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At least 73 records · Page 4

Bright, rapid, highly polarized radio spikes from the M dwarf AD Leonis

A rapid sequence of highly polarized spikes was observed during the gradual rise of a longer lasting event in an Arecibo Observatory study of a radio burst at 1400 MHz from the main sequence radio star AD Leo. The maximum flux density of the spikes was 130 mJy, and they had rise times of less than about 200 msec. The rise times provide an upper limit to the linear size of the emitter of 6 billion cm, and an area of less than 0.03 of the star's surface area is inferred, for a spike brightness temperature of more than about 10 to the 13th K. The high brightness temperatures and high degrees of circular polarization are explained in terms of electron-cyclotron maser emission at the second harmonic of the gyrofrequency, in longitudinal magnetic fields of about 250 G.

Lang, K. R.↗

Mars - Dual-polarization radar observations with extended coverage

Arecibo Observatory radar observations of Mars at 13 cm wavelength have yielded accurate measurements of the full backscatter spectrum in two orthogonal polarizations, and constitute the first global view of the small scale surface roughness distribution on Mars. Areas of maximum depolarization correlate well with the volcanic regions Tharsis and Elysium. Comparisons between the moon and Mars using radar data, ground truth, and simple scattering models, suggest that Mars possesses a relatively high average coverage by decimeter-scale rocks. Attention is also given to quasi-specular scattering results, of which the most unusual were obtained over the Olympus Mons aureole region.

Harmon, J. K.↗

Surface characteristics of Venus derived from Pioneer Venus altimetry, roughness, and reflectivity measurements

Pioneer Venus data sets for global topography, surface roughness, and reflectivity are analyzed, and the geological significance of some of the distinctive surface types is locally calibrated by examining high-resolution images from the Venera lander spacecraft and the Arecibo Observatory. Regional rock and bedrock surfaces are found to cover the majority of the planet. The relatively smooth rock and bedrock surfaces probably represent lava flows. Porous and unconsolidated fine materials cover less than about 27 percent of the surface. The distribution of soil surfaces indicate that they are the result of local weathering and small amounts of lateral transport. Several hypotheses for the origin of the high-dielectric materials which cover a small portion of the surface are discussed.

Head, J. W., III↗

High-resolution studies of the HF ionospheric modification interaction region

The use of the pulse edge analysis technique to explain ionospheric modifications caused by high-power HF radio waves is discussed. The technique, implemented at the Arecibo Observatory, uses long radar pulses and very rapid data sampling. A comparison of the pulse leading and trailing edge characteristics is obtained and the comparison is used to estimate the relative changes in the interaction region height and layer width; an example utilizing this technique is provided. Main plasma line overshoot and miniovershoot were studied from the pulse edge observations; the observations at various HF pulsings and radar resolutions are graphically presented. From the pulse edge data the development and the occurrence of main plasma line overshoot and miniovershoot are explained. The theories of soliton formation and collapse, wave ducting, profile modification, and parametric instabilities are examined as a means of explaining main plasma line overshoots and miniovershoots.

Duncan, L. M.↗

Mesospheric Winds and Tides at Arecibo/puerto Rico (18 Deg N, 67 Deg W) November 20-23, 1981

The SOUSY-VHF-Radar was operated in the period November 20 to 23, 1981 during a continuous run at the Arecibo Observatory. The data used for this analysis were recorded from 06 AST on November 20 until 06 AST on November 23. Meridional winds were measured at odd hours and zonal winds at even hours. The occurrence of mesospheric VHF radar echoes was limited as usual to the daylight hours between 06 and 18 AST. The height limits, were variable from day to day, they were roughly 62 to 90 km. The intermittency of echoes in time and height, as well as radio interference, made it fairly difficult to deduce tidal information for this time period. About 10 to 45 single velocity estimates could be used to calculate an hourly mean. The variance of the displayed resulting in data, obtained by weighted averaging over the 3 day period, is about similar to the mean. The winds were extremely low during the observation period. Velocities of the prevailing wind, observed during an earlier campaign were 5 to 10 times larger than in the period of November 20 to 23, 1981. The amplitudes of the diurnal tide are comparable.

Rottger, J.↗

Radar altimetry of Mercury - A preliminary analysis

Altitude measurements derived from 2380 MHz radar observations of the equatorial zone of Mercury collected between 1978-1984 at Arecibo Observatory are analyzed. The altitude profiles, which span from 20-90 deg longitude at a resolution of 0.15 deg (longitude) by 2.5 deg (latitude), are compared with geologic maps of Mercury. The depths and shapes of the craters and basins are examined; it is observed that Mercurian craters are shallower than lunar craters. The plains of Tir Planitia, Caloris Basin, and circum-Caloris are studied and it is hypothesized that the plains are of a volanic origin. The ridges, scarps, and fault zones detected in the altimetry data are described.

