Modeling the two-way coupling of stress, diffusion, and oxidation in heterogeneous CMC microstructures
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Jacob J. Schichtel↗
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MODIS Reflective Solar Bands On-Orbit Calibration and Performance
The design of the MODIS instrument was driven by the scientific community's desire to have near-daily global coverage at moderate resolution (1 km) with a comprehensive spectral coverage from visible to long-wave infrared wavelengths. Since their launches in 1999 and 2002, respectively, the Terra and Aqua MODIS instruments have made continuous global observations and generated numerous data products to help users worldwide with their studies of the Earth's system and its short- and long-term changes. The 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) with wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.2 m collect data at three nadir spatial resolutions: 250 m, 500 m, and 1 km. The solar diffuser (SD) coupled with the solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) provide a reflectance-based calibration on-orbit. In addition, lunar observations and response trends from pseudo-invariant desert sites are used to characterize the response versus scan- angle changes on-orbit. This paper provides a brief overview of MODIS RSB calibration algorithms, as implemented in the latest Level 1B version 6.1, operational activities, on-orbit performance, remaining challenges and potential improvements. Results from the SD and SDSM measurements show a wavelength and mirror side dependent degradation in RSB responses, with the largest degradation at the shortest wavelengths, particularly for Terra MODIS. Aqua MODIS has experienced far less degradation of its optics and on-board calibrators compared to Terra MODIS, resulting in an overall better performance. With the exception of Aqua band 6, there have been no new noisy or inoperable detectors in the RSB of either instrument during post-launch operations. As the instruments age and continue to endure the space environment, the detectors and optical systems degrade. The challenges associated with incorporating these on-orbit changes to ensure a production of high-quality calibrated L1B data products are also discussed in this paper.
solar diffuser stability monitor↗
Turbulent transport of a passive-scalar field by using a renormalization-group method
A passive-scalar field is considered to evolve under the influence of a turbulent fluid governed by the Navier-Stokes equation. Turbulent-transport coefficients are calculated by small-scale elimination using a renormalization-group method. Turbulent processes couple both the viscosity and the diffusivity. In the absence of any correlation between the passive-scalar fluctuations and any component of the fluid velocity, the renormalized diffusivity is essentially the same as if the fluid velocity were frozen, although the renormalized equation does contain higher-order nonlinear terms involving viscosity. This arises due to the nonlinear interaction of the velocity with itself. In the presence of a finite correlation, the turbulent diffusivity becomes coupled with both the velocity field and the viscosity. There is then a dependence of the turbulent decay of the passive scalar on the turbulent Prandtl number.
Hossain, Murshed↗
Gravity wave propagation in a diffusively separated atmosphere with height-dependent collision frequencies
Numerical calculations of gravity wave propagation through a two-component thermosphere with vertically-varying inter-species collision frequencies are performed using a direct integration method. Reflection of upgoing gravity wave energy into downgoing gravity waves appears to be small though nonnegligible at typical thermospheric periods and wavelengths. Coupling into diffusion waves is completely insignificant in most cases and may be determined in part by the relative abundance of the minor species. Temperature perturbation differences between species can be greater than 10% above 300 km altitude even though coupling into diffusion waves is small. Diffusive dissipation of gravity wave energy can be significant in the lower thermosphere and may be comparable to dissipation by viscosity and heat conduction below about 225 km altitude. Heating by diffusive dissipation may also be comparable to direct heating by solar radiation in the lower thermosphere. As a result of dissipative filtering of long-period and short-wavelength waves and the sensitivity of He-N2 density perturbation phase differences to diffusion, the AE-C satellite wave observations can only be fit by internal gravity waves with periods no greater than about 25 min and horizontal wavelengths no less than about 200 km.
Del Genio, A. D.↗
Diffusion in thin film couples of platinum-gold.
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Nowak, W. B.↗
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitated Electrons in Diffuse Aurora Driven by Time Domain Structures
Recent theoretical studies and the spacecraft conjugate observations between the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission and the low-altitude Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) spacecraft demonstrated the connections between broadband electrostatic fluctuations, the so called time domain structures (TDSs), and electron precipitation in the region of diffuse aurora. In this letter, we used the SuperThermal Electron Transport (STET) code to implement these theoretical and experimental results and analyze magnetosphere-ionosphere energy interplay of the precipitated electrons that are driven by TDSs. To put TDSs electron scattering processes in the context with other wave scattering activities, ECH and whistler chorus waves are taken into account. Integrated electron energy fluxes in the diffuse aurora driven by TDSs are comparable to those driven by whistler waves. We find that including Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling processes increases the integrated electron energy fluxes by more than two times than only driven by TDSs.
diffuse aurora↗
The coupled effects of chemistry and diffusion on the stratospheric ozone reduction
The effect of diffusive-mixing on O3-depletion is estimated using the five-step chemistry model. The coupled treatment uses an equilibrium turbulence field and retains the key features of the kinetics while keeping the chemistry simple. Results indicate that those calculations of Hilst and Donaldson (1973) employing the conservation of NO2/NO will yield erroneous results, and it is found that any significant level of turbulence will reduce the severity of the NOx catalytic cycle for O3 destruction.
