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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improved Method for Increased-Rate Stitched Composites Manufacturing

Stitched composites, as defined herein, are created by stitching a dry preform, infusing the preform with resin and curing the resin. Stitched composites have been shown to have benefits over unstitched composites for stiffened structures, including improved damage tolerance, reduced weight, and fewer fasteners. However, conventional stitched composite structure production is very time and manual-labor intensive, and therefore is not conducive for high-rate production of commercial aircraft main structure. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Hi-Rate Composite Aircraft Manufacturing (HiCAM) Project has the objective to increase the manufacturing rate for future composite aircraft. Stitched resin infused (SRI) composites are one of the technologies being considered under the HiCAM Project, but to be viable, production rates must be increased (i.e., production time reduced). Previous work has shown that it is possible to reduce the time required to stitch a dry composite preform, such as a skin with integral stiffeners, but the stitching process is a small portion of the total time required to produce a stitched preform. To significantly reduce overall stitched preform production time, a study was undertaken to examine a new stitching method that would yield time reduction in the pre- and post-stitching activities that include all portions of a stitched preform production with the exception of the actual stitching process. The new method resulted in significant reduction in production time, from 27% to 40%, while at the same time reducing the costs associated with fabricating a stitched preform by eliminating stations within the production line, simplifying tooling, reducing labor, and reducing consumables.

Stitching↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improved Method for Increased-Rate Stitched Composites Manufacturing

Stitched composites, as defined herein, are created by stitching a dry preform, infusing the preform with resin and curing the resin. Stitched composites have been shown to have benefits over unstitched composites for stiffened structures, including improved damage tolerance, reduced weight, and fewer fasteners. However, conventional stitched composite structure production is very time and manual-labor intensive, and therefore is not conducive for high-rate production of commercial aircraft main structure. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Hi-Rate Composite Aircraft Manufacturing (HiCAM) Project has the objective to increase the manufacturing rate for future composite aircraft. Stitched resin infused (SRI) composites are one of the technologies being considered under the HiCAM Project, but to be viable, production rates must be increased (i.e., production time reduced). Previous work has shown that it is possible to reduce the time required to stitch a dry composite preform, such as a skin with integral stiffeners, but the stitching process is a small portion of the total time required to produce a stitched preform. To significantly reduce overall stitched preform production time, a study was undertaken to examine a new stitching method that would yield time reduction in the pre- and post-stitching activities that include all portions of a stitched preform production with the exception of the actual stitching process. The new method resulted in significant reduction in production time, from 27% to 40%, while at the same time reducing the costs associated with fabricating a stitched preform by eliminating stations within the production line, simplifying tooling, reducing labor, and reducing consumables.

Stitching↗
NASA NTRS1992

Analyzing Satellite Images Of The Ocean

PC-SEAPAK is user-interactive software package specifically developed for analysis of data from satellites in oceanographic research. Program used to process and interpret data obtained from Nimbus-7/Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) and NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). PC-SEAPAK copyrighted product with all copyright vested in National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Mcclain, Charles R.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Global Soil Moisture from the Aquarius/SAC-D Satellite: Description and Initial Assessment

Aquarius satellite observations over land offer a new resource for measuring soil moisture from space. Although Aquarius was designed for ocean salinity mapping, our objective in this investigation is to exploit the large amount of land observations that Aquarius acquires and extend the mission scope to include the retrieval of surface soil moisture. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm development focused on using only the radiometer data because of the extensive heritage of passive microwave retrieval of soil moisture. The single channel algorithm (SCA) was implemented using the Aquarius observations to estimate surface soil moisture. Aquarius radiometer observations from three beams (after bias/gain modification) along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction model forecast surface temperatures were then used to retrieve soil moisture. Ancillary data inputs required for using the SCA are vegetation water content, land surface temperature, and several soil and vegetation parameters based on land cover classes. The resulting global spatial patterns of soil moisture were consistent with the precipitation climatology and with soil moisture from other satellite missions (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System and Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity). Initial assessments were performed using in situ observations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Little Washita and Little River watershed soil moisture networks. Results showed good performance by the algorithm for these land surface conditions for the period of August 2011-June 2013 (rmse = 0.031 m(exp 3)/m(exp 3), Bias = −0.007 m(exp 3)/m(exp 3), and R = 0.855). This radiometer-only soil moisture product will serve as a baseline for continuing research on both active and combined passive-active soil moisture algorithms. The products are routinely available through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration data archive at the National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Soil MOisture↗
NASA NTRS1973