Harmon, J. K.↗

Need for a subtropical wind profiling system

The purpose is to point out the need for, and the benefit that can be derived from, a national wind profiling facility located in the subtropics. At present no such facility exists. There are several advantages associated with a low-latitude location. The first is that wave motions and large-scale circulations unique to the tropics can be studied. The second is that the relatively steady mean flows in the subtropical belt may provide a cleaner environment for studies of waves common at all latitudes. Researchers suggest the Arecibo Observatory as an ideal site for a wind profiling facility since the land and much of the computing, technical, and scientific support is already available.

Rottger, J.↗

Simultaneous VHF and UHF radar observation of the mesosphere at Arecibo during a solar flare: A check on the gradient-mixing hypothesis

The results of a two wavelength (VHF and UHF) mesosphere experiment performed at the Arecibo Observatory on January 5, 1981 are discussed. The 46.8-MHz VHF radar (3.21 m Bragg scale) was operated to provide spectral measurements of signals scattered from refractivity fluctuations due to turbulence. Other physical parameters such as radial velocities, scattered signal power, and Doppler spread due to turbulence can be derived from signal spectra. The 430-MHz UHF radar (0.36 m Bragg scale) was used for D-region electron-density measurements using the incoherent scatter technique with a comparable height resolution. The radars were pointed symmetrically about the vertical with a beam spacing of 5.5 degree in the meridional plane. Occurrence of a type 4 solar flare during the experiment produced enhanced D-region electron-density gradients. This was a unique circumstance that provided the possibility of testing the basic premises of the turbulent gradient-mixing hypothesis.

Rastogi, P. K.↗

Observations of thunder with the Arecibo VHF radar

An experiment was carried out at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico in August 1985 to study Doppler velocities in a thunderstorm environment with a beam pointed 2.5 degrees off-vertical. Researchers detected two types of echoes associated with lightning. The first was associated with scattering from the lightning channel itself and had characteristics similar to those observed previously with meteorological radars. The second appeared to be due to scattering from the turbulence organized by phase fronts of an acoustic wave generated by lightning. The observations were consistent with a wave traveling at a velocity near the speed of sound and having a vertical phase velocity component of 40 m/s.

Holden, D. N.↗

A comparison of thunderstorm reflectivities measured at the VHF and UHF

Observations of thunderstorms made with two radars operating at different wavelengths of 70 cm and 5.67 m are compared. The first set of observations was made with the UHF radar at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, and the second set was made with the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie VHF radar in the Harz Mountains in West Germany. Both sets of observations show large echo strengths in the convective region above the -10 C isothem. At UHF, there appears to be a contribution from both the precipitation echoes and the normal echoes due to scatter from turbulent variations in the refractive index.

Larsen, M. F.↗

UHF and VHF radar observations of thunderstorms

A study of thunderstorms was made in the Summer of 1985 with the 430-MHz and 50-MHz radars at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Both radars use the 300-meter dish, which gives a beam width of less than 2 degrees even at these long wavelengths. Though the radars are steerable, only vertical beams were used in this experiment. The height resolution was 300 and 150 meters for the UHF and VHF, respectively. Lightning echoes, as well as returns from precipitation and clear-air turbulence were detected with both wavelengths. Large increases in the returned power were found to be coincident with increasing downward vertical velocities at UHF, whereas at VHF the total power returned was relatively constant during the life of a storm. This was attributed to the fact that the VHF is more sensitive to scattering from the turbulence-induced inhomogeneities in the refractive index and less sensitive to scatter from precipitation particles. On occasion, the shape of the Doppler spectra was observed to change with the occurrence of a lightning discharge in the pulse volume. Though the total power and mean reflectivity weighted Doppler velocity changed little during these events, the power is Doppler frequency bins near that corresponding to the updraft did increase substantially within a fraction of a second after a discharge was detected in the beam. This suggests some interaction between precipitation and lightning.

Holden, D. N.↗

Is OH abundance enhanced in tidally distorted galaxies?

An extensive survey of 240 galaxies for hydroxyl absorption has been completed using the Arecibo Observatory. These galaxies were used to compile a sample to test for statistical correlations between the optical depth of the 1667 MHz hydroxyl line and various parameters of the parent galaxy. To be included in the sample, the radio flux density of the galaxy at 1667 MHz had to be between 20 mjy and 1000 mjy and the galactic declination between 0 and 38 deg. Since this sample contains mainly non-detections, statistical methods for astronomical data with upper limits as previously described were used to obtain correlation and regression information. Preliminary studies indicate a strong correlation between OH optical depth and infrared to blue luminosity ratio (L sub IR/L sub B), where the infrared data were obtained from the Cataloged Galaxies and Quasars Observed in the IRAS Survey. A second correlation is seen between the optical depth of the 1667 MHz line and galactic type, where a number from 1 to 15 (Elliptical to peculiar, distorted, or interacting) has been assigned to each galaxy. So, stable, isolated galaxies tend not to have detectable hydroxyl. On the other hand, galaxies with more gas and dust, galaxies with a more peculiar or distorted appearance, and galaxies which are more tidally interacting tend to have much more detectable OH. These findings could indicate that these dusty, peculiar, distorted, and interacting galaxies could be the site of large amounts of shocked material where OH is likely to form. Hence, the hydroxyl abundance could be enhanced in these regions of shocked material making the detection of OH in these tidally distorted galaxies much more likely.

