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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2018

Modelling and Laboratory Testing of Particle Resuspension and Transport for the Assessment of Terrestrial-Borne Biological Contamination of the Samples on the Mars 2020 Mission

The Mars 2020 mission will land a rover on the surface of Mars that will acquire, encapsulate, and cache scientifically selected samples of martian material for possible return to Earth by a future mission. The samples will be individually encapsulated and sealed in sample tubes. Each sample, and therefore each sample tube, must be kept clean of viable organisms with a terrestrial origin, which may adhere to the rover on their own and/or on other non-biological particles. Therefore, contrary to previous missions to the Red Planet, Mars 2020 is subject to new and more stringent biological, organic and inorganic contamination requirements. This paper reports on the analyses and testing performed to assess the various vectors that can lead to the terrestrial-borne contamination of the samples, focusing on those that are predicted to be the larger contributors. Specifically, the contamination of the sample tubes is expected to be very small prior to the commencement of the mission’s science phase since these tubes are protected by so-called Fluid Mechanical Particle Barriers. Once on the surface of Mars however the sample tubes will be removed from their FMPBs and be subject to contamination from the rover. Of specific interest is the vector by which winds dislodge some particles from the surface of the rover and transport them to the surrounding soil. Naturally, such assessments require multi-disciplinary analyses involving at minimum the physics of particle adhesion and resuspension from surfaces, fluid mechanics and aerosols. Here we provide an overview of these models. We also report on particle resuspension experiments we have performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to both guide and validate the aforementioned physics models.

Steltzner, Adam↗
NASA NTRS2022

Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover SHERLOC Instrument Isolation System

The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) successfully landed the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover at Jezero Crater on the Martian surface. Perseverance’s main mission objective is to cache Martian rock and regolith samples in hermetically sealed tubes to be brought back to Earth by future missions. To achieve this goal the rover is equipped with a 2-meter-long Robotic Arm (RA) which manipulates the Turret to interact with the surface. The Turret is comprised of science instruments and tools that enable surface sampling and science. The backbone of the Turret hardware is the Rotary Percussive Coring Drill. The science instruments, which are directly mounted to the structural housing of this drill, must be able to withstand not only the launch and entry, descent and landing (EDL) loads of the vehicle but also the dynamic percussive environment, induced by the drill throughout surface operations. This paper discusses the technical hardware design, development and testing of a vibration isolation system to protect the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Instrument from these dynamic environments. The hardware design aspect of this problem was limited by both size and mass constraints. The Turret is tightly configured and the physical space in which hardware can reside is restricted due to multiple axes of surface interaction points. Another driving requirement is the extreme range of thermal non-operational environment from -135C to +90C. This, in addition to SHERLOC being a heavier instrument than previously integrated on a turret, made the use of isolation systems employed on previous rover missions problematic. The final design incorporates custom wire mesh springs preloaded within titanium hexapod struts equipped with flexure ends. Custom versions of commercially available wire mesh springs were designed and tested. These custom springs differed in dimension, density and stiffness from the off the shelf options. The newly designed springs went through various stages of flight acceptance testing. Detailed physics-based modeling to understand what loads the isolation system would experience was used to define the test conditions for the springs and entire isolation subsystem. The testing program developed around this was extensive to fully characterize the isolation performance over cleanliness levels, temperature and life. Another major aspect of this work was developing a method of replicating the drill’s percussive environment for performance and life testing of Turret mounted hardware. Attaching the instrument to an operating drill for testing was not a viable option. A method of using a Highly Accelerated Life Test (HALT) table was developed and applied across the project as the most representative and tunable option to physically simulate this new environment. This method, along with launch environment random vibration testing, was used to build an entire dynamic qualification and flight hardware test program. The results of the design, modeling, testing and analysis of the SHERLOC Isolation System is described throughout the following paper.

Krafchak, Todd↗
NASA NTRS2020

Electromagnetic Compatibility Test and Analysis Campaign of NASA's Mars 2020 Rover

