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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Multi-scale Interaction Mechanism for Edge-Localized-Mode Suppression in the Tokamak Edge

A central challenge in fusion energy is reconciling the high-confinement mode required for reactor performance with the intense intermittent relaxation events it produces, known as edge-localized modes. These instabilities arise in the steep pressure pedestal at the plasma edge when magnetohydrodynamic thresholds are crossed, inflicting damaging heat loads on reactor components. Here, we show that multiscale interactions between microscopic turbulence and macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic modes provide encouraging prospects for self-organized edge-localized modes regulation. Using direct quantitative measurements of multiscale modes, eddy dynamics, and turbulent flux, we show that small-scale electron drift wave turbulence actively scatters the large-scale peeling-ballooning modes. This scattering decorrelates the pressure and velocity fields of the instability, so arresting its growth. Our modeling and theoretical analysis confirm this suppression mechanism is effective even when conventional linear stability thresholds are exceeded. This work establishes a nonlinear principle for edge-localized modes stability, revealing how ambient micro-turbulence can be leveraged to maintain a macro-stable, high-performance pedestal for future fusion reactors.

experimental nuclear physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Unveiling Structural Heterogeneity and Imbalance of Gold Decahedral Nanoparticles using Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Multi-twinned structures have been observed in technologically important crystal systems, for example diamond cubic and face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices, that include materials such as diamond, silicon, a wide range of noble metals, and their nanoscale counterparts. Beyond atomic building blocks, the special arrangements also occur in the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NP) and μm-sized colloidal particles and occupy parts of their phase diagrams. Spanning a wide range of length scales, the universality of the structures arises when the systems attempt to achieve multitwinned structures by overcoming geometric misfits during minimizing surface energies with entirely {111} or close-packing facets. While it is fundamental to understand how strain is sustained upon twinned structures and symmetry breaking, the knowledge will be paramount in practical aspects such as guiding and controlling the thin film growth, anisotropic NP growth, and self-assembly of NPs. Au decahedral (Dh) NP, as the most prevalent multi-twinned model system, fits five tetrahedral motifs into a circle by sharing an axis resulting in a geometric misfit angle of 7.35°, or a disclination with power of -7.35°. Postulating how Au FCC lattice adopts the misfit, theoretical models have been developed to address the underlying lattice symmetry and inhomogeneous strain distribution separately. Yet, experimental reports regarding the former have been limited due to the relatively large X-ray beam sizes that do not fit the sizes of NPs. On the other hand, though the latter has been widely adapted in the thermodynamics of small (<10 nm) multi-twinned nanoparticles, previous literature has shown that, at edge length of 17 nm, the theory’s is invalidated by shear strain that is observed in a defect-free Au Dh NP by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging. Though the advancement of aberrationcorrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) imaging and ab initio calculation techniques brings new opportunities, along with challenges in complicated image analysis and limitation in particle size (usually below 10 nm), the gap between nanoscale and mesoscale has never been extended to gain insight from atomic system with straightforward interaction potentials.

4D-STEM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic imaging and statistical analysis of the metamagnetic phase transition of FeRh with electron spins in diamond

Magnetic imaging based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has emerged as a powerful tool for probing magnetic phenomena in fields ranging from biology to physics. A key strength of NV sensing is its local-probe nature, enabling high-resolution spatial images of magnetic stray fields emanating from a sample. However, this local character can also form a drawback for analyzing the global properties of a system, such as a phase transition temperature. Here, we address this challenge by using statistical analyses of magnetic-field maps to characterize the first-order temperature-driven metamagnetic phase transition from the antiferromagnetic to the ferromagnetic state in FeRh. After imaging the phase transition and identifying the regimes of nucleation, growth, and coalescence of ferromagnetic domains, we statistically characterize the spatial magnetic-field maps to extract the transition temperature and thermal hysteresis width. By analyzing the spatial correlations of the maps in relation to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and external magnetic field, we detect a reorientation of domain walls across the phase transition. The employed statistical approach can be extended to the study of other magnetic phenomena with NV magnetometry or other sensing techniques.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