Gupta, R. N.↗
Isentropic phase changes in dissociating gases and the method of sound dispersion for the investigation of homogeneous gas reactions with very high speed : Conclusion
The analytical results of Part I are also applied to sound dispersion by friction and heat conduction, An irreversible change of momentum, energy, and type of particle corresponding to friction, heat conduction, and diffusion effects can appear both in the direction of the sound field and traverse to it. Longitudinal damping, the coupling of longitudinal damping and that due to chemical and physical changes, and coupling of diffusion and compositional changes are treated for a plane sound wave of infinite extent. The same principles are also applied to sound effects in cylindrical tubes. The limitations of the method are discussed in some detail.
SOUND VELOCITY - GASES↗
Two-dimensional hygrothermal diffusions into a finite width composite laminate
Two dimensional hygroscopic diffusion into composite laminates with free edges was obtained through the use of a second order finite difference scheme. A computer program was developed for the transient nonlinear coupled hygrothermal diffusion into finite width laminates with varying surface conditions along two edges. The formulation permits the diffusion coefficient to be a function of temperature, moisture concentration, and fiber orientation. The moisture distributions thus obtained are necessary for analysis of the moisture induced interlaminar stresses in the vicinity of free edges. It is shown that large diffusion times tend to eliminate the significance of stacking sequence, but gradients within and between layers are significant for all diffusion times.
Farley, G. L.↗
Ion transport and loss in the Earth's quiet ring current. 2: Diffusion and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
We have studied the transport and loss of H(+), He(+), and He(++) ions in the Earth's quiet time ring current (1 to 300 keV/e, 3 to 7 R(sub E), Kp less than 2+, absolute value of Dst less than 11, 70 to 110 degs pitchangles, all LT) comparing the standard radial diffusion model developed for the higher-energy radiation belt particles with measurements of the lower energy ring current ions in a previous paper. Large deviations of that model, which fit only 50% of the data to within a factor of 10, suggested that another transport mechanism is operating in the ring current. Here we derive a modified diffusion coefficient corrected for electric field effects on ring current energy ions that fit nearly 80% of the data to within a factor of 2. Thus we infer that electric field fluctuations from the low-latitude to midlatitude ionosphere (ionospheric dynamo) dominated the ring current transport, rather than high-latitude or solar wind fluctuations. Much of the remaining deviation may arise from convective electric field transport of the E less than 30 keV particles. Since convection effects cannot be correctly treated with this azimuthally symmetric model, we defer treatment of the lowest-energy ions to a another paper. We give chi(exp 2) contours for the best fit, showing the dependence of the fit upon the internal/external spectral power of the predicted electric and magnetic field fluctuations.
Sheldon, R. B.↗
Finite Element Analysis of Poroelastic Composites Undergoing Thermal and Gas Diffusion
A theory for time-dependent thermal and gas diffusion in mechanically time-rate-independent anisotropic poroelastic composites has been developed. This theory advances previous work by the latter two authors by providing for critical transverse shear through a three-dimensional axisymmetric formulation and using it in a new hypothesis for determining the Biot fluid pressure-solid stress coupling factor. The derived governing equations couple material deformation with temperature and internal pore pressure and more strongly couple gas diffusion and heat transfer than the previous theory. Hence the theory accounts for the interactions between conductive heat transfer in the porous body and convective heat carried by the mass flux through the pores. The Bubnov Galerkin finite element method is applied to the governing equations to transform them into a semidiscrete finite element system. A numerical procedure is developed to solve the coupled equations in the space and time domains. The method is used to simulate two high temperature tests involving thermal-chemical decomposition of carbon-phenolic composites. In comparison with measured data, the results are accurate. Moreover unlike previous work, for a single set of poroelastic parameters, they are consistent with two measurements in a restrained thermal growth test.
