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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

EMT-related protein expression in polyploid giant cancer cells and their daughter cells with different passages after triptolide treatment

Our previous work has demonstrated that paclitaxel can induce the formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) and inhibit tumor growth by reprogramming ovarian cancer epithelial cells to a benign fibroblastic state via epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Here, triptolide (TPL) was used to treat the breast and ovarian cancer lines. The morphologic characteristics and EMT-related protein expression were studied in different generation of cancer cells after TPL treatment. When BT-549 and HEY cells reached 80–90% confluence, TPL was added to BT-549 for 48 h and HEY for 9 h at a concentration of 40 ng/ml. Scattered PGCCs survived from TPL treatment and generated daughter cells, and then were cultured in medium without TPL for at least ten generation. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining were performed to detect the expression levels and subcellular location of EMT-related proteins in control cells and different generation of TPL-induced PGCCs with daughter cells. Furthermore, wound-healing, transwell, cell counting kit-8, and MTT assay were used to compare the alternation of migration, invasion, and proliferation among control cells and different generation of TPL-induced PGCCs with daughter cells. Scattered PGCCs survived from the treatment of TPL and produced small-sized daughter cells 20–30 days after treatment. Compared to the control cells, the first generation of TPL-induced PGCCs with their daughter cells differentially expressed EMT-related proteins including fibronectin, E-cadherin, vimentin, and Twist, and had lower migration, invasion, and proliferation abilities. The abilities of migration, invasion, and proliferation of TPL-induced PGCCs with their daughter cells gradually enhanced as the passages increasing, and markedly exceeded the control cells in the tenth generation. TPL-induced PGCCs with their daughter cells gradually obtain the abilities of invasion and metastasis in vitro as the number of passage increasing, which can be used to mimick the cancer cells subjected to anti-cancer drugs in vivo and may provide some new insights to explore the mechanism of cancer invasion, metastasis and relapse after chemotherapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
NASA NTRS2008

Efficient Unstructured Grid Adaptation Methods for Sonic Boom Prediction

This paper examines the use of two grid adaptation methods to improve the accuracy of the near-to-mid field pressure signature prediction of supersonic aircraft computed using the USM3D unstructured grid flow solver. The first method (ADV) is an interactive adaptation process that uses grid movement rather than enrichment to more accurately resolve the expansion and compression waves. The second method (SSGRID) uses an a priori adaptation approach to stretch and shear the original unstructured grid to align the grid with the pressure waves and reduce the cell count required to achieve an accurate signature prediction at a given distance from the vehicle. Both methods initially create negative volume cells that are repaired in a module in the ADV code. While both approaches provide significant improvements in the near field signature (< 3 body lengths) relative to a baseline grid without increasing the number of grid points, only the SSGRID approach allows the details of the signature to be accurately computed at mid-field distances (3-10 body lengths) for direct use with mid-field-to-ground boom propagation codes.

Campbell, Richard L.↗
DOE OSTI2018

LncRNA LINC00319 accelerates ovarian cancer progression through miR-423-5p/NACC1 pathway

Highlights: • LINC00319 is upregulated in ovarian cancer. • LINC00319 promotes ovarian cancer proliferation, migration and invasion. • LINC00319 promotes NACC1 expression by interacting with miR-423-5p. • LINC00319 promotes ovarian cancer progression relying on miR-423-5p/NACC1 pathway. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00319 has been reported to promote carcinogenesis of lung cancer and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role and mechanism of LINC00319 in ovarian cancer progression is unclear. In this study, LINC00319 expression was found to be upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. And our evidence showed that LINC00319 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with ovarian cancer. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation and transwell assays indicated that LINC00319 upregulation promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay revealed that LINC00319 worked as the sponge for miR-423-5p. Furthermore, miR-423-5p directly targeted NACC1. qRT-PCR and western blot results demonstrated that LINC00319 upregulates NACC1 expression through inhibiting miR-423-5p in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, we observed an inverse expression correlation between miR-423-5p and LINC00319 or between miR-423-5p and NACC1 in ovarian cancer tissues. Finally, rescue assay showed that NACC1 restoration rescued the potentials of proliferation, migration and invasion in LINC00319-depleted ovarian cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that LINC00319 promotes ovarian cancer progression through upregulating NACC1 expression by restraining miR-423-5p.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1977

