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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4

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NASA NTRS2005

Effect of Projectile Materials on Foreign Object Damage of a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of AS800 silicon nitride was determined using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. The target test specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different types of projectiles were used including hardened steel balls, annealed steel balls, silicon nitride balls, and brass balls. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to better understand the severity of local impact damage. The critical impact velocity where target specimens fail upon impact was highest with brass balls, lowest with ceramic ball, and intermediate with annealed and hardened steel balls. Degree of strength degradation upon impact followed the same order as in the critical impact velocity with respect to projectile materials. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles and was correlated in terms of critical impact velocity, impact deformation, and impact load.

Choi, Sung R.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Foreign Object Damage in a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride by Spherical Projectiles of Various Materials

Assessments of foreign object damage (FOD) of a commercial, gas-turbine grade, in situ toughened silicon nitride ceramic (AS800, Honeywell Ceramics Components) were made using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. AS800 flexure target specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers in a velocity range from 50 to 450 m/s by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different projectile materials were used including hardened steel, annealed steel, silicon nitride ceramic, and brass. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to appraise the severity of local impact damage. For a given impact velocity, the degree of strength degradation was greatest for ceramic balls, least for brass balls, and intermediate for annealed and hardened steel balls. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles. Impact load as a function of impact velocity was quasi-statically estimated based on both impact and static indentation associated data.

Choi, Sung R.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Contamination Control and Hardware Processing Solutions at Marshall Space Flight Center

The Contamination Control Team of Marshall Space Flight Center's Materials and Processes Laboratory supports many Programs/ Projects that design, manufacture, and test a wide range of hardware types that are sensitive to contamination and foreign object damage (FOD). Examples where contamination/FOD concerns arise include sensitive structural bondline failure, critical orifice blockage, seal leakage, and reactive fluid compatibility (liquid oxygen, hydrazine) as well as performance degradation of sensitive instruments or spacecraft surfaces such as optical elements and thermal control systems. During the design phase, determination of the sensitivity of a hardware system to different types or levels of contamination/FOD is essential. A contamination control and FOD control plan must then be developed and implemented through all phases of ground processing, and, sometimes, on-orbit use, recovery, and refurbishment. Implementation of proper controls prevents cost and schedule impacts due to hardware damage or rework and helps assure mission success. Current capabilities are being used to support recent and on-going activities for multiple Mission Directorates / Programs such as International Space Station (ISS), James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Space Launch System (SLS) elements (tanks, engines, booster), etc. The team also advances Green Technology initiatives and addresses materials obsolescence issues for NASA and external customers, most notably in the area of solvent replacement (e.g. aqueous cleaners containing hexavalent chrome, ozone depleting chemicals (CFC s and HCFC's), suspect carcinogens). The team evaluates new surface cleanliness inspection and cleaning technologies (e.g. plasma cleaning), and maintains databases for processing support materials as well as outgassing and optical compatibility test results for spaceflight environments.

Burns, DeWitt H.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Exploring the Moon: Training Astronauts for Artemis Missions

For the first time in over 50 years, NASA scientists are training astronauts assigned to lunar missions. The successful Artemis 1 test flight in 2022 set the stage for future human missions to the Moon. The Artemis II mission will send astronauts to fly by the Moon, providing the first opportunity since Apollo for humans to directly observe and document the lunar surface from a few thousand kilometers, including the lunar far side. Artemis III will be the first human mission to land and explore the Moon’s surface near the lunar South Pole. To prepare for Artemis exploration, geology training for the Artemis II crew and detailed training plans for Artemis III and beyond are in full swing. NASA scientists have been working for several years with the Flight Operations Directorate (FOD) at the Johnson Space Center on a progressive geology training program that starts with incoming astronaut classes, offers opportunities to maintain the geology proficiency between flight assignments, and trains the broader engineering-operations-management community in geology and field operations. In the spring of 2023, our team developed an introductory week-long class called Lunar Fundamentals and delivered this content to the Artemis II crew, as well as key NASA Flight Control Team members. The Lunar Fundamentals curriculum combines basic geographic and geologic information about the Moon; includes detailed content on major geologic processes, the lunar environment, lunar volatiles, and sample science; provides historical context of our growing knowledge about the Moon; and introduces new lunar data sets and tools for exploring the lunar surface. With the Lunar Fundamentals foundation, we continue development of the advanced planetary science classroom content for the Artemis III crew, together with field training science objectives and plans. Partnering with our FOD colleagues, we are building an integrated training plan for lunar science, exploration field methods, and operational skills to ensure that the Artemis astronauts exploring the Moon will have the necessary foundation in geology and lunar science to achieve mission success.