Salamon, N. J.↗
Short efficient ejector systems
A research program was conducted to improve the performance of low pressure ratio ejector systems. The results show that short, efficient ejectors operating at nearly ideal performance are possible through the use of forced mixer lobes. Forced mixer lobes generate large scale axial vorticity which results in rapid mixing and improved diffuser performance. Ejector testing was conducted using both an ejector wind tunnel. Numerous mixer lobe variations were tested to develop lobe design guidelines. The improved performance of mixer-ejectors is presented over a range of operating conditions. Results of mixer lobe angle, penetration, and alignment are presented. Lobe angles of up to 25 deg, coupled with diffuser wall angles over 20 deg, operate without separation, allowing efficient, short ejector systems. Both warm and cold flow test results are presented. Temperature similarity expressions previously developed are further formulated and verified.
Presz, Walter M., Jr.↗
Dynamic magnetic reconnection at an X-type neutral point
The relaxation of a two-dimensional 'X-type' neutral point magnetic field disturbed from equilibrium is considered. Perturbations are shown to possess well-defined azimuthal modes which allow an exact determination of the magnetic annihilation rate. Free magnetic energy is dissipated by oscillatory reconnection which couples resistive diffusion at the neutral point to global advection of the outer field. The decay of azimuthally symmetric (m = 0) modes - the only modes associated with topological reconnection - is limited by the dissipation time scale of the 'fundamental' (n = 0) mode with no radial nodes. This mode decays over typically 100 Alfven times. An analytic treatment shows that the oscillation and decay time scales couple according to a given law.
Craig, I. J. D.↗
Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitated Electrons in Diffuse Aurora Driven by Time Domain Structures
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George V. Khazanov↗
The coupled effects of chemistry and diffusion on the stratospheric zone reduction
The effect of diffusive-mixing on O3 depletion using the 5 step chemistry model is estimated.
Gupta, R. N.↗
Electrochemical Growth Of Crystals In Gels
Nucleation and growth rates readily controlled. Technique developed to grow crystals by controlling rate of transfer of one component into crystallization volume. Method involves electrochemically controlled generation of one of precipitation species, coupled with diffusion barrier. New procedure, developed in connection with formation of lead tin telluride by reaction in gels of metal ions with telluride ions.
Barber, Patrick G.↗
Immiscible phase incorporation during directional solidification of hypermonotectics
Solidification processes in immiscible samples were investigated by directly observing the events taking place at the solid-liquid interface during directional solidification. Visualization of these events was made possible through the use of a transparent metal analog system and a temperature gradient stage assembly fitted to an optical microscope. The immiscible transparent analog system utilized was the succinonitrile-glycerol system. This system has been shown to exhibit the same morphological transitions as observed in metallic alloys of monotectic composition. Both monotectic and hypermonotectic composition samples were directionally solidified in order to gain an improved understanding of the manner in which the excess hypermonotectic liquid is incorporated into the solidifying structure. The processing conditions utilized prevented sedimentation of the excess hypermonotectic liquid by directionally solidifying the samples in very thin (13 microns), horizontally oriented cells. High thermal gradient to growth rate ratios (G/R) were used in an effort to prevent constitutional supercooling and the subsequent formation of L(sub 2) droplets in advance of the solidification front during the growth of fibrous composite structures. Results demonstrated that hypermonotectic composites could be produced in samples up to two weight percent off of the monotectic composition by using a G/R ratio greater than or equal to 4.6 x 10(exp 4) C(s)/mm(sup 2) to avoid constitutional supercooling. For hypermonotectic samples processed with G/R ratios below 4.6 x 10(exp 4) C(s)/mm(sup 2), constitutional supercooling occurred and resulted in slight interfacial instability. For these samples, two methods of incorporation of the hypermonotectic liquid were observed and are reported. The correlation between the phase spacing, lambda, and the growth rate, R, was examined and was found to obey a relationship generally associated with a diffusion controlled coupled growth process. For samples with compositions ranging from the monotectic composition up to 2 percent off of the monotectic composition, data indicated that the square of the phase spacing (lambda) varied linearly with the inverse of the growth rate (R).
Andrews, J. Barry↗
Convective instabilities in traveling fronts of addition polymerization
An autocatalytic reaction in an unstirred vessel can support a constant velocity wavefront resulting from the coupling of diffusion to the chemical reaction. A flare front is a common example in which heat is the autocatalytic species that diffuses into unreacted regions stimulating a reaction that produces more heat. Traveling fronts were studied in synthetic polymerization reactions under high pressure by workers in the former USSR. More recently, propagating fronts of methacrylic acid polymerization were studied under ambient conditions, both with video techniques and by NMR.
Pojman, John A.↗