On how fast ions enhance the regulation of drift wave turbulence by zonal flows

Abstract This paper presents a mechanism for enhanced regulation of drift wave turbulence by zonal flows in the presence of a fast ion population. It demonstrates that dilution effects due to the energetic particles (EPs) have a far-reaching impact on all aspects of the nonlinear dynamics. The modulational growth of zonal flow shear and the corresponding evolution of drift wave energy are calculated with dilution effects. The coupled zonal flow growth and drift wave energy equations are reduced to a predator–prey model. This is solved for the fixed points, which represents the various states of the system. Results display a strong dependence on dilution, which leads to greatly reduced levels of saturated turbulence and transport. Implications for the FIRE mode plasma of KSTAR are discussed in detail. This model is perhaps the simplest dynamical one which captures the beneficial effects of EPs on confinement.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Application-driven synthesis and characterization of hexagonal boron nitride deposited on metals and carbon nanotubes

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is unique among two-dimensional materials, with a large band gap (~6 eV) and high in-plane thermal conductivity (>400 W m -1 K -1 ), second only to diamond among electrical insulators. Many studies to date have relied on exfoliated h-BN, however, for large-scale applications the material must be synthesized by methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Here, we first investigate single-layer h-BN synthesized by CVD on single crystal platinum (Pt), comparing these films with h-BN deposited on more commonly used polycrystalline Pt and Cu. The h-BN film grown on single crystal Pt has the lowest surface roughness and best spatial homogeneity, and our electrochemical transfer process allows the Pt to be reused with no measurable degradation. Additionally, we also demonstrate direct capping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with as-grown h-BN, but we find that the direct growth partly degrades the CNT electrical conductivity. On the other hand, we show that transferred monolayer h-BN can serve as an ultrathin barrier which protects MoS2 from damage at high temperatures and discuss other applications that take advantage of the conformal h-BN deposition.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2023

Vitamin interdependencies predicted by metagenomics-informed network analyses and validated in microbial community microcosms

Abstract Metagenomic or metabarcoding data are often used to predict microbial interactions in complex communities, but these predictions are rarely explored experimentally. Here, we use an organism abundance correlation network to investigate factors that control community organization in mine tailings-derived laboratory microbial consortia grown under dozens of conditions. The network is overlaid with metagenomic information about functional capacities to generate testable hypotheses. We develop a metric to predict the importance of each node within its local network environments relative to correlated vitamin auxotrophs, and predict that a Variovorax species is a hub as an important source of thiamine. Quantification of thiamine during the growth of Variovorax in minimal media show high levels of thiamine production, up to 100 mg/L. A few of the correlated thiamine auxotrophs are predicted to produce pantothenate, which we show is required for growth of Variovorax , supporting that a subset of vitamin-dependent interactions are mutualistic. A Cryptococcus yeast produces the B-vitamin pantothenate, and co-culturing with Variovorax leads to a 90-130-fold fitness increase for both organisms. Our study demonstrates the predictive power of metagenome-informed, microbial consortia-based network analyses for identifying microbial interactions that underpin the structure and functioning of microbial communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Unconventional polaronic ground state in superconducting LiTi 2 O 4

