Automatic fire/weather data station
Prototype unmanned integrated system collects and processes fire-index data. System is based on state-of-the-art technology, utilizes low-cost hardware, and is highly reliable.
Lum, H., Jr.↗
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Space biology initiative program definition review. Trade study 1: Automation costs versus crew utilization
A significant emphasis upon automation within the Space Biology Initiative hardware appears justified in order to conserve crew labor and crew training effort. Two generic forms of automation were identified: automation of data and information handling and decision making, and the automation of material handling, transfer, and processing. The use of automatic data acquisition, expert systems, robots, and machine vision will increase the volume of experiments and quality of results. The automation described may also influence efforts to miniaturize and modularize the large array of SBI hardware identified to date. The cost and benefit model developed appears to be a useful guideline for SBI equipment specifiers and designers. Additional refinements would enhance the validity of the model. Two NASA automation pilot programs, 'The Principal Investigator in a Box' and 'Rack Mounted Robots' were investigated and found to be quite appropriate for adaptation to the SBI program. There are other in-house NASA efforts that provide technology that may be appropriate for the SBI program. Important data is believed to exist in advanced medical labs throughout the U.S., Japan, and Europe. The information and data processing in medical analysis equipment is highly automated and future trends reveal continued progress in this area. However, automation of material handling and processing has progressed in a limited manner because the medical labs are not affected by the power and space constraints that Space Station medical equipment is faced with. Therefore, NASA's major emphasis in automation will require a lead effort in the automation of material handling to achieve optimal crew utilization.
Jackson, L. Neal↗
Designing an infrared system to map and detect wildland fires
The 'Firefly' project is developing an infrared remote sensing system to provide near real-time wildland fire information for fire management and suppression. Recent technological advances in several areas now allow the design of an end-to-end, infrared system to map and detect wildland fires. The system components will include an airborne infrared sensor, automatic onboard signal and data processing, telecommunications link, and integration into a ground data terminal. The system will provide improved performance over current systems in terms of increased timeliness of data delivery, quantifiable accuracy, data consistency, reliability, and maintainability. The system will be the next generation of wildland fire mapping and detection system for the United States Forest Service.
Nichols, J. David↗
Digital readout and control system for a 64-inch /1.63-m/ scattering chamber
64 inch scattering chamber digital readout and control system for automatic processing of angle and experimental data
Madson, L. P.↗
Interdisciplinary study of atmospheric processes and constituents of the mid-Atlantic coastal region.
Past research projects for the year 1974-1975 are listed along with future research programs in the area of air pollution control, remote sensor analysis of smoke plumes, the biosphere component, and field experiments. A detailed budget analysis is presented. Attachments are included on the following topics: mapping forest vegetation with ERTS-1 MSS data and automatic data processing techniques, and use of LARS system for the quantitative determination of smoke plume lateral diffusion coefficients from ERTS images of Virginia.
Kindle, E. C.↗
Science Operations with the James Webb Space Telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be a powerful space observatory whose four science instruments will deliver rich imaging and multiplexed spectroscopic datasets to the astronomical and planetary science communities. The ground segment for JWST, now being designed and built, will carry out JWST's science operations. The ground segment includes: (1) software that the scientific community will use to propose and specify new observations; (2) software that will schedule both science and calibration observations in a way that optimizes observing efficiency while managing the accumulation of momentum; (3) the infrastructure to regularly measure and maintain the telescope's wavefront; (4) orbit determination, ranging, and tracking; (5) communication via the Deep Space Network to command the observatory and retrieve scientific data; (6) onboard scripts that execute each observing program in an event-driven fashion, with occasional interruptions for targets of opportunity or time-critical observations; and (7) a system that processes and calibrates the data into science ready products, automatically recalibrates when calibrations improve, and archives the data for timely access by the principal investigator and later worldwide access by the scientific community. This ground system builds on experience from operating the Hubble Space Telescope, while solving challenges that are unique to the James Webb Space Telescope. In this paper, we describe the elements of the JWST ground system, how it will work operationally from the perspective of the observatory itself, and how a typical user will interact with the system to turn his/her idea into scientific discovery.