Schmelz, J. T.↗

High resolution radar map of the Moon

Previous radar mappings of the Moon at 70 cm wavelength in the late 1960's by Thompson have been replaced with a new set of observations using the 430 MHz radar at the Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. Radar resolution was reduced to 2 to 5 km radar cell size and a beam-sweep, limb-to-limb calibration was conducted. Advances in computer technology provided the principle means of improving lunar radar mapping at this wavelength. Observation techniques and data processing are described and scattering differences found in the orthographic projection of the radar data are discussed.

Thompson, T. W.↗

Radio and infrared observations of (almost) one hundred non-Seyfert Markarian galaxies

The 13 cm flux densities of 96 non-Seyfert Markarian galaxies were measured at Arecibo Observatory. Far infrared flux densities have been published for 78 of these galaxies in the IRAS catalog. The radio, infrared, and optical fluxes of these galaxies and of a magnitude limited sample of normal galaxies were compared to clarify the nature of the radio emission in Markarian galaxies. It was found that Markarian galaxies of a given apparent magnitude and Hubble type generally have radio fluxes several times higher that the fluxes typical of normal galaxies of the same magnitude and type. Remarkably, the ratio of radio flux to far infrared flux is nearly the same for most of these starburst galaxies and for normal spiral disks. However, the compact and peculiar Markarian galaxies consistently have about 60% more radio flux per unit infrared flux than the other Markarian galaxies and the normal spirals. It is not clear whether this difference reflects a difference in the evolution of the starbursts in these galaxies or whether there is excess radio emission of nonstellar origin.

Dressel, Linda L.↗

DSN tracking support to the international cometary explorer

The tracking of the ICE spacecraft at its encounter with the comet Giacobini-Zinner posed a major problem for the Deep Space Network (DSN). At the comet, ICE was nearly 50 times as distant from the earth as it was during its designed mission. Its signal strength at the ground was diminished by almost 2500 times from its designed level. The paper describes how the DSN met this challenge by combining antennas in arrays and cooperating with the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the Usuda 64m antenna in Japan.

Reid, M. S.↗

High spectral resolution Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of Comet Halley at H-alpha and 6300 A

A 40.6-cm Newtonian telescope was interfaced to the Fabry-Perot interferometer at the Arecibo Observatory to make high-spectral-resolution measurements of Comet Halley emissions at 6562.72 A (H-alpha) and 6300.3 A (O I). The atomic hydrogen outflow velocity was found to be approximately 7.9 + or - 1.0 km/s. In general, the H-alpha spectra are highly structured, and indicative of a multiple component atomic hydrogen velocity distribution. For O (1D), implied production rates of 6.44 + or - 3.0 x 10 to the 28th/s and 5.66 + or - 2.7 x 10 to the 28th/s were found on March 15 and 17, respectively.

Kerr, R. B.↗

Observations of Comet Halley at H-alpha and 6300 A

High spectral resolution measurements of Comet Halley at H-alpha and OD-1 were obtained in March, 1986 using a small aperture telescope with the Fabry-Perot interferometer at the Arecibo Observatory. It is suggested that the highly structured spectral signature observed at H-alpha is due to collimation of atomic hydrogen in the inner hydrogen corona, following photodissociation of parent species, and that the emission is due to resonance fluorescence of solar Lyman-beta radiation. A feature at 6300.8 A accompanying the OD-1 emission at 6300.3 A is attributed to NH2. For a 6-arcmin field of view, a brightness for the OD-1 emission of 260 + or - 50 rayleighs is found for both March 15 and 17.

Kerr, R. B.↗

Atomic hydrogen in planetary nebulae

The authors searched for neutral atomic hydrogen associated with 22 planetary nebulae and three evolved stars in the 21 cm line at the Arecibo Observatory. Objects whose radial velocities permitted discrimination from Galactic H I were chosen for observation. Hydrogen was detected in absorption from IC 4997. From the measurements new low limits are derived to the mass of atomic hydrogen associated with the undetected nebulae. Radio continuum observations were also made of several of the nebulae at 12.6 cm. The authors reexamine previous measurements of H I in planetary nebulae, and present the data on a consistent footing. The question of planetary nebula distances is considered at length. Finally, implications of the H I measurements for nebular evolution are discussed and it is suggested that atomic hydrogen seen in absorption was expelled from the progenitor star during the final 1000 yr prior to the onset of ionization.

Schneider, Stephen E.↗