical profiling, and distributed measurements of aerosols, and 4) aerosol sampling strategies at existing ARM sites to provide intensive modes of operation to promote data usage for process and modeling studies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

ARM Aerosol Measurement Science Group 2019 Strategic Planning Workshop Report

This report summarizes the results of a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility workshop held in November 2019 to advance a science-based strategy for ARM’s aerosol measurement program. This was the second such workshop since the Aerosol Measurement Science Group (AMSG) was chartered in 2015 to enhance coordination of ARM observations of aerosols and atmospheric trace gases with the needs of ARM users. The results presented here reflect the AMSG’s focus in recent years on science-based strategies that will contribute to the increased use of ARM data to fulfill its mission of improving process representations and predictability in climate models. Sessions held during the workshop range from interfacing with models through aerosol sampling strategies to calibration protocols and data products. The strategies set forth here were also developed to be directly relevant to ARM’s updated Decadal Vision. The AMSG workshops have been designed to recommend actions that will enable ARM to evolve and continue to meet its mission. To that end, the AMSG will develop an actionable plan from the recommendations outlined here. Some are well defined and can reasonably be accomplished in the short term. Others are less definite or of a larger scope that calls for a longer-term implementation. Further discussion will be required to develop and prioritize actionable items related to such areas. Task teams comprising the appropriate expertise and perspective from the AMSG and other members of the community will be formed to achieve this outcome. Some particular topics are recognized as high priority, so plans are underway to develop task teams and to hold follow-on discussions to address them. Four areas currently being considered for short, focused discussion are 1) aerosol measurements on the North Slope of Alaska, 2) improving data usability for modeling, 3) strategies for advancing remote sensing, vertical profiling, and distributed measurements of aerosols, and 4) aerosol sampling strategies at existing ARM sites to provide intensive modes of operation to promote data usage for process and modeling studies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2003

Ocular Counter-Rolling During Centrifugation and Static Tilt

Activation of the gravity sensors in the inner ear-the otoliths-generates reflexes that act to maintain posture and gaze. Ocular counter-rolling (OCR) is an example of such a reflex. When the head is tilted to the side, the eyes rotate around the line of sight in the opposite direction (i.e., counter-rolling). While turning comers, undergoing centrifugation, or making side-to-side tilting head movements, the OCR reflex orients the eyes towards the sum of the accelerations from body movements and gravity. Deconditioning of otolith-mediated reflexes following adaptation to microgravity has been proposed as the basis of many of the postural, locomotor, and gaze control problems experienced by returning astronauts. Evidence suggests that OCR is reduced postflight in about 75% of astronauts tested; but the data are sparse, primarily due to difficulties in recording rotational eye movements. During the Neurolab mission, a short-arm human centrifuge was flown that generated sustained sideways accelerations of 0.5-G and one-G to the head and upper body. This produces OCR; and so for the first time, the responses to sustained centrifugation could be studied without the influence of Earth's gravity on the results. This allowed us to determine the relative importance of sideways and vertical acceleration in the generation of OCR. This also provided the first test of the effects of exposure to artificial gravity in space on postflight otolith-ocular reflexes. There was little difference between the responses to centrifugation in microgravity and on Earth. In both conditions, the induced OCR was roughly proportional to the applied acceleration, with the OCR magnitude during 0.5-G centrifugation approximately 60% of that generated during one-G centrifugation. The overall mean OCR from the four payload crewmembers in response to one-G of sideways acceleration was 5.7 plus or minus 1.1 degree (mean and SD) on Earth. Inflight one-G centrifugation generated 5.7 plus or minus 1.1 degree of OCR, which was a small but significant decrease in OCR magnitude. The postflight OCR was 5.9 plus or minus 1.4 degree, which was not significantly different from preflight values. During both 0.5-G and one-G centrifugation in microgravity, where the head vertical gravitational component was absent, the OCR magnitude was not significantly different from that produced by an equivalent acceleration during static tilt on Earth. This suggests that the larger OCR magnitude observed during centrifugation on Earth was due to the larger body vertical linear acceleration component, which may have activated either the otoliths or the body tilt receptors. In contrast to previous studies, there was no decrease in OCR gain postflight. Our findings raise the possibility that inflight exposure to artificial gravity, in the form of intermittent one-G and 0.5-G centripetal acceleration, may have been a countermeasure to deconditioning of otolith-based orientation reflexes.

Cohen, Bernard↗
NASA NTRS1989

Launch commit criteria performance trending analysis, phase 1, revision A. SRM and QA mission services

An assessment of quantitative methods and measures for measuring launch commit criteria (LCC) performance measurement trends is made. A statistical performance trending analysis pilot study was processed and compared to STS-26 mission data. This study used four selected shuttle measurement types (solid rocket booster, external tank, space shuttle main engine, and range safety switch safe and arm device) from the five missions prior to mission 51-L. After obtaining raw data coordinates, each set of measurements was processed to obtain statistical confidence bounds and mean data profiles for each of the selected measurement types. STS-26 measurements were compared to the statistical data base profiles to verify the statistical capability of assessing occurrences of data trend anomalies and abnormal time-varying operational conditions associated with data amplitude and phase shifts.