NASA's Mars 2020 Rover—with a launch window opening July 2020, and landing expected February 2021—has mission objectives to look for evidence of habitability, seek biosignatures of past life, collect and cache samples for possible future return to Earth, and prepare for future human missions. The Rover platform is similar to the previous Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) “Curiosity” rover that landed in 2012 but contains a new suite of scientific instruments and upgrades to existing functionality. The scientific payload includes a trio of chemical analysis tools (PIXL, SHERLOC, SuperCam), a ground penetrating radar (RIMFAX), an upgraded weather station (MEDA), upgraded high resolution camera (MastCam-Z), and an oxygen-producing experiment (MOXIE). These changes—along with new efficiency goals to operate more Rover subsystems concurrently and thus collect more science—presented new electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) challenges. In this paper, we will describe the campaign to ensure Mars 2020 mission success from an electromagnetic environment perspective: 1) confirming existing MSL heritage subsystems and EMC requirements were compatible with the new Mars 2020 mission objectives, 2) engaging with engineers and scientists early in the project to identify and evaluate risks before hardware assembly and performing ambitious risk reduction tests, 3) undertaking a comprehensive subsystem qualification test program based on tailored MIL-STD-461F requirements, occasionally leading to redesign, 4) synthesizing the data collected to perform detailed analyses toward the goal of making risk-informed decisions at a system level. The spacecraft has successfully completed all three planned system level tests, demonstrating self-compatibility with minimal impact to operations from electromagnetic interference in all mission phases.

Gonzales, Edward C↗
NASA NTRS2020

Electromagnetic Compatibility Test and Analysis Campaign of NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Final Submission

NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover—with a launch window opening July 2020, and landing expected February 2021—has mission objectives to look for evidence of habitability, seek biosignatures of past life, collect and cache samples for possible future return to Earth, and prepare for future human missions to Mars. The Rover platform is similar to the previous Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) “Curiosity” rover that landed in 2012 but contains a new suite of scientific instruments and upgrades to existing functionality: seven new and/or upgraded scientific payloads, an upgraded arm and sampling system, and a Helicopter demonstration. These changes—along with new efficiency goals to operate more Rover subsystems concurrently and thus collect more science—presented new electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) challenges. In this paper, we will describe the campaign to ensure Mars 2020 mission success from an electromagnetic environment perspective: 1) confirming existing MSL heritage subsystems and EMC requirements were compatible with the new Mars 2020 mission objectives, 2) engaging with engineers and scientists early in the project to identify and evaluate risks before hardware assembly and performing ambitious risk reduction tests, 3) undertaking a comprehensive subsystem qualification test program based on tailored MIL-STD-461F requirements, occasionally leading to redesign, 4) synthesizing the data collected to perform detailed analyses toward the goal of making risk-informed decisions at a system level. The spacecraft successfully completed all three planned system level tests, demonstrating self-compatibility with minimal impact to operations from electromagn

Gonzales, Edward C↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Exploring the Jezero Delta Front: Overview of Results From the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s Second Science Campaign

The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on February 18, 2021, with the mission goals to explore the geology, astrobiological potential, and modern environment of the crater floor and delta, and to collect and cache well-documented samples for Mars Sample Return. After completion of the “Crater Floor” science campaign, the rover conducted a rapid traverse (sols 379-414) to the Three Forks region of the crater floor adjacent to the delta front. From here, Perseverance’s second “Delta Front” science campaign (DFC) began on Sol 415, April 20, 2022. The DFC has explored two lobes of the delta front, the neighboring crater floor, and their contact zone, focusing on the lowest geologic exposures composing the Jezero delta (largely mapped within the delta “thin layered unit”). As of January 1, 2023, Perseverance has covered 14325 km of traverse distance and collected 15 rock sample cores, 2 regolith samples, 1 atmospheric sample, and 3 witness tubes, employing a sample pair strategy where each unique sample is paired with a companion sample core from the same location, to enable the construction of two different caches. After sample depot construction at Three Forks, the DFC will conclude upon re-ascent of the delta front, and the next “Delta Top” science campaign will start.

Mars 2020 Mission↗
NASA NTRS2022

Perseverance Rover Collision Model for a range of Autonomous Behaviors

The NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on Mars on 18 February 2021. It is a science mission to collect and cache sample cores for possible return to Earth in the future. Robot collision modeling is traditionally used in robotics for hardware safety for manipulation and sampling. The Mars 2020 Rover Collision Model (RCM) optimizes and extends collision checking in innovative ways to provide a range of onboard autonomous capability on a computationally constrained system. It provides an example of the benefit of systems and operations cognizant software design and development of autonomous systems.

Klein, Douglas↗
NASA NTRS2016

Continued Development of in Situ Geochronology for Planetary Using KArLE (Potassium-Argon Laser Experiment)

Geochronology is a fundamental measurement for planetary samples, providing the ability to establish an absolute chronology for geological events, including crystallization history, magmatic evolution, and alteration events, and providing global and solar system context for such events. The capability for in situ geochronology will open up the ability for geochronology to be accomplished as part of lander or rover complement, on multiple samples rather than just those returned. An in situ geochronology package can also complement sample return missions by identifying the most interesting rocks to cache or return to Earth. The K-Ar radiometric dating approach to in situ dating has been validated by the Curiosity rover on Mars as well as several laboratories on Earth. Several independent projects developing in situ rock dating for planetary samples, based on the K-Ar method, are giving promising results. Among them, the Potassium (K)-Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE) at MSFC is based on techniques already in use for in planetary exploration, specifically, Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS, used on the Curiosity Chemcam), mass spectroscopy (used on multiple planetary missions, including Curiosity, ExoMars, and Rosetta), and optical imaging (used on most missions).

