Miniature, nanosecond, spark detector for liquid chromatographic analysis of crude oils and fuels
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Crouch, S. R.↗
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Miniature spark emission detector for liquid chromatographic analysis of crude oils and fuels
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Crouch, S. R.↗
An improved Method for Determining Transient Fuel Dilution of Oil in an Internal-Combustion Engine Using Laser-Induced Florescence and Multivariate Least Square Calibration
An optical diagnostic, based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), has been developed for on-engine measurements of real-time fuel dilution of engine oil or fuel in oil (FIO). Fuel dilution of oil is broadly relevant to advancing engine technology including durability, calibration, and catalyst-system management, and believed to promote destructive stochastic pre-ignition (SPI) during high-load engine operations. While standard (e.g., ASTM D3524-90) methods are not capable of real-time transient measurements, the LIF technique resolves transient dilution on the minutes time scale. We have expanded on our original FIO instrument development by introducing an improved analysis based on multivariate least square chemometrics analysis. The measurement uses a fuel dye (180–1300 parts per million, by mass) and monitors for its presence in the oil using 532 nm excitation and LIF. While the original FIO instrument utilized a two-color ratio method for analysis, the improved chemometric analysis uses the fully resolved LIF dye spectra to provide better predictive FIO accuracy (>92%) over a wide FIO range (1.5–14%) typical of engine application. We also investigate the effect of oil temperature on the LIF signal. Limited engine applications for demonstrating and validating the improved FIO instrument are shown, and the related data used to quantify practical detection limit and sensitivity. The improved analysis is insensitive to laser power fluctuation and change in detector integration time, providing an excellent FIO sensitivity (1–2%) and detection limit (0.01 %FIO) over a wide range of loads and injection timings, illustrating this updated approach to be a promising tool for advancing engine technology.
42 ENGINEERING↗
System Resilience Benefits of Dual-Fuel Capable Generators
The growing dependency on natural gas (NG) for power generation raises challenges for ensuring the resilience of power systems during extreme cold weather. Dual-fuel capable generators that can switch from burning NG to distillate fuel oil during a NG shortage offer one way to alleviate these challenges. In this study, the impacts of gas unavailability on the IEEE 73- bus reliability test system (RTS) with 2019 updated generation mixture are explored. An extension to the standard production cost model formulation of unit commitment and economic dis- patch is proposed to allow representation of dual-fuel capable generators that can switch fuels between NG and distillate oil with a specified oil tank capacity and tank refueling capability. The operation of the system under gas unavailability with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of combined cycle and combustion turbine generators as dual-fuel capable with a one-day supply of fuel oil are simulated using PLEXOS, a production cost model. The dual-fuel generator performance, unserved energy, and system costs are fully assessed.
duel-fuel generator performance↗
System Resilience Benefits of Dual-Fuel Capable Generators
The growing dependency on natural gas (NG) for power generation raises challenges for ensuring the resilience of power systems during extreme cold weather. Dual-fuel capable generators that can switch from burning NG to distillate fuel oil during an NG shortage over one way to alleviate these challenges. In this study, the impacts of gas unavailability on the IEEE 73-bus reliability test system (RTS) with 2019 updated generation mixture are explored. An extension to the standard production cost model formulation of unit commitment and economic dispatch is proposed to allow the representation of dual-fuel capable generators that can switch fuels between NG and distillate oil with a specified oil tank capacity and tank refueling capability. The operation of the system under gas unavailability with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of combined cycle and combustion turbine generators as dual-fuel capable with a one-day supply of fuel oil are simulated using PLEXOS, a production cost model. The dual-fuel generator performance, unserved energy, and system costs are fully assessed.
dual-fuel capable generator↗
Advanced development: Fuels
The solar thermal fuels and chemicals program at Jet Propulsion Laboratory are described. High technology is developed and applied to displace fossil fuel (oil) use in the production/processing of valuable fuels and chemicals. The technical and economic feasibility is demonstrated to extent that enables the industry to participate and commercialize the product. A representative process, namely Furfural production with a bottoming of acetone, butanol and ethanol, is described. Experimental data from all solar production of furfural is discussed. Estimates are given to show the attractiveness of this process, considering its flexibility to be adaptable to dishes, troughs or central receivers. Peat, lignite and low rank coal processing, heavy oil stripping and innovative technologies for process diagnostics and control are mentioned as examples of current projects under intensive development.
