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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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320 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1992

Nickel-hydrogen battery design for the Transporter Energy Storage Subsystem (TESS)

Information is given in viewgraph form on nickel hydrogen battery design for the transporter energy storage subsystem (TESS). Information is given on use in the Space Station Freedom, the launch configuration, use in the Mobile Servicing Center, battery design requirements, TESS subassembley design, proof of principle testing of a 6-cell battery, possible downsizing of TESS to support the Mobile Rocket Servicer Base System (MBS) redesign, TESS output capacity, and cell testing.

Lapinski, John R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Lightweight, High-Energy Lead/Acid Battery

Concept for lead/acid battery calls for woven-grid bipolar electrodes. Stack of bipolar cells form lead/acid battery. Each cell contains pair of folded electrodes, negative on one side of fold, positive on other. In high-voltage configuration, battery has higher specific energy and power. Rugged, longlived, and maintenance-free. Made from readily available, low-cost materials by standard lead/acid production methods, well suited for use in electronic equipment, aircraft, and electric vehicles for industrial and passenger service.

Rippel, Wally E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Thermal stability of 3D interface Cu/Nb nanolaminates

Nanocrystalline alloys are promising structural materials yet lack thermal stability in many cases. Recent work shows that interface structure has an outsize effect on the thermal behavior of nanostructured alloys. Here, this work focuses on the role of controlled heterophase interface structure in the thermal evolution of model Cu/Nb nanolaminates. We introduce 3D interfaces containing nanoscale heterogeneities in all spatial dimensions between Cu and Nb, forming 3D Cu/Nb. TEM, nanoindentation, and DSC are used in tandem to establish thermal stability and to identify shifts in microstructure as a function of static annealing temperature. 3D interfaces are shown to survive annealing to 300 °C for 1 hr., while 3D Cu/Nb microstructure evolves to form low-density and voided regions correlating to the onset of layer pinch-off between 500 and 600 °C annealing temperatures. A diffusivity- and vacancy energetics-based mechanism is developed to explain void formation driven by 3D interface degradation at elevated temperature.

3D interfaces↗
NASA NTRS2017

Battery Cell Thermal Runaway Calorimeter

We currently have several methods for determining total energy output of an 18650 lithium ion cell. We do not, however, have a good method for determining the fraction of energy that dissipates via conduction through the cell can vs. the energy that is released in the form of ejecta. Knowledge of this fraction informs the design of our models, battery packs, and storage devices; (a) No longer need to assume cell stays together in modeling (b) Increase efficiency of TR mitigation (c) Shave off excess protection.

Darcy, Eric↗
NASA NTRS1977

Deep Electromagnetic Sounding of the Moon With Lunokhod 2 Data

Results of electromagnetic sounding distinguished an outer high resistance shell about 200 km thick in the moon's structure. A preliminary petrological interpretation of the moon's layers indicated their origin as a consequence of differentiation of the initial peridotite material. Upon melting, 20% to 40% of the material melts and is removed to form a high resistance basaltic shell underlain by a layer of spinal peridotites enriched in divalent iron oxides and having a reduced resistance.

L L Van'yan↗
NASA NTRS2026

Hidden in Plain Sight: A New Main Belt Population of Aqueously Altered and Thermally Metamorphosed Asteroids

C-complex low albedo asteroids are understood to be related to aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. However, in recent years, a new subgroup of aqueously altered meteorites that have experienced significant heating after their initial interactions with water has been extensively studied. It remains unclear where the aqueously altered and heated parent bodies are located in the asteroid belt. To address this question, we reanalyzed the original dataset that defined the Bus-DeMeo spectral taxonomy of asteroids (DeMeo et al., 2009) using a machine learning approach trained with near-infrared archival meteorite spectra. Results show that ~50% of the C-complex asteroids first identified in the Bus-DeMeo asteroid spectral taxonomy are aqueously altered and heated. Though Ryugu has been shown to also have experienced both of these processes, this is the first evidence of a population of aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids in the Main Asteroid Belt. Based on the expected velocity and frequency of impacts in the main belt population, we conclude that impacts are the most likely heat source driving thermal metamorphism we identify. Moreover, these aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids may represent a primordial population of low-albedo material that formed in situ in the inner solar system. If these asteroids formed in place, rather than being brought in from the outer solar system during giant planet migration, they would have experienced more frequent and higher velocity impacts, resulting in their distinct mineralogy.