In SITU Geochronology↗
NASA NTRS2020

EDL Simulation Results for the Mars 2020 Landing Site Safety Assessment

The Mars 2020 rover is NASA’s next flagship mission, set to explore Mars in search of scientific evidence of past microbial life. Importantly, the rover will also, for the first time, have the ability to collect and cache rock and soil samples for retrieval and return to laboratories here on Earth. A key step in the development of the Mars 2020 mission is the selection of a suitable landing site with the largest likelihood of meeting scientific goals. This decision is a complex and critical one that requires close interaction between the scientific and engineering communities. The chosen landing site must be both scientifically interesting — providing the project with the greatest possible chance of gathering credible and defendable scientific evidence — and also safe enough to attempt a landing in the first place. Thus, arguably one of the most important undertakings of the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) team, is to effectively enumerate, quantify, and communicate the landing risks to all of the stakeholders. The culmination of this effort is the Landing Site Safety Assessment, which is a review commissioned by the project, presided over by the EDL Standing Review Board, and attended by management and science stakeholders, in which the EDL team communicates their assessment of the associated landing risks and the statistical probability of a successful landing at each of the final candidate landing sites. This paper summarizes the results of high-fidelity computer simulations of the Mars 2020 EDL sequence used in this assessment. From an EDL performance perspective, all four candidates offer similar level of robustness, which is in-family with Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). However, two new features of the Mars 2020 EDL sequence – range trigger and Terrain-Relative Navigation (TRN) – dramatically enhance the capability of the EDL system to safely land at landing sites with much more rugged terrain than ever before considered. This has allowed the landing site selection for Mars 2020 to proceed in a manner that has been unprecedentedly weighted more heavily toward scientific interest and less heavily on engineering constraints. With TRN, the overall probability of success is predicted to be approximately 99% for all of the candidates.

David Way↗
NASA NTRS2024

The Scientific Value of Collecting Samples From the Jezero Crater Rim

The Mars 2020 mission has been conducting ground-based investigation of the geology, habitability, and biosignature preservation potential and collecting samples for return to Earth in Jezero crater, Mars for nearly 3 years. Analysis of these samples will address outstanding questions in Mars science including potential habitability and how and why the climate the interior of the planet evolved through time. As of December 2023, samples of 4 igneous rocks of the Jezero crater floor and 9 sedimentary rocks of the Jezero fan and inner margin, remain on the rover. 15 tubes remain to be filled to enhance the diversity of the cache and broaden the scope of the science questions that can be addressed with returned sample studies. The next step in the mission is to explore the Jezero crater rim. It will be imperative to investigate and sample the diversity of crater rim rocks because they represent materials from Mars’ most ancient crust older than those sampled in Jezero crater, a diversity of geologic processes, and potential ancient habitable environments that have not yet been investigated or sampled. Ongoing mapping efforts are using orbiter data and long-distance images from Perseverance to identify and interpret the geologic context of the crater rim. Building on this effort and the broader geologic context for the crater rim put forward by previous studies, we identify diverse targets for in situ investigation and potential sampling by Mars 2020.

Mars sample return↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Scientific Significance of Potential Samples From the Jezero Crater Rim

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover has been exploring Jezero crater, Mars to characterize the geology,assess the potential for rocks to represent ancient habitable environments and/or preserve biosignatures, and collect a suite of scientifically compelling samples for return to Earth (Farleyet al.,2020).Thus far, Perseverance has collected samples that represent the diversity of igneous materials encountered on the crater floor and a suite of aqueously deposited sedimentary rocks from the fanand margin units(Simon et al., 2023; Bosak et al., 2024). When the rover ascendsthe crater rimit will encounter rocktypesthat are not included in the current sample cache. These include rocks fromthe Noachian whose mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological recordswould greatly expand our understanding of early Mars. Some of the exposures are understood to come from subsurface aquifers that may represent the most ancient potentially habitablesubsurfaceenvironmentson Mars(Ehlmann et al., 2024). Samples ofthese rocks will add uniquescientific value tothe sample cache and to the Mars sample returnprogramby addressing outstanding questions in Mars science including potential habitability and how the climate and the interior of the planet evolved through time.