Ramohalli, K.↗
Marine Alternative Fuel Pricing, Supply, and Demand
The International Maritime Organization low sulfur fuel rules and greenhouse gas-reduction strategy may create a significant perturbation to global refinery operations, impacting volumes and prices of marine fuel globally and within the United States and incentivizing the transition to alternative fuel use. The goals of this project are to (1) enhance understanding of how very low-sulfur fuel-primarily fuel oil and diesel-and low carbon fuel requirements and promising biofuel processes will affect the marine fuel supply chain; and (2) explore how these perturbations interact with and impact indicators such as pricing, number of trips, and demand behavior, along with the potential to meet low sulfur and carbon fuel demand with biofuel supply chains, (3) merge innovative thinking in the area of marine fuels within research centers of DOE (NREL) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (Volpe). These goals will be accomplished through the combination of detailed refinery, marine fuel burn, system dynamics, and geospatially explicit linear programming models.
biofuel↗
Projected Operational Energy Life Cycle Data 2025
These excel files contain the environmental emission projections for key building energy sources: electricity, natural gas, propane (LPG), and fuel oil. The sources and methods are provided in the report "Projected Operational Energy Life Cycle Data Development: 2025 Update." The report and data are an update to the data previously posted here: https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=f8890fac-be55-44ac-aaa9-e2888bfabe93
annual energy outlook↗
Combustion of liquid fuels in diesel engine
Hitherto, definite specifications have always been made for fuel oils and they have been classified as more or less good or non-utilizable. The present aim, however, is to build Diesel engines capable of using even the poorest liquid fuels and especially the waste products of the oil industry, without special chemical or physical preparation.
FUELS↗
Pyrolysis of Radioactive Spent Resins in the PRIME Installation - 20190
Montair and Belgoprocess developed the pilot PRIME (Pyrolysis Resins In Mobile Electric) Installation for treatment of spent resins in one single reactor without pre-treatment and without intermixing of other waste, allowing for easy traceability and isotopic characterization of the end product. Both low level waste (LLW, < 2 mSv/h) and medium level waste (MLW, > 2 mSv/h) can be treated in the installation. The PRIME pilot installation is designed to treat 2 batches of 100 liter of saturated ion exchange resins over a period of 24 hours. A dosing unit with screw feeder is used for the dosing of the saturated ion exchange resins to the pyrolysis reactor. This completely new developed innovative pyrolysis reactor contains a special design mechanical stirrer and can operate at a temperature of up to 600 deg. C under inert conditions. As a result, the organic molecules will decompose at an accelerated rate until only the mineralized material remains. The lower temperature and the absence of oxygen also prevent the breakdown of ion exchange resins into (powdery) ash, which is a considerable advantage during further handling. Gases that are released during drying and pyrolysis are treated in an also newly developed thermal oxidizer, which uses an innovative, electrically heated design instead of a traditional natural gas- or fuel oil secondary combustion chamber design. After passing through the thermal oxidizer, the gases are cooled down to saturation temperature and treated in the wet scrubbing system. An extraction fan keeps the system under negative pressure to prevent the possibility of any off-gas leakage out of the system. A series of tests were performed successfully with wet cationic resins, anionic resins and a mixture of both. The results of these tests are described in the presentation. For intellectual property protection, the system and process of pyrolysis of organic waste and the system of thermal oxidation of pyrolysis gases described in this paper are patent pending. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Refinery Perspective on Decarbonizing with Marine Biofuels
