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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2006

Direct Measurement of Wave Kernels in Time-Distance Helioseismology

Solar f-mode waves are surface-gravity waves which propagate horizontally in a thin layer near the photosphere with a dispersion relation approximately that of deep water waves. At the power maximum near 3 mHz, the wavelength of 5 Mm is large enough for various wave scattering properties to be observable. Gizon and Birch (2002,ApJ,571,966)h ave calculated kernels, in the Born approximation, for the sensitivity of wave travel times to local changes in damping rate and source strength. In this work, using isolated small magnetic features as approximate point-sourc'e scatterers, such a kernel has been measured. The observed kernel contains similar features to a theoretical damping kernel but not for a source kernel. A full understanding of the effect of small magnetic features on the waves will require more detailed modeling.

Duvall, T. L., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Microscopic calculations with noniterative finite amplitude methods and the application to neutron radiative captures and inelastic scatterings

We derive the fully self-consistent quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) equations with noniterative finite amplitude methods and calculate the transition strengths of giant resonances. Then, we apply the QRPA results to both neutron radiative capture calculations based on the statistical Hauser-Feshbach theory and inelastic scattering calculations based on distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). We compare the calculated results with available experimental data and demonstrate how our approach can reproduce giant resonances and various nuclear reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1980

Modified radiative transfer theory for a two-layer random medium

Modified radiative transfer (MRT) equations appropriate for electromagnetic wave propagation in bounded random media are derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the ladder approximation and the Dyson equation with the nonlinear approximation. The MRT equations are then solved with the first-order renormalization approximation to obtain analytical results for the backscattering cross sections of a two-layer random medium with arbitrary three-dimensional correlation functions. The coherent effects of the MRT theory are illustrated and comparisons are made with backscattering cross sections obtained with the first Born approximation to the wave equation.

Zuniga, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Polarimetric backscattering from sea ice

Polarimetric backscattering from sea ice is presented. Theoretical models for backscattering are first presented for various ice types. Then, theoretical results are compared with experimental data for new thin ice, first-year ice, and multi-year ice. Sea ice is modeled as a layer medium containing random scatterers and rough interfaces. For multi-year sea ice with snow cover, the sea ice layer is modeled as an ice background with embedded spheroidal air bubbles and the snow layer as air with ice grains. The hummocky topography on multi-year ice is characterized by a Gaussian distribution which has an averaging effect on backscattering coefficients. First-year sea ice is described by an ice medium hosting ellipsoidal brine inclusions. These inclusions are oriented preferentially in the vertical direction due to the columnar structure of first-year sea ice. Azimuthally, the orientation of the brine pockets are random corresponding to the random c-axes in sea ice, unless the axes are oriented by sea currents. For thin ice in newly opened leads, it has been observed that there exists a thin brine layer with very high salinity on the top surface of the new ice. This brine layer is depicted as a medium with high permittivity which can significantly affect electromagnetic scattering signatures from the lower thin ice layer, with a higher fractional volume of brine inclusions due to higher salinity as compared to thick first-year sea ice. The rough medium interfaces are described as Gaussian rough surfaces characterized by root-mean-square heights and surface correlation lengths. The contribution from rough surface, calculated under the Kirchhoff approximation or small perturbation method, is assumed to be independent from volume scattering. The total loss including absorption and scattering losses in the scattering media is represented by the imaginary part of effective permittivity obtained from the strong fluctuation theory. The polarimetric scattering coefficients for different ice types are then derived under the distorted Born approximation.

Nghiem, S. V.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Kinetic theory of relativistic plasmas

The thermalization of particle kinetic motion by binary collisions is considered for a plasma with a Boltzmann constant-temperature product approximately equal to 10 to 100 times the product of the electron mass with the square of the speed of light. At this temperature, the principal mechanism for relaxation of electron motion is via radiationless electron-electron collisions (Moller scattering). Ions are nonrelativistic, but are energetic enough so that their Coulomb scattering can be treated in the Born approximation. Relaxation times are computed and Boltzmann-equation Fokker-Planck operators are derived for the various binary-collision processes. The expression for the rate of kinetic energy exchange between electron and ion gases is derived for the case where the gases are at different temperatures.