Hematology and immunology studies

A coordinated series of experiments were conducted to evaluate immunologic and hemotologic system responses of Skylab crewmen to prolonged space flights. A reduced PHA responsiveness was observed on recovery, together with a reduced number of T-cells, with both values returning to normal 3 to 5 days postflight. Subnormal red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit values also returned gradually to preflight limits. Most pronounced changes were found in the shape of red blood cells during extended space missions with a rapid reversal of these changes upon reentry into a normal gravitational environment.

Kimzey, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Osteoblastic phenotype of rat marrow stromal cells cultured in the presence of dexamethasone, beta-glycerolphosphate, and L-ascorbic acid

We investigated the effects of the time course of addition of osteogenic supplements dexamethasone, beta-glycerolphosphate, and L-ascorbic acid to rat marrow stromal cells, and the exposure time on the proliferation and differentiation of the cells. It was the goal of these experiments to determine the time point for supplement addition to optimize marrow stromal cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation. To determine this, two studies were performed; one study was based on the age of the cells from harvest, and the other study was based on the duration of exposure to supplemented medium. Cells were seen to proliferate rapidly at early time points in the presence and absence of osteogenic supplements as determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of replicating cells. These results were supported by cell counts ascertained through total DNA analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin production at 21 days were highest for both experimental designs when the cells were exposed to supplemented medium immediately upon harvest. The ALP levels at 21 days were six times greater for cells maintained in supplements throughout than for control cells cultured in the absence of supplements for both studies, reaching an absolute value of 75 x 10(-7) micromole/min/cell. Osteocalcin production reached 20 x 10(-6) ng/cell at 21 days in both studies for cells maintained in supplemented medium throughout the study, whereas the control cells produced an insignificant amount of osteocalcin. These results suggest that the addition of osteogenic supplements to marrow-derived cells early in the culture period did not inhibit proliferation and greatly enhanced the osteoblastic phenotype of cells in a rat model.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2018

Enhanced antitumor effect of combination of annexin A1 knockdown and bortezomib treatment in multiple myeloma in vitro and in vivo

Highlights: • ANXA1 knockdown suppresses secretion of inflammatory factors in MM cells. • ANXA1 knockdown enhances BTZ-mediated antitumor effect in MM cells in vitro. • ANXA1 knockdown enhances BTZ-mediated antitumor effect in MM cells in vivo. • Combination of ANXA1 silencing and BTZ combination inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation. Bortezomib (BTZ) is one of the most frequently used drugs in treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), but drug-resistance often occurs and limits its clinical efficacy. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is upregulated in MM, and its knockdown enhances chemosensitivity in MM. However, whether ANXA1 inhibition can increase antitumor activity of BTZ in MM cells remains unknown. In the present study, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays showed that ANXA1 silencing combined with BTZ treatment led to a more significant inhibition of MM cell proliferation than each treatment alone. Cell apoptosis was dramatically promoted in MM cells following silencing of ANXA1 and BTZ administration versus that in ANXA1-silenced alone or BTZ-treated alone cells, as evidenced by decreased expression of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 and BCL2, and increased expression of BAX. Moreover, we demonstrated that the levels of IL-6 and IL-23 were markedly downregulated in ANXA1-silenced and BTZ-treated MM cells. Furthermore, the combination of ANXA1 knockdown and BTZ treatment distinctly suppressed tumor growth in vivo compared with BTZ treatment alone. Taken together, our results show that downregulation of ANXA1 enhances antitumor activity of BTZ in MM in vitro and in vivo, indicating that ANXA1 may be a promising target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of MM to BTZ.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Impact of HIV-1 subtype and Korean Red Ginseng on AIDS progression: comparison of subtype B and subtype D