Rigby, Jane↗
Conceptual design study: Forest Fire Advanced System Technology (FFAST)
An integrated forest fire detection and mapping system that will be based upon technology available in the 1990s was defined. Uncertainties in emerging and advanced technologies related to the conceptual design were identified and recommended for inclusion as preferred system components. System component technologies identified for an end-to-end system include thermal infrared, linear array detectors, automatic georeferencing and signal processing, geosynchronous satellite communication links, and advanced data integration and display. Potential system configuration options were developed and examined for possible inclusion in the preferred system configuration. The preferred system configuration will provide increased performance and be cost effective over the system currently in use. Forest fire management user requirements and the system component emerging technologies were the basis for the system configuration design. A preferred system configuration was defined that warrants continued refinement and development, examined economic aspects of the current and preferred system, and provided preliminary cost estimates for follow-on system prototype development.
Nichols, J. D.↗
Coherent optical data processing and remotely sensed imagery
It is shown that an automatic imaging system consisting of a combination of optical and digital computer elements is feasible and has considerable advantages over direct image scanning systems. With such a system, it is possible to process very large quantities of remotely sensed image spectra.
Macdougall, E. B.↗
Military applications of automatic speech recognition and future requirements
An updated summary of the state-of-the-art of automatic speech recognition and its relevance to military applications is provided. A number of potential systems for military applications are under development. These include: (1) digital narrowband communication systems; (2) automatic speech verification; (3) on-line cartographic processing unit; (4) word recognition for militarized tactical data system; and (5) voice recognition and synthesis for aircraft cockpit.
Beek, Bruno↗
Telescience at the University of California, Berkeley
The University of California at Berkeley (UCB) is a member of a university consortium involved in telescience testbed activities under the sponsorship of NASA. Our Telescience Testbed Project consists of three experiments using flight hardware being developed for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer project at UCB's Space Sciences Laboratory. The first one is a teleoperation experiment investigating remote instrument control using a computer network such as the Internet. The second experiment is an effort to develop a system for operation of a network of remote workstations allowing coordinated software development, evaluation, and use by widely dispersed groups. The final experiment concerns simulation as a method to facilitate the concurrent development of instrument hardware and support software. We describe our progress in these areas.
Telemetry/instrumentation/methods↗
On The Processing of Log Files for Monitoring Antenna Health
In order to improve the quality of geodetic results, we have developed an infrastructure for timely processing of telemetry from IVS observing stations. We check every hour for new log files with telemetry from both VLBI observing sessions, single dish experiments, and stow-in data collection and automatically process them. The telemetry data we use is the system temperature, phase calibration phases and amplitudes, system equivalent flux density, and the differences between formatter clock and GPS clock. For the system temperature and phase calibration, processing includes filtering out outliers and computing averages and rms of the scatter in each scan. Furthermore, for the phase calibration we also compute the group delay and detect spurious signals. Cleaned and post-processed telemetry is archived. Our process detects abnormalities, such as, anomalously high system temperature, unstable phase calibration phases, jumps in the GPS and formatter clock differences, and others. With our procedure, the latency of detection of station abnormalities is reduced to less than two hours. Early detection of abnormalities reduces the amount of affected data since station personnel get early alerts. We discuss our experience of running this system since 2022.
Phase Calibration↗
On The Processing of Log Files for Monitoring Antenna Health
In order to improve the quality of geodetic results, we have developed an infrastructure for timely processing of telemetry from IVS observing stations. We check every hour for new log files with telemetry from both VLBI observing sessions, single dish experiments, and stow-in data collection and automatically process them. The telemetry data we use is the system temperature, phase calibration phases and amplitudes, system equivalent flux density, and the differences between formatter clock and GPS clock. For the system temperature and phase calibration, processing includes filtering out outliers and computing averages and rms of the scatter in each scan. Furthermore, for the phase calibration we also compute the group delay and detect spurious signals. Cleaned and post-processed telemetry is archived. Our process detects abnormalities, such as, anomalously high system temperature, unstable phase calibration phases, jumps in the GPS and formatter clock differences, and others. With our procedure, the latency of detection of station abnormalities is reduced to less than two hours. Early detection of abnormalities reduces the amount of affected data since station personnel get early alerts. We discuss our experience of running this system since 2022.