Gould, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Radiative transfer theory for active remote sensing of a layer of small ellipsoidal scatterers

The radiative transfer theory is applied within the Rayleigh approximation to calculate the backscattering cross section of a layer of randomly positioned and oriented small ellipsoids. The orientation of the ellipsoids is characterized by a probability density function of the Eulerian angles of rotation. The radiative transfer equations are solved by an iterative approach to first order in albedo. In the half space limit the results are identical to those obtained via the approach of Foldy's and distorted Born approximation. Numerical results of the theory are illustrated using parameters encountered in active remote sensing of vegetation layers. A distinctive characteristic is the strong depolarization shown by vertically aligned leaves.

Tsang, L.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Coherent Effects in Microwave Backscattering Models for Forrest Canopies

In modeling forest canopies, several scattering mechanisms are taken into account: (1) volume scattering; (2) surface-volume interaction; and (3) surface scattering from forest floor. Depending on the structural and dielectric characteristics of forest canopies, the relative contribution of each mechanism in the total backscatter signal of an imaging radar can vary. In this paper, two commonly used first-order discrete scattering models, distorted born approximation (DBA) and radiative transfer (RT) are used to simulate the backscattered power received by polarimetric radars at P-, L-, and C-bands over coniferous and deciduous forests. The difference between the two models resides on the coherent effect in the surface-volume interaction terms. To demonstrate this point, the models are first compared based on their underlying theoretical assumptions and then according to simulation results over coniferous and deciduous forests. It is shown that by using the same scattering functions for various components of trees (i.e., leaf, branch, stem), the radiative transfer and distorted Born models are equivalent, except in low frequencies, where surface-volume interaction terms may become important, and the coherent contribution may be significant. In this case, the difference between the two models can reach up to 3 dB in both co-polarized and cross-polarized channels, which can influence the performance of retrieval algorithms.

Saatchi, Sasan S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

coh3

CoH3 (CoH ver.3) is an optical model, exciton pre-equilibrium, and Hauser-Feshbach statistical model code, which calculates nuclear reaction cross sections for medium to heavy targets in the keV to MeV energy region. This program is written in standard C++, divided into approximately 200 source and header files. CoH solves the Schroedinger equation for optical potentials defined in the code, and calculates differential elastic scattering, reaction, and total cross sections, for neutron, proton, deuteron, triton, 3He, and alpha-particle. Deformed optical potentials are solved with the coupled-channels method, in which the ground state rotational band members, or vibrational phonon states are coupled. The optical model gives particle transmission coefficients that are fed into the statistical model calculations. CoH includes the pre-equilibrium model (exciton model), the direct/semidirect capture model, and the multi-stage Hauser-Feshbach statistical decay with width fluctuation correction based on the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. For weakly coupled levels, the DWBA (distorted wave Born approximation) method is used to calculate the direct inelastic scattering process to the excited states.

Kawano, Toshihiko↗
NASA NTRS1977

Vibrational and rotational transitions in low-energy electron-diatomic-molecule collisions. I - Close-coupling theory in the moving body-fixed frame. II - Hybrid theory and close-coupling theory: An /l subscript z-prime/-conserving close-coupling approximation

A detailed vibrational-rotational (V-R) close-coupling formulation of electron-diatomic-molecule scattering is developed in which the target molecular axis is chosen to be the z-axis and the resulting coupled differential equation is solved in the moving body-fixed frame throughout the entire interaction region. The coupled differential equation and asymptotic boundary conditions in the body-fixed frame are given for each parity, and procedures are outlined for evaluating V-R transition cross sections on the basis of the body-fixed transition and reactance matrix elements. Conditions are discussed for obtaining identical results from the space-fixed and body-fixed formulations in the case where a finite truncated basis set is used. The hybrid theory of Chandra and Temkin (1976) is then reformulated, relevant expressions and formulas for the simultaneous V-R transitions of the hybrid theory are obtained in the same forms as those of the V-R close-coupling theory, and distorted-wave Born-approximation expressions for the cross sections of the hybrid theory are presented. A close-coupling approximation that conserves the internuclear axis component of the incident electronic angular momentum (l subscript z-prime) is derived from the V-R close-coupling formulation in the moving body-fixed frame.