Mars 2020↗
NASA NTRS1999

FIDO - Video File

Field Integrated Design and Operations (FIDO) rover is a prototype of the Mars Sample Return rovers that will carry the integrated Athena Science Payload to Mars in 2003 and 2005. The purpose of FIDO is to simulate, using Mars analog settings, the complex surface operations that will be necessary to find, characterize, obtain, cache, and return samples to the ascent vehicles on the landers. This videotape shows tests of the FIDO in the Mojave Desert. These tests include drilling through rock and movement of the rover. Also included in this tape are interviews with Dr Raymond Arvidson, the test director for FIDO, and Dr. Eric Baumgartner, Robotics Engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1999

Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Mission Overview

The Mars Surveyor 2001 mission to Mars was initially a key element in the Mars sample return sequence of missions. A capable rover, carrying the Cornell Athena instruments would be placed on Mars to roam over several kilometers, select samples, and place them in a cache for return by a subsequent mission. Inevitably, budget constraints forced descopes. At one critical point, the landed payload consisted only of the HEDS (Human Exploration and Development of Space) payloads selected for testing environmental properties of the surface for future human exploration. Then Congress intervened and put back some of the funding that had been deleted. NASA next redefined the payload to include as many of the Athena instruments as possible, to be distributed between the lander deck and a Sojourner class rover. This payload would then be placed on a modified version of the Mars Polar Lander rather than on the much larger, and more expensive, lander that had been originally designed for the mission. With this functionality restored the '01 mission remains an important and pivotal element of the Mars Surveyor program. It completes the Mars Observer objectives with the gamma ray spectrometer mapping. This mission will largely complete the global characterization phase of Mars exploration and mark the beginning of focused surface exploration leading to return of the first samples and the search for evidence of past Martian life. MSP'01 also is the first mission in the combined Mars exploration strategy of the HEDS and Space Science Enterprises of NASA. This mission, and those to follow, will demonstrate technologies and collect environmental data that will provide the basis for a decision to send humans to Mars. The NASA exploration strategy for Mars includes orbiters, landers and rovers launched in 2001 and 2003 and a sample return mission to be launched in 2005, returning a sample by 2008. The purpose of the rovers is to explore and characterize sites on Mars. The 2003 and 2005 missions will select rocks, soil, and atmosphere for return to earth.

Saunders, R. Stephen↗
NASA NTRS2022

Identifying Shocked Feldspar on Mars Using Perseverance Spectroscopic Instruments: Implications for Geochronology Studies on Returned Samples

The Perseverance rover (Mars 2020) mission, the first step in NASA’s Mars Sample Return (MSR) program, will select samples for caching based on their potential to improve understanding Mars’ astrobiological, geological, geochemical, and climatic evolution. Geochronologic analyses will be among the key measurements planned for returned samples. Assessing a sample’s shock history will be critical because shock metamorphism could influence apparent sample age. Shock effects in one Mars-relevant mineral class, plagioclase feldspar, have been well- documented using various spectroscopy techniques (thermal infrared reflectance, emission, and transmission spectroscopy, Raman, and luminescence). A subset of these data will be obtained with the SuperCam and SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals) instruments onboard Perseverance to inform caching decisions for MSR. Here, we review shock indicators in plagioclase feldspar as revealed in Raman, luminescence, and IR spectroscopy lab data, with an emphasis on Raman spectroscopy. We consider how this information may inform caching decisions for selecting optimal samples for geochronology measurements. We then identify challenges and make recommendations for both in situ measurements performed with SuperCam and SHERLOC and for supporting lab studies to enhance the success of geochronologic analyses after return to Earth.

mars↗
NASA NTRS2022

First 210 solar days of Mars 2020 Perseverance Robotic Operations – Mobility, Robotic Arm, Sampling, and Helicopter

This paper includes the summary, lessonslearned, and upcoming plans for the first 210 Mars solar days(sols) of the mission. The focus of the paper is on roboticoperations which has the primary responsibility for strategicplanning, uplink commanding and downlink analysis forrover mobility and navigation, robotic arm operation, thesampling and caching capability including coring, theadaptive caching assembly and the 2nd sample handlingrobotic arm, and interface to the Mars helicopter Ingenuity.As of Sol 210 the rover has driven 2663.65 meters, executed20764 robotic arm and sampling commands, and hassuccessfully completed 13 helicopter flights covering 2382meters horizontal distance. It includes the OperationsReadiness Tests in preparation for landing, landing and initialcheckouts, strategic route planning to the science destinationand waypoints, surface checkout of all of the roboticscapability of the rover. It also discusses the strategic planningand tactical agility needed for interleaving scienceinvestigation and technology demonstration of the Marshelicopter flights where a minimum distance had to bemaintained between the rover and helicopter during flights. Itdiscusses the challenges with planning robotic operations andaddressing anomalies with the larger uncertainty presentduring early mission operations. It also discusses the impacton robotic operations from lessons incorporated fromprevious missions.