To date, no study has described disease progression in Asian patients infected with HIV-1 subtype D. To determine whether the disease progression differs in patients infected with subtypes D and B prior to starting combination antiretroviral therapy, the annual decline (AD) in CD4 + T cell counts over 96 59 months was retrospectively analyzed in 163 patients and compared in subtypes D and B based on the nef gene. CD4 + T cell AD was significantly higher in the six subtype D-infected patients than in the 157 subtype B-infected patients irrespective of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatment (p < 0.001). Of these, two subtype D-infected patients and 116 subtype B-infected patients had taken KRG. AD was significantly lower in patient in the KRG-treated group than in those in the KRG-naïve group irrespective of subtype (p < 0.05). To control for the effect of KRG, patients not treated with KRG were analyzed, with AD found to be significantly greater in subtype D-infected patients than in subtype B-infected patients (p < 0.01). KRG treatment had a greater effect on AD in subtype D-infected patients than in subtype B-infected patients (4.5-fold vs. 1.6-fold). Mortality rates were significantly higher in both the 45 KRG-naïve (p < 0.001) and all 163 (p < 0.01) patients infected with subtype D than subtype B. Subtype D infection is associated with a >2-fold higher risk of death and a 2.9-fold greater rate of progression than subtype B, regardless of KRG treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2024

Impact of Simulated Microgravity on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation

Background Long term exposure to microgravity has adverse effects on human body such as bone loss. Due to the vital role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) in bone regeneration, studying MSC under microgravity conditions has been of interest during the past decade. However, high cost and limited access to space flight can dampen enthusiasm of researchers. Microgravity simulators provide a way to investigate the effects of microgravity in human physiology. Methods In this study, we compared MSC cultures under simulated microgravity using random positioning machine (RPM) and Gravite 3D simulators. Two culture durations, 1 week and 2 weeks, were selected for MSC cultures without media change. To evaluate impact of simulated microgravity on cell proliferation, cell counting was performed using trypan blue exclusion assay. Additionally, RNA samples and conditioned media were collected for further analysis. Results After 1 week and 2 weeks, no cell morphology change was observed from RPM and Gravite cultures compared to control. Notably, distinct lower cell confluence at the edge of the flasks on the RPM was observed, which could be caused by fluid sheer forces. MSCs cultured on both microgravity simulators showed decreased cell proliferation after 1-week culture. After 2-week culture, cells grown on the RPM showed no significant difference in cell proliferation compared with control while cells cultured on the Gravite bioreactor showed significantly enhanced MSC proliferation. Conclusion Type of microgravity simulator and duration of culture significantly affect MSC proliferation. Further investigation into how simulated microgravity influences MSC gene expression and cytokine secretion related to bone loss is currently on going in our lab.

Cuiping Zhang↗
NASA NTRS2015

NASA Space Radiation Program Integrative Risk Model Toolkit

NASA Space Radiation Program Element scientists have been actively involved in development of an integrative risk models toolkit that includes models for acute radiation risk and organ dose projection (ARRBOD), NASA space radiation cancer risk projection (NSCR), hemocyte dose estimation (HemoDose), GCR event-based risk model code (GERMcode), and relativistic ion tracks (RITRACKS), NASA radiation track image (NASARTI), and the On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space (OLTARIS). This session will introduce the components of the risk toolkit with opportunity for hands on demonstrations. The brief descriptions of each tools are: ARRBOD for Organ dose projection and acute radiation risk calculation from exposure to solar particle event; NSCR for Projection of cancer risk from exposure to space radiation; HemoDose for retrospective dose estimation by using multi-type blood cell counts; GERMcode for basic physical and biophysical properties for an ion beam, and biophysical and radiobiological properties for a beam transport to the target in the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory beam line; RITRACKS for simulation of heavy ion and delta-ray track structure, radiation chemistry, DNA structure and DNA damage at the molecular scale; NASARTI for modeling of the effects of space radiation on human cells and tissue by incorporating a physical model of tracks, cell nucleus, and DNA damage foci with image segmentation for the automated count; and OLTARIS, an integrated tool set utilizing HZETRN (High Charge and Energy Transport) intended to help scientists and engineers study the effects of space radiation on shielding materials, electronics, and biological systems.