Choi, B. H.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Remote sensing of earth terrain

In remote sensing, the encountered geophysical media such as agricultural canopy, forest, snow, or ice are inhomogeneous and contain scatters in a random manner. Furthermore, weather conditions such as fog, mist, or snow cover can intervene the electromagnetic observation of the remotely sensed media. In the modelling of such media accounting for the weather effects, a multi-layer random medium model has been developed. The scattering effects of the random media are described by three-dimensional correlation functions with variances and correlation lengths corresponding to the fluctuation strengths and the physical geometry of the inhomogeneities, respectively. With proper consideration of the dyadic Green's function and its singularities, the strong fluctuation theory is used to calculate the effective permittivities which account for the modification of the wave speed and attenuation in the presence of the scatters. The distorted Born approximation is then applied to obtain the correlations of the scattered fields. From the correlation of the scattered field, calculated is the complete set of scattering coefficients for polarimetric radar observation or brightness temperature in passive radiometer applications. In the remote sensing of terrestrial ecosystems, the development of microwave remote sensing technology and the potential of SAR to measure vegetation structure and biomass have increased effort to conduct experimental and theoretical researches on the interactions between microwave and vegetation canopies. The overall objective is to develop inversion algorithms to retrieve biophysical parameters from radar data. In this perspective, theoretical models and experimental data are methodically interconnected in the following manner: Due to the complexity of the interactions involved, all theoretical models have limited domains of validity; the proposed solution is to use theoretical models, which is validated by experiments, to establish the region in which the radar response is most sensitive to the parameters of interest; theoretically simulated data will be used to generate simple invertible models over the region. For applications to the remote sensing of sea ice, the developed theoretical models need to be tested with experimental measurements. With measured ground truth such as ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and structure, input parameters to the theoretical models can be obtained to calculate the polarimetric scattering coefficients for radars or brightness temperature for radiometers and then compare theoretical results with experimental data. Validated models will play an important role in the interpretation and classification of ice in monitoring global ice cover from space borne remote sensors in the future. We present an inversion algorithm based on a recently developed inversion method referred to as the Renormalized Source-Type Integral Equation approach. The objective of this method is to overcome some of the limitations and difficulties of the iterative Born technique. It recasts the inversion, which is nonlinear in nature, in terms of the solution of a set of linear equations; however, the final inversion equation is still nonlinear. The derived inversion equation is an exact equation which sums up the iterative Neuman (or Born) series in a closed form and, thus, is a valid representation even in the case when the Born series diverges; hence, the name Renormalized Source-Type Integral Equation Approach.

Yueh, Herng-Aung↗
DOE OSTI2025

Classical eikonal from Magnus expansion

In a classical scattering problem, the classical eikonal is defined as the generator of the canonical transformation that maps in-states to out-states. It can be regarded as the classical limit of the log of the quantum S-matrix. In a classical analog of the Born approximation in quantum mechanics, the classical eikonal admits an expansion in oriented tree graphs, where oriented edges denote retarded/advanced worldline propagators. The Magnus expansion, which takes the log of a time-ordered exponential integral, offers an efficient method to compute the coefficients of the tree graphs to all orders. We exploit a Hopf algebra structure behind the Magnus expansion to develop a fast algorithm which can compute the tree coefficients up to the 12th order (over half a million trees) in less than an hour. In a relativistic setting, our methods can be applied to the post-Minkowskian (PM) expansion for gravitational binaries in the worldline formalism. We demonstrate the methods by computing the 3PM eikonal and find agreement with previous results based on amplitude methods. Importantly, the Magnus expansion yields a finite eikonal, while the naïve eikonal based on the time-symmetric propagator is infrared-divergent from 3PM on.