Astronauts training↗

DOE OSTI2025

Numerical framework for integrated additive manufacturing-compression molding (AM-CM) of thermoplastic composites

Additive manufacturing-compression molding (AM-CM) has emerged as a transformative technology in advanced composite manufacturing. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers high design flexibility and the ability to produce complex geometries with precisely aligned fibers in the preferred orientation. Compression molding (CM) enhances composite materials by providing excellent dimensional stability, reduced porosity, high production rates, and a smooth surface finish. Despite these advantages, extensive integrated analysis is required to optimize processing conditions for improved fiber orientation distribution (FOD) and porosity control. Here, this study develops a comprehensive numerical model to simulate the AM-CM manufacturing process. The model isolates the effects of both the AM and CM phases while also capturing their integration. Additionally, it accounts for heat transfer, temperature-dependent viscosity, and fiber orientation in the extruded fiber-filled polymer, accurately representing material behavior during processing. This approach enables the analysis of interactions between deposited beads of complex strand shapes and their interface regions after full compression. Moreover, the model predicts key parameters such as polymer flowability, fiber orientation, and temperature evolution in AM-CM parts. By optimizing processing conditions, it facilitates a controlled and predictable microstructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Review of Safety and Exposure Limits of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) in Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) Applications

This study reviews the exposure limits and safety of intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions for wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) applications. A review of the electromagnetic field exposure limits identified in international guidelines are presented. An overview of the electromagnetic field shielding technologies is provided including recommended geometries, materials, and performances of the methods available in the literature. Available laboratory results of EMF emissions are summarized considering several wireless power transfer studies in different power levels. Possible EMF reduction techniques are discussed with shielding practices and ORNL case studies. Also, living object detection (LOD) and foreign object detection (FOD) methods are reviewed from a safety aspect.

Asa, Erdem↗

DOE OSTI2020

TRU Outdoor Operations

This detailed operating procedure (DOP) documents the process for handling, staging, and distributing (i.e., packing/unpacking) transuranic (TRU) waste in compliance with P409, LANL Waste Management, TA55-RD-539, TA-55 FOD Waste Management Requirements, and P409-1, LANL Waste Acceptance Criteria., at designated outdoor storage and operations locations at LANL TA-55.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2021

Smart Labs Final Report Summer 2021

The Smart Labs Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is an initiative derived from The University of California, Irvine and is part of the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Better Buildings Challenge. These carbon abatement strategies aim to reduce energy consumption of laboratories while also maintaining health and safety requirements. Smart Labs designs incorporate seven key principles which are: digital control systems, demand-based ventilation, low power-density demand-based lighting, exhaust fan discharge velocity optimization, pressure drop optimization, fume hood flow optimization, and commissioning with automated cross-platform fault detection. As the ALDCP Smart Labs team for the summer of 2021, the scope of the project is to determine the energy savings within building 03-1698 (Material Science Laboratory - MSL). Over the past couple of years, the Sustainability Group has been adding Smart Labs upgrades into the MSL building and the summer team would like to understand the impact made for the overall energy consumption/demand and safety for the building, determine the overall return on investment (ROI), and recommend more Smart Labs upgrades that can be added to the MSL building. The goal is to enable the UI FOD (Utilities and Infrastructure Facility Operation Division) to promote more Smart Labs projects in the future and further the reputation LANL and DOE facilities have of being leading examples of developers of high performing buildings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Campaign Guidelines: Security Starts With You [Slides]

The Security Starts With You Campaign Guidelines have been prepared by the CEA-CAS Visual Design team for use primarily by DSOs, FODs, and/or any LANL employee who wishes to extend the messaging to new and existing buildings. By adhering to this guidance, you will be a responsible steward of the “One Lab, one voice” mentality and successfully implement the Lab’s brand and security messaging on all of your communications.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Data Steward Team Wall-to-Wall Inventory Status Update October - December 2023 [Slides]

7 Wall-to-wall inventories were completed between October 2 – December 11, 2023. The team viewed 12 technical areas. A total of 280 containers were verified against current WCATS data. We worked with WMCs team to schedule for all waste throughout WFO FOD. WMCs are doing an incredible job with keeping up with all their locations; The team only found one discrepancy that was resolved the same day, and The WMC also took the time to explain their process on how containers are labeled with closure days and why it was labeled as such.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Data Steward Team Wall-To-Wall Inventory Status Update July - September 2023 [Slides]

8 Wall-to-wall inventories were completed between July 3rd – September 20th, 2023. The scheduling was broken down by FODs, and the team completed UI and IF. The team viewed 12 sites across 7 technical areas. A total of 249 containers were verified against current WCATS data. 2 containers were unable to be verified due to lack of WMC response. We worked with WMCs and Environmental Stewardship teams this quarter to schedule the wall-to-wall inventories. Discrepancies that were found were fixed by the WMCs in a timely manner. Most of the discrepancies were Labeling issues which were resolved the day of the walk down or within a week.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS1973