A case study in technology utilization: Industrial products and practices

In pursuit of such missions as Apollo, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has called into being unique equipment that obviously has little direct application beyond the achievement of mission objectives. Yet, to assume that further direct application of space program hardware is somehow a measure of the industrial benefits accruing to the nation is to misunderstand how the creation of new technology affects modern industrial capability. This document presents a profile of the significant ways in which technological developments in response to aerospace mission requirements have been coupled into industrial practice, with the result being that improved products and processes are now being utilized to benefit the nation.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2023

BRR Cask Use for Pu-238 Isotope Production

US Department of Energy (DOE), in partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), needs to produce Pu-238 for space exploration Major activities are focused at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Key part of program is movement of targets between INL and ORNL BEA Research Reactor (BRR) package licensed for transport of unirradiated and irradiated targets

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1995

Capturing the Value: Earth Applications of Space Human Factors Research

This paper details how the Space Human Factors/Life Sciences program at Ames Research Center (ARC) has provided, and continues to provide, a variety of Earth-based benefits. These benefits will be considered under five categories: aeronautics, space-like environments, general applications, human/automation interaction, and methodology. The human factors work at ARC includes a range of activities whose products serve the aerospace community. Some areas of research focus specifically on aeronautical requirements; others are driven by space needs. However, the symbiosis between these two domains allows a sharing of resources, and the insights and experimental results gathered in one domain can often be applied in the other. Aeronautics is an industry whose survival is generally viewed as critical to American competitiveness, and where benefits can result in a very high payoff. The ability to apply space-initiated research to aeronautical requirements represents one example of bringing space benefits down to Earth. The second-order value of space human factors research goes well beyond the aerospace community. Spaceflight shares with a number of other activities certain environmental characteristics that drive human factors engineering design and procedural specification. Spaceflight is an isolated activity, conducted under severely confined conditions, with a high level of risk, and where provisions are restricted and opportunities for outside help are limited. A number of Earth-based activities including submarines and other naval vessels, oil rigs, remote weather stations, and scientific and polar expeditions, share many of these characteristics. These activities serve as testbeds for space-related research and, in turn, space-related research provides beneficial insight to the conduct of these activities.

Connors, Mary M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

NASA's Technology Utilization Program.

NASA's Technology Utilization Program is described, illustrating how it can be useful in achieving improved productivity, providing more jobs, solving public sector challenges, and strengthening the international competitive situation. Underlying the program is the fact that research and development conducted in NASA's aeronautics and space programs have generated much technical information concerning processes, products, or techniques which may be useful to engineers, doctors, or to others. The program is based on acquisition and publication, working with the user, and applications engineering.

Farley, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Modeling Air Traffic Management Technologies with a Queuing Network Model of the National Airspace System

This report describes an integrated model of air traffic management (ATM) tools under development in two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) programs -Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) and Advanced Air Transport Technologies (AATT). The model is made by adjusting parameters of LMINET, a queuing network model of the National Airspace System (NAS), which the Logistics Management Institute (LMI) developed for NASA. Operating LMINET with models of various combinations of TAP and AATT will give quantitative information about the effects of the tools on operations of the NAS. The costs of delays under different scenarios are calculated. An extension of Air Carrier Investment Model (ACIM) under ASAC developed by the Institute for NASA maps the technologies' impacts on NASA operations into cross-comparable benefits estimates for technologies and sets of technologies.

Long, Dou↗
NASA NTRS2002

NASA Glenn Research Center Overview

This viewgraph presentation provides information on the NASA Glenn Research Center. The presentation is a broad overview, including the chain of command at the center, its aeronautics facilities, and the factors which shape aerospace product line integration at the center. Special attention is given to the future development of high fidelity probabilistic methods, and NPSS (Numerical Propulsion System Simulation).