Black Holes↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of three-proton-decaying resonant states in 21 Al

The structure of the proton-unbound nucleus 21 Al has been studied via proton transfer from a 9 Be target to a 20 Mg beam at E/A = 103 MeV. Three resonant states in 21 Al are identified by the invariant-mass reconstruction of 18 Ne + 3p events. The decay-energy spectra for the two subsystems of 21 Al , i.e. 18 Ne+ 1 p and 18 Ne+ 2 p , indicate that the observed resonant state with the lowest energy has decay branches consisting of three sequential steps of one-proton decay. Based on the ab initio and the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations, this resonant state at Ε ⁎ = 6.09(11) MeV likely has a spin-parity of (1/2 + - 7/2 + ). Meanwhile, the possibility that the observed resonant peak represents an admixture of several states cannot be ruled out. The good isospin-symmetry of the low-lying states with d 5/2 , d 3/2 configurations in the 21 Al- 21 O pair and the ab initio calculations indicate weak configuration mixing between the s - and d -orbital components. The systematics of experimental energy differences between the 5/2 + ground state and lowest-lying 3/2 + excited state for isotopes (isotones) of Z(N) = 13 suggest a likely semimagic nature of 21 Al.

21Al↗
DOE OSTI2025

Valence 1⁢𝑠−0⁢𝑑 proton vacancy of the 32 Si ground state

The 32 Si( 3 He,d) 33 P reaction was studied in inverse kinematics at 6.3 MeV/u. States in 33 P corresponding to the proton 1s-0d single-particle orbitals were identified up to ≈ 4.5 MeV in excitation energy. The ( 3 He,d) spectroscopic factors were determined from distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. When combined with complementary neutron-adding data, the 1s-0d proton vacancies in the 32 Si ground state were extracted. In conjunction with a reanalysis of data from previous single-particle measurements, the trends in proton and neutron vacancy were explored across the 28,30,32,34 Si isotopes. Both proton and neutron vacancy data show gradual changes in their occupancies. The proton 1s 1/2 orbitals in 32 Si and 34 Si are both consistent with being empty. In conclusion, the ground-state nucleon distributions are described by shell-model calculations constrained to the 1s-0d model space.

Watwood, N. [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Ar↗
DOE OSTI2024

Single-neutron adding on $^{34}$S

For this work, single-neutron adding data was collected in order to determine the distribution of the single-neutron strength of the 0ƒ 7/2 , 1p 3/2 , 1p 1/2 and 0ƒ 5/2 orbitals outside of Z = 16, N = 18, 34 S. The 34 S(d,p) 35 S reaction has been measured at 8 MeV/u to investigate cross sections to excited states in 35 S. Outgoing proton yields and momenta were analyzed by the Super-Enge Split-Pole Spectrograph in conjunction with the CeBrA demonstrator located at the John D. Fox Laboratory at Florida State University. Angular distributions were compared with Distorted Wave Born Approximation calculations in order to extract single-neutron spectroscopic overlaps. Spectroscopic overlaps and strengths were determined for states in S up through 6 MeV in excitation energy. Each orbital was observed to have fragmented strength where a single level carried the majority. The single-neutron centroids of the 0ƒ 7/2 , 1p 3/2 , 1p 1/2 and 0ƒ 5/2 orbitals were determined to be 2360$^{+90}_{-40}$ keV, 3280$^{+80}_{-50}$ keV, 4780$^{+60}_{-40}$ keV, and ≳7500 keV, respectively. A previous discrepancy in the literature with respect to the distribution of the neutron 1p 1/2 strength was resolved. The integration of the normalized spectroscopic strengths, up to 5.1 MeV in excitation energy, revealed fully-vacant occupancies for the 0ƒ 7/2 , 1p 3/2 , and 1p 1/2 orbitals, as expected. The spacing in the single-neutron energies highlighted a reduction in the traditional N = 28 shell-gap, relative to both the 1p spin-orbit energy difference (N = 32) and the lower limit on the N = 34 shell spacing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