Geometrically frustrated lattices can display a range of correlated phenomena, ranging from spin frustration and charge order to dispersionless flat bands due to quantum interference. One particularly compelling family of such materials is the half-valence spinel LiB 2 O 4 materials. On the B-site frustrated pyrochlore sublattice, the interplay of correlated metallic behavior and charge frustration leads to a superconducting state in LiTi 2 O 4 and heavy fermion behavior in LiV 2 O 4 . To date, however, LiTi 2 O 4 has primarily been understood as a conventional BCS superconductor despite a lattice structure that could host more exotic ground states. Here, we present a multimodal investigation of LiTi 2 O 4 , combining ARPES, RIXS, proximate magnetic probes, and ab-initio many-body theoretical calculations. Our data reveals a novel mobile polaronic ground state with spectroscopic signatures that underlie co-dominant electron-phonon coupling and electron-electron correlations also found in the lightly doped cuprates. The cooperation between the two interaction scales distinguishes LiTi 2 O 4 from other superconducting titanates, suggesting an unconventional origin to superconductivity in LiTi 2 O 4 . Our work deepens our understanding of the rare interplay of electron-electron correlations and electron-phonon coupling in unconventional superconducting systems. In particular, our work identifies the geometrically frustrated, mixed-valence spinel family as an under-explored platform for discovering unconventional, correlated ground states.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

An exploration of anomalous electrical noise in shocked cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)-based explosives

Gas gun shock experiments on cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)-based explosive compositions that employ embedded gauge particle velocity tracers have noted a significant amount of electrical noise when compared to other explosive formulations. This paper reexamines previously published embedded gauge data on Cyclotols (60–80 wt. % RDX) to quantify the electromagnetic behavior of these materials. The primary observation is a fourfold increase in the electrical noise when Cyclotols are shocked above 4.22 ± 0.08 GPa. Electromagnetic gauge noise is also observed within particle velocity traces in reactive growth and off-Hugoniot shocks, although at higher pressures than the direct shock case, suggesting a temperature- or kinetically dependent transition. In all cases, the electrical noise disappears upon detonation. By comparing with the static high-pressure phase diagram of RDX, we interpret this change in electromagnetic behavior to be a change in the RDX crystal structure to a piezoelectric phase, although it is uncertain whether the γ or ε phase is responsible for the observed behavior.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fine scale sampling reveals early differentiation of rhizosphere microbiome from bulk soil in young Brachypodium plant roots

Abstract For a deeper and comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of rhizosphere microbiomes, we need to focus at the scale of individual roots in standardized growth containers. Root exudation patterns are known to vary along distinct parts of the root even in juvenile plants giving rise to spatially distinct microbial niches. To address this, we analyzed the microbial community from two spatially distinct zones of the developing primary root (tip and base) in young Brachypodium distachyon grown in natural soil using standardized fabricated ecosystems known as EcoFABs as well as in more conventional pot and tubes. 16S rRNA based community analysis showed a strong rhizosphere effect resulting in significant enrichment of several OTUs belonging to Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. However, microbial community composition did not differ between root tips and root base or across different growth containers. Functional analysis of bulk metagenomics revealed significant differences between root tips and bulk soil. The genes associated with different metabolic pathways and root colonization were enriched in root tips. On the other hand, genes associated with nutrient-limitation and environmental stress were prominent in the bulk soil compared to root tips, implying the absence of easily available, labile carbon and nutrients in bulk soil relative to roots. Such insights into the relationships between developing root and microbial communities are critical for judicious understanding of plant-microbe interactions in early developmental stages of plants.

Acharya, Shwetha M.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Increasing the mobility and power-electronics figure of merit of AlGaN with atomically thin AlN/GaN digital-alloy superlattices

Alloy scattering in random AlGaN alloys drastically reduces the electron mobility and, therefore, the power-electronics figure of merit. As a result, Al compositions greater than 75% are required to obtain even a twofold increase in the Baliga figure of merit compared to GaN. However, beyond approximately 80% Al composition, donors in AlGaN undergo the DX transition, which makes impurity doping increasingly more difficult. Moreover, the contact resistance increases exponentially with the increase in Al content, and integration with dielectrics becomes difficult due to the upward shift of the conduction band. Atomically thin superlattices of AlN and GaN, also known as digital alloys, are known to grow experimentally under appropriate growth conditions. These chemically ordered nanostructures could offer significantly enhanced figure of merit compared to their random alloy counterparts due to the absence of alloy scattering, as well as better integration with contact metals and dielectrics. In this work, we investigate the electronic structure and phonon-limited electron mobility of atomically thin AlN/GaN digital-alloy superlattices using first-principles calculations based on density-functional and many-body perturbation theory. The bandgap of the atomically thin superlattices reaches 4.8 eV, and the in-plane (out-of-plane) mobility is 369 (452) cm 2 V -1 s -1 . Using the modified Baliga figure of merit that accounts for the dopant ionization energy, here we demonstrate that atomically thin AlN/GaN superlattices with a monolayer sublattice periodicity have the highest modified Baliga figure of merit among several technologically relevant ultra-wide bandgap materials, including random AlGaN, β-Ga 2 O 3 , cBN, and diamond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