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NASA NTRS2005

STS-114: Discovery TCDT Flight Crew Test Media Event at Pad 39-B

The STS-114 Space Shuttle Discovery Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test (TCDT) flight crew is shown at Pad 39-B. Eileen Collins, Commander introduces the astronauts. Andrew Thomas, mission specialist talks about his primary responsibility of performing boom inspections, Wendy Lawrence, Mission Specialist 4 (MS4) describes her role as the robotic arm operator supporting Extravehicular Activities (EVA), Stephen Robinson, Mission Specialist 3 (MS3) talks about his role as flight engineer, Charlie Camarda, Mission Specialist 5 (MS5) says that his duties are to perform boom operations, transfer operations from the space shuttle to the International Space Station and spacecraft rendezvous. Soichi Noguchi, Mission Specialist 1 (MS1) from JAXA, introduces himself as Extravehicular Activity 1 (EVA1), and Jim Kelley, Pilot will operate the robotic arm and perform pilot duties. Questions from the news media about the safety of the external tank, going to the International Space Station and returning, EVA training, and thoughts about the Space Shuttle Columbia crew are answered.

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NASA NTRS2013

Rock Gripper for Sampling, Mobility, Anchoring, and Manipulation

A new gripper mechanism can be used as an end effector for a long arm that reaches out from a nearby spacecraft for a touch-and-go type of mission. The gripper would stabilize the arm and allow samples to be collected and in situ science to be done from a fixed platform. In the long term, this style of gripper could even be used as handholds for astronauts trying to move about on/near small asteroids. The prototype developed has demonstrated a 120 N gripping force, and improvements continue to be made.

Parness, Aaron↗
NASA NTRS2014

Gravitational-wave Mission Study

In November 2013, ESA selected the science theme, the "Gravitational Universe," for its third large mission opportunity, known as L3, under its Cosmic Vision Programme. The planned launch date is 2034. ESA is considering a 20% participation by an international partner, and NASA's Astrophysics Division has indicated an interest in participating. We have studied the design consequences of a NASA contribution, evaluated the science benefits and identified the technology requirements for hardware that could be delivered by NASA. The European community proposed a strawman mission concept, called eLISA, having two measurement arms, derived from the well studied LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) concept. The US community is promoting a mission concept known as SGO Mid (Space-based Gravitational-wave Observatory Mid-sized), a three arm LISA-like concept. If NASA were to partner with ESA, the eLISA concept could be transformed to SGO Mid by the addition of a third arm, augmenting science, reducing risk and reducing non-recurring engineering costs. The characteristics of the mission concepts and the relative science performance of eLISA, SGO Mid and LISA are described. Note that all results are based on models, methods and assumptions used in NASA studies

identified the technology requirements↗
NASA NTRS2013

Reachability Maps for In Situ Operations

This work covers two programs that accomplish the same goal: creation of a "reachability map" from stereo imagery that tells where operators of a robotic arm can reach or touch the surface, and with which instruments. The programs are "marsreach" (for MER) and "phxreach." These programs make use of the planetary image geometry (PIG) library. However, unlike the other programs, they are not multi-mission. Because of the complexity of arm kinematics, the programs are specific to each mission.

Deen, Robert G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Next-generation space manipulator

In 1977, the Protoflight Manipulator Arm (PFMA) was designed and built. It is one of two space qualified manipulators. A new conceptual design for the next generation manipulator of space applications is presented. The next generation manipulator and the PFMA are described in detail. Their differences could have a major influence on the construction, testing, and performance of a space arm. Assessed in detail are these technologies and their effect on the design. Servicing is an important goal of robotics in space. Parameters such as environment, type of task, time sequence, and dexterity will affect the arm and its ability to accomplish its mission. Requirements such as these are important considerations in the design of the next generation space arm.

Brunson, P.↗
NASA NTRS2002

STS-109 Flight Day 3 Highlights

This footage from the third day of the STS-109 mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) begins with the grappling of the HST by the robotic arm of the Columbia Orbiter, operated by Mission Specialist Nancy Currie. During the grappling, numerous angles deliver close-up images of the telescope which appears to be in good shape despite many years in orbit around the Earth. Following the positioning of the HST on its berthing platform in the Shuttle bay, the robotic arm is used to perform an external survey of the telescope. Some cursory details are given about different equipment which will be installed on the HST including a replacement cooling system for the Near Infrared Camera Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) and the Advanced Camera for Surveys. Following the survey, there is footage of the retraction of both of the telescope's two flexible solar arrays, which was successful. These arrays will be replaced by rigid solar arrays with decreased surface area and increased performance.

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