This work seeks to understand what biofuel production pathways a refinery might prefer to produce very low sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO) for marine applications. A comprehensive refinery optimization model was modified to allow for (1) direct blending of soy biodiesel, renewable diesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and several pyrolysis oils and (2) indirect blending of all pyrolysis oils via co-processing in a fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) and diesel hydrotreater into the marine fuel pool. Results showed that preferred pathways to bio-VLSFO production included co-processing low-quality pyrolysis oil in a FCC to blend the resulting biogenic light cycle oil, directly blending soy biodiesel, and directly blending small quantities of pyrolysis oil. Bio-VLSFO production costs were compared to those of fossil VLSFO subject to different marine fuel demands, benchmark crude oil prices, and biogenic fractions in the finished product. Given benchmark crude oil prices over 60 $/bbl, bio-VLSFO production appeared to be significantly cheaper than fossil VLSFO. Corresponding marginal abatement costs of CO 2 mostly ranging from -300 to 350 $/ton of CO 2 were also determined using a simplified but novel approach to allow for a comparison to other decarbonization strategies. In conclusion, this work indicates that low-sulfur contents in biofuels, relatively relaxed specifications for marine fuels, and current difficulties in meeting VLSFO specifications with crude oils can combine to make bio-VLSFO production cost-effective. Moreover, marine fuels appear to be a good entry point for refiners to start decarbonizing with biofuel pathways that could eventually be extended to other product pools.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Tests of several bearing materials lubricated by gasoline
This investigation on the relative wear of several bearing materials lubricated by gasoline was conducted at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, as part of a general research on fuel injection engines for aircraft. The specific purpose of the work was to find a durable bearing material for gear pumps to be used for the delivery of gasoline and diesel engine fuel oil at moderate pressures to the high pressure pumps of fuel injection engines.
Joachin, W F↗
Biopower: Impact of Biofuels Deployment to Replace Petroleum Liquids in Stationary Power Applications
Petroleum-based liquids are used in a portion of power generation applications in the United States, predominantly in the New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Pacific-Noncontiguous regions. Power plants that burn petroleum liquids, such as distillate or residual fuel oils, are generally used for short periods to accommodate peak electricity demands. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated the U.S. consumption of petroleum liquids for electricity generation at 27 million barrels in 2018, representing a cost of $2.4 billion annually. This study assesses the potential to displace all or part of the petroleum liquids in U.S. power generation with biofuels. The biofuels for this application are assumed to be derived from terrestrial feedstocks, with conversion routes of both fast pyrolysis (bio-oil) and hydrothermal liquefaction (bio-crude). Regional models were used to assess the availability and cost of three different base materials: clean wood, forest residues, and corn stover; each was evaluated in the laboratory at small or experimental scales for conversion to bio-oil or bio-crude. The estimated biofuel production quantities depend on equivalent heating versus the current heavy fuel. In this report, the availability of each type of biomass for each section of the U.S. Census division is estimated using a conservative broker price (in each case) of $ 80 per dry tonne. The results show that the petroleum-liquid power generation in each of the Census Divisions could be supplied by one or more of the feedstocks evaluated. For all regions, clean wood supplies (only) could provide ample supply. For all but two regions (Middle Atlantic and New England), forest residues alone are sufficient. Finally, for all regions but three (Middle Atlantic, New England, and South Atlantic), corn stover alone is adequate. The Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) of bio-oil and bio-crude were also estimated for each feedstock type and Census Division. This analysis showed that fast pyrolysis bio-oil projections to be lower (14% on average) than current wholesale petroleum-based heating oil prices in each of the regions, assuming 100 dry tonnes/day processing capacity. However, bio-crude predictions were significantly higher (2X) in all cases. The effect of biorefinery size was also quantified. Based on the preliminary results in this study, it is apparent the biofuels could be an economical alternative for current petroleum liquids in U.S. power generation. However, additional research is needed to determine the necessary biofuel characteristics to support existing generation equipment. It is recommended that both power generation and biofuel production stakeholders to be engaged to outline the research and testing needed to identify the technical hurdles to enable the opportunity.