Sehra, Arun K.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Ground System Development at the Morehead State University for Interplanetary Smallsat Missions

As more small satellites are used for interplanetary research and exploration, more ground antennas with sufficiently large aperture are needed to support the increased demand in deep space communication. The 21-m ground antenna at the Morehead State University in Kentucky, United States is under development to upgrade its telemetry, tracking and command capability at X-band. The system architecture is based on a hybrid design that combines commercially available products with specialized equipment developed for the National Aeronautic and Aerospace Administration’s Deep Space Network. This architecture produces a low-cost and geographically diverse system, connecting elements at the Morehead State University and those of the DSN at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The architecture makes Morehead antenna appears as one of the DSN nodes, albeit with a different performance metrics due to difference in aperture size. Its operation is geared for automation, with automated data retrieval of information needed for configuring the ground station for spacecraft tracking. An incremental testing approach is used to verify system capabilities as various components are deployed into the system.

Kruth, Jeff↗
NASA NTRS2013

Corrections to the MODIS Aqua Calibration Derived From MODIS Aqua Ocean Color Products

Ocean color products such as, e.g., chlorophyll-a concentration, can be derived from the top-of-atmosphere radiances measured by imaging sensors on earth-orbiting satellites. There are currently three National Aeronautics and Space Administration sensors in orbit capable of providing ocean color products. One of these sensors is the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite, whose ocean color products are currently the most widely used of the three. A recent improvement to the MODIS calibration methodology has used land targets to improve the calibration accuracy. This study evaluates the new calibration methodology and describes further calibration improvements that are built upon the new methodology by including ocean measurements in the form of global temporally averaged water-leaving reflectance measurements. The calibration improvements presented here mainly modify the calibration at the scan edges, taking advantage of the good performance of the land target trending in the center of the scan.

MODIS↗
NASA NTRS1988

Review of Aeronautical Wind Tunnel Facilities

The nation's aeronautical wind tunnel facilities constitute a valuable technological resource and make a significant contribution to the global supremacy of U.S. aircraft, both civil and military. At the request of NASA, the National Research Council's Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board organized a commitee to review the state of repair, adequacy, and future needs of major aeronautical wind tunnel facilities in meeting national goals. The comittee identified three main areas where actions are needed to sustain the capability of NASA's aeronautical wind tunnel facilities to support the national aeronautical research and development activities: tunnel maintenance and upgrading, productivity enhancement, and accommodation of new requirements (particularly in hypersonics). Each of these areas are addressed and the committee recommendations for appropriate actions presented.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2000

Numerical Simulation of Aircraft Trailing Vortices

The increase in air traffic is currently outpacing the development of new airport runways. This is leading to greater air traffic congestion, resulting in costly delays and cancellations. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under its Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) program is investigating new technologies that will allow increased airport capacity while maintaining the present standards for safety. As an element of this program, the Aircraft Vortex Spacing System (AVOSS) is being demonstrated in July 2000, at Dallas Ft-Worth Airport. This system allows reduced aircraft separations, thus increasing the arrival and departure rates, while insuring that wake vortices from a leading aircraft do not endanger trailing aircraft. The system uses predictions or wake vortex position and strength based on input from the current weather state. This prediction is accomplished by a semi-empirical model developed from theory, field observations, and relationships derived from numerical wake vortex simulations. Numerical experiments with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model are being conducted in order to provide guidance for the enhancement of these prediction algorithms. The LES Simulations of wake vortices are carried out with NASA's Terminal Area Simulation System (TASS). Previous wake vortex investigations with TASS are described. The primary objective of these numerical studies has been to quantify vortex transport and decay in relation to atmospheric variables. This paper summarizes many of the previous investigations with the TASS model and presents some new results regarding the onset of wake vortex decay.

Proctor, Fred H.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Creating a Realistic Weather Environment for Motion-Based Piloted Flight Simulation

A flight simulation environment is being enhanced to facilitate experiments that evaluate research prototypes of advanced onboard weather radar, hazard/integrity monitoring (HIM), and integrated alerting and notification (IAN) concepts in adverse weather conditions. The simulation environment uses weather data based on real weather events to support operational scenarios in a terminal area. A simulated atmospheric environment was realized by using numerical weather data sets. These were produced from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model hosted and run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). To align with the planned flight simulation experiment requirements, several HRRR data sets were acquired courtesy of NOAA. These data sets coincided with severe weather events at the Memphis International Airport (MEM) in Memphis, TN. In addition, representative flight tracks for approaches and departures at MEM were generated and used to develop and test simulations of (1) what onboard sensors such as the weather radar would observe; (2) what datalinks of weather information would provide; and (3) what atmospheric conditions the aircraft would experience (e.g. turbulence, winds, and icing). The simulation includes a weather radar display that provides weather and turbulence modes, derived from the modeled weather along the flight track. The radar capabilities and the pilots controls simulate current-generation commercial weather radar systems. Appropriate data-linked weather advisories (e.g., SIGMET) were derived from the HRRR weather models and provided to the pilot consistent with NextGen concepts of use for Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) and Meteorological (MET) data link products. The net result of this simulation development was the creation of an environment that supports investigations of new flight deck information systems, methods for incorporation of better weather information, and pilot interface and operational improvements for better aviation safety. This research is part of a larger effort at NASA to study the impact of the growing complexity of operations, information, and systems on crew decision-making and response effectiveness; and then to recommend methods for improving future designs.