Kim, Myung-Hee Y.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gamma Spectrometry Inside an Analytical Laboratory Hot Cell

One of the unique capabilities of the Analytical Laboratory at the Materials and Fuels Complex is the ability to analyze samples in-cell by gamma spectrometry. This presentation will discuss some of the challenges inherent to gamma spectrometry in high-background areas, as well as some of the advantages to in-cell counting.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

GLIDR promotes the progression of glioma by regulating the miR-4677-3p/MAGI2 axis

Gliomas are the most common and fatal primary brain tumors. Growing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute novel and potential therapeutic targets for glioma. However, the biological role of glioblastoma down-regulated RNA (GLIDR) in glioma remains largely elusive. In the current study, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect GLIDR expression in glioma cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, JC-1 staining, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the role of GLIDR in proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. Western blotting was performed to assess the effect of GLIDR on the level of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, bioinformatics prediction, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter gene assays were used to study the regulatory mechanisms of GLIDR in glioma. GLIDR was found to be highly expressed in glioma cells and silencing of GLIDR inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Functionally, GLIDR bound to miR-4677-3p that directly targeted membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW, and PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (MAGI2). Our data showed that GLIDR affects the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells by targeting miR-4677-3p to regulate the expression of MAGI2. In conclusion, our study determined the oncogenic role of GLIDR in glioma, which may provide a new perspective for the treatment of glioma.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2005

Conservative Patch Algorithm and Mesh Sequencing for PAB3D

A mesh-sequencing algorithm and a conservative patched-grid-interface algorithm (hereafter Patch Algorithm ) have been incorporated into the PAB3D code, which is a computer program that solves the Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of subsonic, transonic, or supersonic flows surrounding an aircraft or other complex aerodynamic shapes. These algorithms are efficient, flexible, and have added tremendously to the capabilities of PAB3D. The mesh-sequencing algorithm makes it possible to perform preliminary computations using only a fraction of the grid cells (provided the original cell count is divisible by an integer) along any grid coordinate axis, independently of the other axes. The patch algorithm addresses another critical need in multi-block grid situation where the cell faces of adjacent grid blocks may not coincide, leading to errors in calculating fluxes of conserved physical quantities across interfaces between the blocks. The patch algorithm, based on the Stokes integral formulation of the applicable conservation laws, effectively matches each of the interfacial cells on one side of the block interface to the corresponding fractional cell area pieces on the other side. This approach is comprehensive and unified such that all interface topology is automatically processed without user intervention. This algorithm is implemented in a preprocessing code that creates a cell-by-cell database that will maintain flux conservation at any level of full or reduced grid density as the user may choose by way of the mesh-sequencing algorithm. These two algorithms have enhanced the numerical accuracy of the code, reduced the time and effort for grid preprocessing, and provided users with the flexibility of performing computations at any desired full or reduced grid resolution to suit their specific computational requirements.

Pao, S. P.↗
DOE OSTI2018

AURKA contributes to the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis via the regulation of ROS

Highlights: • AURKA knockdown inhibited the proliferation and ETM in OSCC cell lines. • Silencing AURKA induced apoptosis and ROS in OSCC cell lines. • AURKA knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is known as one of the most common cancer influencing the head and neck region. However, the molecular mechanisms revealing OSCC progression is largely unclear. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a serine-threonine kinase that functions in mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation, and is associated with the progression of human cancers. But its role in regulating OSCC development has not yet been investigated. In the study, we found that AURKA expression was up-regulated in OSCC cell lines and tumor specimens from patients. OSCC patients with high expression of AURKA exhibited a significant decreased overall survival rate. In vitro, AURKA knockdown markedly reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cells using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), EdU, colony formation and transwell analysis. EMT was suppressed by AURKA silence, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of E-cadherin and down-regulated Vimentin in OSCC cells. In addition, apoptosis was markedly induced by AURKA inhibition through promoting the expression of cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also markedly enhanced in AURKA-knockdown OSCC cells. Importantly, we found that repressing ROS generation using its scavenger of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly abolished AURKA silence-induced apoptosis, accompanied with restored proliferation and EMT. In vivo, AURKA knockdown notably inhibited tumor growth. Therefore, knockdown of AURKA suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and also induced apoptosis and ROS generation in OSCC possibly via the production of ROS, demonstrating that AURKA inhibition might represent a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of OSCC.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2003