How does your gyroid grow? A mesoatomic perspective on supramolecular, soft matter network crystals

We propose and describe a framework to understand the structure of supramolecular network crystals formed in soft matter in terms of mesoatomic building blocks, collective groupings of amphiphilic molecules that play a role analogous to atomic or molecular subunits of hard matter crystals. While the concept of mesoatoms is intuitive and widely invoked in crystalline arrangements of spherelike or cylinderlike (micellelike) domains, analogous notions of natural and physically meaningful building blocks of triply periodic network (TPN) crystals, like the double-gyroid or double-diamond structures are obscured by the complex, bicontinuous domain shapes and intercatenated topologies of the double networks. Focusing on the specific example of diblock copolymer melts, we propose generic rules for decomposing TPN crystals into a unique set of mesoatomic building blocks. Based on physically motivated principles, the combination of symmetries and topologies of these structures point to mesoatomic elements associated with the nodal connections, leading to mesoatomic volumes that are nonconvex and bound by smoothly curved faces, unlike the more familiar Voronoi polyhedral shapes associated with spherelike and cylinderlike mesoatoms. We analyze the shapes of these mesoatoms, their internal structure, and importantly, their local packing with neighbor mesoatomic units. Importantly, we hypothesize that mesoatoms are kinetically favored intermediate structures whose local shapes and packing template network crystal assembly on long time scales. We propose and study a minimal energetic model of mesoatom assembly for three different cubic double-network crystals, based on local shape packing, which predicts a detailed picture for kinetics of intercatenation and surface growth. Based on these analyses, we discuss several possible extensions and elaborations of the mesoatomic description of supramolecular soft matter network crystals, most notably the implications of mesoatomic malleability, a feature that distinguishes soft matter from hard matter crystals. We describe experimental observations of malleable mesoatomic units in the precursor sponge phase as well as in ordered cubic networks and suggest possibilities for observing mesoatoms in primordial, precrystalline states.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evidence and modeling of turbulence bifurcation in L-mode confinement transitions on Alcator C-Mod

Analysis and modeling of rotation reversal hysteresis experiments show that a single turbulent bifurcation is responsible for the Linear to Saturated Ohmic Confinement (LOC/SOC) transition and concomitant intrinsic rotation reversal on Alcator C-Mod. Plasmas on either side of the reversal exhibit different toroidal rotation profiles and therefore different turbulence characteristics despite the profiles of density and temperature, which are indistinguishable within measurement uncertainty. Elements of this bifurcation are also shown to persist for auxiliary heated L-modes. The deactivation of subdominant (in the linear growth rate and contribution to heat transport) ion temperature gradient and trapped electron mode instabilities is identified as the only possible change in turbulence within a reduced quasilinear transport model across the reversal, which is consistent with the measured profiles and inferred heat and particle fluxes. Experimental constraints on a possible change from strong to weak turbulence, outside the description of the quasilinear model, are also discussed. These results indicate an explanation for the LOC/SOC transition that provides a mechanism for the hysteresis through the dynamics of subdominant modes and changes in their relative populations and does not involve a change in the most linearly unstable ion-scale drift-wave instability.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evolution of structure and spectroscopic properties of a new 1,3-diacetylpyrene polymorph with temperature and pressure