Daniels, Taumi S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparing Coarse-Resolution Land Surface Temperature Products over Western Australia

Satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) has commonly been used to monitor global temperature changes. The MODIS MYD11A2 product is the most common coarse-resolution product used for this purpose. An updated MODIS product (MYD21A2) and new VIIRS (VNP21A2) product have also recently become available. This study analyses eight-day, quality-controlled, LST imagery over Western Australia (WA) for the three products for an urban and a non-urban area for the years 2013, 2016, and 2019. An analysis of the data indicates that (i) the averaged daytime LST difference between the three products for Perth city over the three years was 1.32 °C, while at night it was 0.89 °C; (ii) the averaged daytime difference over the Kimberley region was 7.02 °C with a night average difference of 2.39 °C; and (iii) both the MYD21A2 and VNP21A2 products still appear to record anomalous monthly LST values, particularly in the humid Kimberley monsoonal months. The overall objective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to ensure that the LST values of the two satellite system products are comparable, so evidence of LST value differences will require further investigation, especially if the older product is to be replaced by the newer systems.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1998

Information Systems for NASA's Aeronautics and Space Enterprises

The aerospace industry is being challenged to reduce costs and development time as well as utilize new technologies to improve product performance. Information technology (IT) is the key to providing revolutionary solutions to the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of NASA's aeronautics and space missions and the sophisticated nature of the systems that enable them. The NASA Ames vision is to develop technologies enabling the information age, expanding the frontiers of knowledge for aeronautics and space, improving America's competitive position, and inspiring future generations. Ames' missions to accomplish that vision include: 1) performing research to support the American aviation community through the unique integration of computation, experimentation, simulation and flight testing, 2) studying the health of our planet, understanding living systems in space and the origins of the universe, developing technologies for space flight, and 3) to research, develop and deliver information technologies and applications. Information technology may be defined as the use of advance computing systems to generate data, analyze data, transform data into knowledge and to use as an aid in the decision-making process. The knowledge from transformed data can be displayed in visual, virtual and multimedia environments. The decision-making process can be fully autonomous or aided by a cognitive processes, i.e., computational aids designed to leverage human capacities. IT Systems can learn as they go, developing the capability to make decisions or aid the decision making process on the basis of experiences gained using limited data inputs. In the future, information systems will be used to aid space mission synthesis, virtual aerospace system design, aid damaged aircraft during landing, perform robotic surgery, and monitor the health and status of spacecraft and planetary probes. NASA Ames through the Center of Excellence for Information Technology Office is leading the effort in pursuit of revolutionary, IT-based approaches to satisfying NASA's aeronautics and space requirements. The objective of the effort is to incorporate information technologies within each of the Agency's four Enterprises, i.e., Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology, Earth, Science, Human Exploration and Development of Space and Space Sciences. The end results of these efforts for Enterprise programs and projects should be reduced cost, enhanced mission capability and expedited mission completion.

Kutler, Paul↗
DOE OSTI2023

BRR Cask Use for Pu-238 Isotope Production

The Department of Energy (DOE), in partnership with its national laboratories and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is responsible to produce Pu-238 isotope in the United States for use in space exploration. Major activities in the DOE complex are focused at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). INL is responsible for storing Np-237 feedstock, irradiation qualification in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), and irradiating targets containing Np-237 to produce Pu-238. ORNL is responsible for target design, target fabrication, irradiation qualification in HFIR, and processing of targets to extract Pu-238 heat source material. A key part of the program lifecycle is moving irradiated targets from INL to ORNL. The BEA Research Reactor (BRR) cask was identified as a potential shipping cask for the transport of both unirradiated and irradiated targets between the project sites. This paper will discuss the production at INL and shipment of Pu-238 to ORNL using the BRR cask.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