02 PETROLEUM↗
The N.A.C.A. Photographic Apparatus for Studying Fuel Sprays from Oil Engine Injection Valves and Test Results from Several Researches
Apparatus for recording photographically the start, growth, and cut-off of oil sprays from injection valves has been developed at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The apparatus consists of a high-tension transformer by means of which a bank of condensers is charged to a high voltage. The controlled discharge of these condensers in sequence, at a rate of several thousand per second, produces electric sparks of sufficient intensity to illuminate the moving spray for photographing. The sprays are injected from various types of valves into a chamber containing gases at pressures up to 600 pounds per square inch. Several series of pictures are shown. The results give the effects of injection pressure, chamber pressure, specific gravity of the fuel oil used, and injection-valve design, upon spray characteristics.
Beardsley, Edward G↗
Utilization of alternative fuels in diesel engines
Performance and emission data are collected for various candidate alternate fuels and compare these data to that for a certified petroleum based number two Diesel fuel oil. Results for methanol, ethanol, four vegetable oils, two shale derived oils, and two coal derived oils are reported. Alcohol fumigation does not appear to be a practical method for utilizing low combustion quality fuels in a Diesel engine. Alcohol fumigation enhances the bioactivity of the emitted exhaust particles. While it is possible to inject many synthetic fuels using the engine stock injection system, wholly acceptable performance is only obtained from a fuel whose specifications closely approach those of a finished petroleum based Diesel oil. This is illustrated by the contrast between the poor performance of the unupgraded coal derived fuel blends and the very good performance of the fully refined shale derived fuel.
Lestz, S. A.↗
Hydrothermal liquefaction for biomass
Catalyst composition and parameters for catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass to bio-oil fuels target municipal solid waste (MSW) rather than lignin rich plant waste typically sought for bio-oil production. An HTL (Hydrothermal Liquefaction) reactor generates bio-fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW), including receiving, in the HTL reactor, non-lignin based waste from a municipal processing stream, and adding a solvent for extracting sugars from green waste components of the municipal processing stream. The reactor extracts a liquid from the received waste, and converts water soluble products in the liquid into oil soluble products via C—C (carbon-to-carbon) coupling reactions. A catalyst added to the resulting aqueous stream recovers a beneficial oil product, and is optimized by tuning acid and base sites on the solid catalyst.
Timko, Michael T.↗
Material response from Mach 0.3 burner rig combustion of a coal-oil mixture
Wedge shaped specimens were exposed to the combustion gases of a Mach 0.3 burner rig fueled with a mixture of 40 weight percent micron size coal particles dispersed in No. 2 fuel oil. Exposure temperature was about 900 C and the test duration was about 44 one hour cycles. The alloys tested were the nickel base superalloys, IN-100, U-700 and IN-792, and the cobalt base superalloy, Mar-M509. The deposits on the specimens were analyzed and the extent of corrosion/erosion was measured. The chemical compositions of the deposits were compared with the predictions from an equilibrium thermodynamic analysis. The experimental results were in very good agreement with the predictions.
Santoro, G. J.↗
Oxidation and formation of deposit precursors in hydrocarbon fuels
The oxidation of two jet turbine fuels and some pure hydrocarbons was studied at 130 C with and without the presence of small amounts of N-methyl pyrrole (NMP) or indene. Tendency to form solid-deposit precursors was studied by measuring soluble gum formation as well as dimer and trimer formation using field ionization mass spectrometry. Pure n-dodecane oxidized fastest and gave the smallest amount of procursors. An unstable fuel oil oxidized much slower but formed large amounts of precursors. Stable Jet A fuel oxidized slowest and gave little precursors. Indene either retarded or accelerated the oxidation of n-dodecane, depending on its concentration, but always caused more gum formation. The NMP greatly retarded n-dodecane oxidation but accelerated Jet A oxidation and greatly increased the latter's gum formation. In general, the additive reacted faster and formed most of the gum. Results are interpreted in terms of classical cooxidation theory. The effect of oxygen pressure on gum formation is also reported.
Mayo, F. R.↗