Epstein-Barr virus DNA loads in adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are at high risk of developing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma. However, little is known of the EBV DNA loads in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, we demonstrated that significantly more HIV-1-infected patients receiving HAART than HIV-1-uninfected volunteers had detectable EBV DNA in blood (57 [81%] of 70 vs. 11 [16%] of 68 patients; P=.001) and saliva (55 [79%] of 68 vs. 37 [54%] of 68 patients; P=.002). The mean EBV loads in blood and saliva samples were also higher in HIV-1-infected patients than in HIV-1-uninfected volunteers (P=.001). The frequency of EBV detection in blood was associated with lower CD4+ cell counts (P=.03) among HIV-1-infected individuals, although no differences were observed in the EBV DNA loads in blood or saliva samples in the HIV-1-infected group. Additional studies are needed to determine whether EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells play a role in the pathogenesis of EBV in HIV-1-infected patients receiving HAART.

NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology↗
NASA NTRS2004

Soluble Protein Analysis using a Compact Bench-top Flow Cytometer

Future space exploration missions will require analytical technology capable of providing both autonomous medical care to the crew and investigative capabilities to researchers. While several promising candidate technologies exist for further development, flow cytometry is an attractive technology as it offers both crew health (blood cell count, leukocyte differential, etc.) and a wide array of biochemistry and immunology assays. research settings, the application of this technique to soluble protein analysis is also possible. Proteomic beads using fluorescent dyes for optical encoding were used to monitor six cytokines simultaneously in cell medium of cell cultures in stationary and rotating cell culture systems. The results of this work demonstrate that a compact flow cytometer, such as a system proposed for space flight, can detect a variety of soluble proteins for crew health and biotechnology experiments during long-term missions.

Pappas, Dimitri↗
NASA NTRS1997

The effect of space flight on monoclonal antibody synthesis in a hybridoma mouse cell line

The hybridoma cell line, 3G10G5, producing a monoclonal antibody to the major capsid protein VP1 from the avian polyomavirus budgerigar fledgling disease virus, was produced from a Balb/C mouse. This cell line was used to test the effects of microgravity on cellular processes, specifically protein synthesis. A time course study utilizing incorporation of [35S]methionine into newly synthesized monoclonal antibody was performed on STS-77. After 5.5 days, it was observed that cell counts for the samples exposed to microgravity were lower than those of ground-based samples. However, radiolabel incorporation of the synthesized monoclonal antibody was similar in both orbiter and ground control samples. Overall, microgravity does not seem to have an effect on this cell line's ability to synthesize IgG protein.

manned↗
DOE OSTI2018

miR-125b-5p inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting KIAA1522

Highlights: • miR-125b-5p expression was found downregulated in breast cancer. • We explored the tumor suppressive role of miR-125b-5p in breast cancer. • KIAA1522 was reported to function as oncogene in breast cancer. • KIAA1522 was a direct target of miR-125b-5p in breast cancer. Abnormal gene expression due to the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) often occurred in the initiation or progression of cancers. The aim of this present study was to investigate the function role of miR-125b-5p in breast cancer (BC). Expression levels of miR-125b-5p were determined by quantitative Real-time PCR. Biological functions of miR-125b-5p in the progression of BC were investigated with a series of in vitro experiments including cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing assay and transwell invasion assay. The target of miR-125b-5p in BC was validated by luciferase activity reporter assay and western blot assay. We found miR-125b-5p expression was significantly reduced in BC cell lines compared to the normal breast epithelial cell line. Functional assays showed that cell proliferation, colony formation ability, cell migration, and cell invasion can be suppressed by miR-125b-5p overexpression. Besides, KIAA1522 was validated as a direct target of miR-125b-5p in BC. Collectively, our study showed that miR-125b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor and regulates BC progression through targeting KIAA1522.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