Ono, Hiro↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Mars 2020 Watson Imaging Subsystem of the Sherloc Investigation and Anticpated Early Results

In February 2021, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is anticipated to touch down in Jezero crater, Mars. Perseverance is unique in that it will conduct in situ science as well as cache samples for eventual return to Earth for analysis in terrestrial laboratories. It will explore the geologic setting within Jezero over a range of scales in order to address fundamental questions about the evolution of Mars and assess whether there is evidence of past or present Martian life. The Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering (WATSON), one of two imaging subsystems within the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument[1,2], acquires images that support scientific study of Jezero crater and sample acquisition, as well as rover and instrument operations(Fig. 1).WATSON serves a number of roles; it 1) provides color context imaging of SHERLOC and Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Litho chemistry (PIXL)analysis locations, placing the spatial distribution of organics and mineralogy detected by SHERLOC and the elemental maps generated by PIXL within the context of rock texture and structure; 2)acquires stand-alone observations of rock structures and textures from the outcrop to the grain scale; and 3)images rover components and other instruments to monitor their health and condition. We plan to present images acquired within the first ~30 sols of operations.

M E Minitti↗
NASA NTRS2016

The Potassium-Argon Laser Experiment (karle): In Situ Geochronology for Planetary Missions

Isotopic dating is an essential tool to establish an absolute chronology for geological events. It enables a planet's crystallization history, magmatic evolution, and alteration to be placed into the framework of solar system history. The capability for in situ geochronology will open up the ability for this crucial measurement to be accomplished as part of lander or rover complement. An in situ geochronology package can also complement sample return missions by identifying the most interesting rocks to cache or return to Earth. Appropriate application of in situ dating will enable geochronology on more terrains than can be reached with sample-return missions to the Moon, Mars, asteroids, outer planetary satellites, and other bodies that contain rocky components. The capability of flight instruments to conduct in situ geochronology is called out in the NASA Planetary Science Decadal Survey and the NASA Technology Roadmap as needing development to serve the community's needs. Beagle 2 is the only mission launched to date with the explicit aim to perform in situ K-Ar isotopic dating [1], but it failed to communicate and was lost. The first in situ K-Ar date on Mars, using SAM and APXS measurements on the Cumberland mudstone [2], yielded an age of 4.21 +/- 0.35 Ga and validated the idea of K-Ar dating on other planets, though the Curiosity method is not purpose-built for dating and requires many assumptions that degrade its precision. To get more precise and meaningful ages, multiple groups are developing dedicated in situ dating instruments.

planetary↗
NASA NTRS2022

Balancing Predictive and Reactive Science Planning for Mars 2020 Perseverance

The design of the science planning process for a space science mission needs to find a balance between operational and resource constraints and scientific decision-making. Science planning has previously been characterized as either predictive or reactive. Predictive science planning is needed when constraints drive science activities to be planned far in advance. For example, a combination of long one-way light time plus high-stakes science decisions drove the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn to have an extremely predictive planning process. On the other extreme, reactive science planning is needed when constraints drive science activities to be planned based on the results of the previous plan. For example, the Mars Exploration Rover mission interacted with the surface of Mars, and so the planning team needed to know the state of the rover at the end of each planning cycle before starting the next cycle. Operational and resource constraints that require management on intermediate timescales has led to the development of a science planning process between these two extremes. For example, the Mars Science Laboratory is a technically complex rover and has a parallel predictive process that allows the operations team to manage engineering constraints several days in advance while maintaining the reactive tactical planning process similar to that of MER. The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is a technically complex rover in the MSL style, but has an added layer of science complexity: it is tasked with collecting a returnable cache of scientifically valuable samples of Mars within prime mission. Thus, the science planning process also needs to accommodate high-stakes longer-term science decisions in the style of Cassini. In order to balance the push-pull of these constraints, we have developed a science campaign-focused operational paradigm for Mars 2020 Perseverance that allows for both predictive planning to accommodate technological complexity and high-stakes science decisions as well as reactive planning to accommodate the realities of interacting with the martian surface. This paradigm influenced the design of operational processes and operational tools.

Spanovich, Nicole↗