A new polymorph of 1,3-diacetylpyrene has been obtained from its melt and thoroughly characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, steady-state UV–Vis spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory calculations. Experimental studies covered the temperature range from 90 to 390 K and the pressure range from atmospheric to 4.08 GPa. Optimal sample placement in a diamond anvil cell according to our previously presented methodology ensured over 80% data coverage up to 0.8 Å for a monoclinic sample. Unrestrained Hirshfeld atom refinement of the high-pressure crystal structures was successful and anharmonic behavior of carbonyl oxygen atoms was observed. Unlike the previously characterized polymorph, the structure of 2°AP-β is based on infinite π-stacks of antiparallel 2°AP molecules. 2°AP-β displays piezochromism and piezofluorochromism which are directly related to the variation in interplanar distances within the π-stacking. The importance of weak intermolecular interactions is reflected in the substantial negative thermal expansion coefficient of -55.8 (57) MK -1 in the direction of C—H∙∙∙O interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Topochemical Synthesis and Electronic Structure of High-Crystallinity Infinite-Layer Nickelates on an Orthorhombic Substrate

Superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelates has stirred much research interest, to which questions regarding the nature of superconductivity remain elusive. A critical leap forward to address these intricate questions is through the growth of high-crystallinity infinite-layer nickelates, including the “parent” phase. Here, we report the synthesis of a high-quality thin-film nickelate, NdNiO 2 . This is achieved through the growth of a perovskite precursor phase (NdNiO 3 ) of superior crystallinity on the NdGaO 3 substrate by off-axis RF magnetron sputtering and a low-temperature topochemical reduction using NaH. We observe a nonlinear Hall effect at low temperatures in this “non-doped” phase. We further study the electronic properties using advanced X-ray scattering and first-principles calculations. We observe spectroscopic indications of the enhanced two-dimensionality and a reduced hybridization of Nd 5d and Ni 3d orbitals. These findings unlock new pathways for preparing high-quality infinite-layer nickelates and provide new insights into the intrinsic features of these compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

How does negative triangularity mitigate ITG turbulence and transport?

Improved confinement in negative triangularity (NT) experiments is attributed to reduced fluxes driven by micro-turbulence. The physical mechanism of why thermal confinement improves in NT relative to PT is unknown. This study employs gyrokinetic flux tube simulations using the GENE code with local Miller equilibrium to elucidate the physical mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of NT flux surface shapes. The focus is on collisionless ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence with adiabatic electrons. The kinetic profiles are held fixed across a scan of triangularity values, thus enabling comparisons on a level playing field. The reduced linear growth rates for NT is shown to be due to a reduced eigenmode averaged magnetic drift frequency and a wider, stronger negative local magnetic shear region about the outboard mid-plane. The nonlinear heat flux is lower for NT than that for PT, due to reduced radial correlation length and increased correlation time (τ c ) of fluctuations. These, in turn, are due to a comparatively higher level of self-generated zero-frequency E × B zonal shearing rate ω E in NT as compared to PT. Though the linear zonal potential residual is lower for NT, the nonlinearly generated E × B zonal shearing rate is higher for NT than for PT. This outcome is linked to the distinctive features of the radial wavenumber spectra of the zonal potential and the zonal shearing rate. The dimensionless parameter ω E τ c is suggested as a figure of merit. This is higher for NT than for PT. Thus, the reduced heat diffusivity for NT is linked to increased ω E τ c . Self-generated temperature corrugations (i.e. zonal temperature gradients) are much weaker than the background mean temperature gradient. Nevertheless, temperature corrugations are more pronounced in NT than in PT.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Turbulence spreading effects on the ELM size and SOL width