VLBI↗
Radar measurements of the orbital debris environment
The collection and preliminary processing of the first significant accumulation of orbital debris data collected by the Haystack radar is described. The data are collected in the 'beam park' mode of operation in which the radar stares in a fixed direction and debris randomly passes through the field of view. Haystack's processing system performed automatic real-time processing and threshold detection, and saved only data associated with a possible detection. Approximately 123 hours of data were collected with the radar beam parked at an elevation angle of 10 deg and an azimuth of 180 deg; 3.8 hours were collected at an elevation angle of 30 deg and an azimuth of 180 deg; and 33.9 hours were collected at an elevation angle of 90 deg. A computer model of the response of the Haystack radar while in beam park operation is described. The model calculates the probability of detection and collection area for all sizes and orbital inclinations of debris visible to the radar. At this time, the approximate sizes of the detected objects have not been determined. However, the observed detection rates and cumulative signal to noise ratio distributions agree well with the results of the radar response model using NASA's current orbital debris environment.
Stansbery, Eugene G.↗
Automated analysis of unlabeled PV data with Solar Data Tools software: Overview and feature updates
Distributed rooftop PV systems: ubiquitous, yet commonly have unlabeled data Difficult or impossible to form a performance index We developed Solar Data Tools (SDT), an open-source Python library for analyzing PV power (and irradiance) time-series data SDT enables analysis of unlabeled PV data—no model, no meteorological data, no performance index required Takes a statistical signal processing approach Data processing steps are largely pre-defined and automatic regardless of system type—from utility tracking systems to multi-pitch rooftop systems
Meyers-Im, Bennet E↗
Forest fire advanced system technology (FFAST) conceptual design study
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service completed a conceptual design study that defined an integrated forest fire detection and mapping system that will be based upon technology available in the 1990s. Potential system configuration options in emerging and advanced technologies related to the conceptual design were identified and recommended for inclusion as preferred system components. System component technologies identified for an end-to-end system include airborne mounted, thermal infrared (IR) linear array detectors, automatic onboard georeferencing and signal processing, geosynchronous satellite communications links, and advanced data integration and display. Potential system configuration options were developed and examined for possible inclusion in the preferred system configuration. The preferred system configuration will provide increased performance and be cost effective over the system currently in use. Forest fire management user requirements and the system component emerging technologies were the basis for the system configuration design. The conceptual design study defined the preferred system configuration that warrants continued refinement and development, examined economic aspects of the current and preferred system, and provided preliminary cost estimates for follow-on system prototype development.
Nichols, J. David↗
Enhanced Weather Radar (EWxR) System
An airborne weather radar system, the Enhanced Weather Radar (EWxR), with enhanced on-board weather radar data processing was developed and tested. The system features additional weather data that is uplinked from ground-based sources, specialized data processing, and limited automatic radar control to search for hazardous weather. National Weather Service (NWS) ground-based Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) information is used by the EWxR system to augment the on-board weather radar information. The system will simultaneously display NEXRAD and on-board weather radar information in a split-view format. The on-board weather radar includes an automated or hands-free storm-finding feature that optimizes the radar returns by automatically adjusting the tilt and range settings for the current altitude above the terrain and searches for storm cells near the atmospheric 0-degree isotherm. A rule-based decision aid was developed to automatically characterize cells as hazardous, possibly-hazardous, or non-hazardous based upon attributes of that cell. Cell attributes are determined based on data from the on-board radar and from ground-based radars. A flight path impact prediction algorithm was developed to help pilots to avoid hazardous weather along their flight plan and their mission. During development the system was tested on the NASA B757 aircraft and final tests were conducted on the Rockwell Collins Sabreliner.
Kronfeld, Kevin M.↗
ADP of multispectral scanner data for land use mapping
The advantages and disadvantages of various remote sensing instrumentation and analysis techniques are reviewed. The use of multispectral scanner data and the automatic data processing techniques are considered. A computer-aided analysis system for remote sensor data is described with emphasis on the image display, statistics processor, wavelength band selection, classification processor, and results display. Advanced techniques in using spectral and temporal data are also considered.
Hoffer, R. M.↗
Management of natural resources through automatic cartographic inventory
The author has identified the following significant results. Significant results of the ARNICA program from August 1972 - January 1973 have been: (1) establishment of image to object correspondence codes for all types of soil use and forestry in northern Spain; (2) establishment of a transfer procedure between qualitative (remote identification and remote interpretation) and quantitative (numerization, storage, automatic statistical cartography) use of images; (3) organization of microdensitometric data processing and automatic cartography software; and (4) development of a system for measuring reflectance simultaneous with imagery.
Rey, P.↗