Impact resistance of spar-shell composite fan blades

Composite spar-shell fan blades for a 1.83 meter (6 feet) diameter fan stage were fabricated and tested in a whirling arm facility to evaluate foreign object damage (FOD) resistance. The blades were made by adhesively bonding boron-epoxy shells on titanium spars and then adhesively bonding an Inconel 625 sheath on the leading edge. The rotating blades were individually tested at a tip speed of 800 feet per second. Impacting media used were gravel, rivets, bolt, nut, ice balls, simulated birds, and a real bird. Incidence angles were typical of those which might be experienced by STOL aircraft. The tests showed that blades of the design tested in this program have satisfactory impact resistance to small objects such as gravel, rivets, nuts, bolts, and two inch diameter ice balls. The blades suffered nominal damage when impacted with one-pound birds (9 to 10 ounce slice size). However, the shell was removed from the spar for a larger slice size.

Graff, J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Boron/aluminum fan blades for SCAR engines

Processing procedures were developed to enhance boron/aluminum bond behavior and foreign object damage (FOD) tolerance. Design and analysis indicated that the J101 Stage 1 fan blade meets the required frequencies without a midspan shroud. The fabricability of full size J101 blades was assessed, while six blades were fabricated and finished machined.

Stabrylla, R. G.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Blade fragment energy analysis

Two classes of fan blade fragments were considered in an analysis of blade fragment energy. The first, of relatively small size (.15 pound) and energy, tends to rebound from the fan and case when liberated in an FOD encounter. These small fragments have relatively low secondary damage potential and are less demanding in terms of protection. The larger fan blade fragments are ejected in a more direct release trajectory with higher energy and hence can represent a higher potential hazard. Simplified analytical methods were used to describe blade fragment energy transfer kinematics, establish fragment energy levels, evaluate damage potential and configure protection. The approach, methodology, and application are discussed as a possible building block for other applications. Development of effective local protection using Kevlar is also discussed. Analysis methods developed and applied to the rebound fragment problem and to the large direct release fragment problem are described.

Oconnor, M. A., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Metal spar/superhybrid shell composite fan blades

The use of superhybrid materials in the manufacture and testing of large fan blades is analyzed. The FOD resistance of large metal spar/superhybrid fan blades is investigated. The technical effort reported was comprised of: (1) preliminary blade design; (2) detailed analysis of two selected superhybrid blade designs; (3) manufacture of two process evaluation blades and destructive evaluation; and (4) manufacture and whirligig testing of six prototype superhybrid blades.

Salemme, C. T.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Study of ice accretion on icing wind tunnel components

In a closed loop icing wind tunnel the icing cloud is simulated by introducing tiny water droplets through an array of nozzles upstream of the test section. This cloud will form ice on all tunnel components (e.g., turning vanes, inlet guide vanes, fan blades, and the heat exchanger) as the cloud flows around the tunnel. These components must have the capacity to handle their icing loads without causing significant tunnel performance degradation during the course of an evening's run. To aid in the design of these components for the proposed Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) at NASA Lewis Research Center the existing Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) is used to measure icing characteristics of the IRT's components. The results from the IRT are scaled to the AWT to account for the AWT's larger components and higher velocities. The results show that from 90 to 45 percent of the total spray cloud froze out on the heat exchanger. Furthermore, the first set of turning vanes downstream of the test section, the FOD screen and the fan blades show significant ice formation. The scaling shows that the same results would occur in the AWT.

Newton, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Study of ice accretion on icing wind tunnel components

Newton, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Thermal barrier coating life prediction model development

The objective of this program is to develop an integrated life prediction model accounting for all potential life-limiting Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) degradation and failure modes including spallation resulting from cyclic thermal stress, oxidative degradation, hot corrosion, erosion, and foreign object damage (FOD). The mechanisms and relative importance of the various degradation and failure modes will be determined, and the methodology to predict predominant mode failure life in turbine airfoil application will be developed and verified. An empirically based correlative model relating coating life to parametrically expressed driving forces such as temperature and stress will be employed. The two-layer TBC system being investigated, designated PWA264, currently is in commercial aircraft revenue service. It consists of an inner low pressure chamber plasma-sprayed NiCoCrAlY metallic bond coat underlayer (4 to 6 mils) and an outer air plasma-sprayed 7 w/o Y2O3-ZrO2 (8 to 12 mils) ceramic top layer.

Demasi, J.↗