BOUT++ turbulence simulations were performed to investigate the impact of turbulence spreading on the edge localized mode (ELM) size and divertor heat flux width (λ q ) broadening in small ELM regimes. Here, this study is motivated by EAST experiments. BOUT++ linear simulations of a pedestal radial electric field (E r ) scan show that the dominant toroidal number mode (n) shifts from high-n to low-n, with a narrow mode spectrum, and the maximum linear growth rate increases as the pedestal E r well deepens. The nonlinear simulations show that as the net E × B pedestal flow increases, the pressure fluctuation level and its inward penetration beyond the top of the pedestal both increase. This leads to a transition from small ELMs to large ELMs. Both inward and outward turbulence spreading are sensitive to the scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma profiles. The inward turbulence spreading increases for the steep SOL profiles, leading to increasing pedestal energy loss in the small ELM regime. The SOL width (λ q ) is significantly broadened progressing from the ELM-free to small ELM regime, due to the onset of strong radial turbulent transport. The extent of the SOL width (λ q ) broadening depends strongly on outward turbulence spreading. The fluctuation energy intensity flux Γ ε at the separatrix can be enhanced by increasing either pedestal E r flow shear or local SOL pressure gradient. The λ q is broadened as the fluctuation energy intensity flux Γ ε at the last close flux surface (LCFS) increases. Local SOL E × B flow shear will restrain outward turbulence spreading and the associated heat flux width broadening. Operating in H-mode with small ELMs has the potential to solve two critical problems: reducing the ELM size and broadening the SOL width.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mapping the three-dimensional fermiology of the triangular lattice magnet EuAg 4 Sb 2

In this paper, we report the temperature-field phase diagram as well as present a comprehensive study of the electronic structure and three-dimensional fermiology of the triangular-lattice magnet EuAg 4 ⁢Sb 2 , utilizing quantum oscillation measurements, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations. The complex magnetic phase diagram of EuAg 4 ⁢Sb 2 highlights many transitions through nontrivial AFM states. Shubnikov-de Haas and de Haas-van Alphen oscillations were observed in the polarized ferromagnetic state of EuAg 4 ⁢Sb 2 , revealing three pairs of distinct spin-split frequency branches with small effective masses. A comparison of the angle-dependent oscillation data with first-principles calculations in the ferromagnetic state and angle-resolved photoemission spectra shows good agreement, identifying tubular hole pockets and hourglass-shaped hole pockets at the Brillouin zone center, as well as diamond-shaped electron pockets at the zone boundary. As the temperature increases, the frequency branches of the tiny hourglass pockets evolve into a more cylindrical shape, while the larger pockets remain unchanged. This highlights that variations in exchange splitting, driven by changes in the magnetic moment, primarily impact the small Fermi pockets without significantly altering the overall band structure. As a result, this is consistent with first-principles calculations, which show minimal changes near the Fermi level across ferromagnetic and simple antiferromagnetic states or under varying on-site Coulomb repulsion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Influence of the drive design on ablation front hydrodynamic instability growth in a capsule implosion at the National Ignition Facility

A critical aspect of inertial confinement fusion experiments lies in the control of ablation front instabilities during the implosion process. The growth of Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities, seeded by target defects, can significantly degrade the performance of the implosion. Here, this study explores the influence of drive design on ablation front stability using the hydro-growth radiography platform at the National Ignition Facility. This platform allows the measurement of the ablation front hydrodynamic instability growth. Because these measurements are restricted to early convergence, their primary role is to constrain the initial instability growth and benchmark the simulations used to infer shell integrity and performance at peak velocity and ignition. Three ignition designs, Hybrid-E (HyE), SQ-n (“S” for scaling and “Q” for quality), and High temperature, High thickness (HiT) were analyzed. The results demonstrated a high dependence of the growth factor on the choice of design, capsule scale as well as the hohlraum conditions, mainly the radiative temperature and the gold M-band emission. HyE and SQ-n display a similar growth factor range, but their evolution is different due to the design differences in hohlraum conditions. HiT has the lowest growth factor of the studied designs, which is a result of a higher radiative temperature. These results highlight the importance of design choices in controlling instability dynamics. These insights inform future drive design strategies to enhance stability and efficiency in fusion ignition experiments.

Physics↗