Main Belt asteroids↗
NASA NTRS2005

Microbiological Characterization and Concerns of the International Space Station Internal Active Thermal Control System

Since January 1999, the chemical the International Space Station Thermal Control System (IATCS) and microbial state of (ISS) Internal Active fluid has been monitored by analysis of samples returned to Earth. Key chemical parameters have changed over time, including a drop in pH from the specified 9.5 +/- 0.5 ta = 58.4, an increase in the level of total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved nickel (Ni) in the fluid, and a decrease in the phosphate (PO,) level. In addition, silver (AS) ion levels in the fluid decreased rapidly as Ag deposited on internal metallic surfaces of the system. The lack of available Ag ions coupled with changes in the fluid chemistry has resulted in a favorable environment for microbial growth. Counts of heterotrophic bacteria have increased from less than 10 colony-forming units (CFUs)/l00 mL to l0(exp 6) to l0(exp 7) CFUs/100 mL. The increase of the microbial population is of concern because uncontrolled microbiological growth in the IATCS can contribute to deterioration in the performance of critical components within the system and potentially impact human health if opportunistic pathogens become established and escape into the cabin atmosphere. Micro-organisms can potentially degrade the coolant chemistry; attach to surfaces and form biofilms; lead to biofouling of filters, tubing, and pumps; decrease flow rates; reduce heat transfer; initiate and accelerate corrosion; and enhance mineral scale formation. The micro- biological data from the ISS IATCS fluid, and approaches to addressing the concerns, are summarized in this paper.

Monsi C Roman↗
NASA NTRS1993

Lewis Research Center battery overview

The topics covered are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite; the Space Station Freedom (SSF) photovoltaic power module division; Ni/H2 battery and cell design; individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel-hydrogen cell testing SSF support; the LeRC Electrochemical Technology Branch; improved design IPV nickel-hydrogen cells; advanced technology for IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cells; a lightweight nickel-hydrogen cell; bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery development and technology; aerospace nickel-metal hydride cells; the NASA Sodium-Sulfur Cell Technology Flight Experiment; and the lithium-carbon dioxide battery thermodynamic model.

Odonnell, Patricia↗
DOE OSTI2024

Method of making thin films of sodium fluorides and their derivatives by ALD

A method of making thin films of sodium fluorides and their derivatives by atomic layer deposition (“ALD”). A sodium precursor is exposed to a substrate in an ALD reactor. The sodium precursor is purged, leaving the substrate with a sodium intermediate bound thereon. A fluorine precursor is exposed to the bound sodium intermediate in the ALD reactor. The fluorine precursor is purged and a sodium fluoride film is formed on the substrate.

Mane, Anil U.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interlayer Design for Halide Electrolytes in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

Abstract All‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are promising for transportation electrification due to their superior safety and high energy density. Lithium halide electrolytes provide excellent processing flexibility, high ionic conductivity, and anodic stability (>4.1 V), making them highly compatible with high‐voltage cathodes, surpassing sulfide electrolytes (<2.1 V). Nevertheless, halide electrolytes suffer from low cathodic stability and form an electronically conductive interphase with lithium, resulting in a critical current density (CCD) of nearly zero. Herein, Li 3 YbCl 6 electrolytes are synthesized that are kinetically stable with lithium by forming an electronic insulating solid electrolyte interphase. Guided by critical overpotential criteria, a PI 3 interlayer is designed that transforms into Li 6 PI 3 upon contact with lithium, substantially reducing the interfacial resistance of Li 3 YbCl 6 against lithium to 34 Ω and achieving a high critical overpotential of 114 mV. By substituting Yb with Lu, Li 3 LuCl 6 electrolytes with Li 6 PI 3 interlayers reach a CCD of 1.0 mA cm −2 at a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm −2 , comparable to sulfide electrolytes but with higher oxidation stability. Additionally, Li 6 PI 3 enables stable cycling of Li//Li cells with Li 3 LuCl 6 electrolytes at 0.5 mA cm −2 for 400 cycles and maintains 86.5% capacity in Li//LiCoO 2 cells after 220 cycles at 30 °C, paving the way for high‐performance ASSLMBs.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Bi‐Continuous W‐Rich Refractory High Entropy Alloy‐Cu Composite: Toward Material Innovation of Nuclear Reactor Coolant System

Abstract Refractory high‐entropy alloys (RHEAs) are considered promising candidate materials for next‐generation nuclear reactors due to their superior mechanical strength, irradiation resistance, and thermal stability at high temperatures. However, the significant positive heat of mixing between refractory alloying elements and Cu, commonly used in cooling systems, poses challenges in forming composite structures. This study addresses the issue using a liquid metal dealloying (LMD) process. A precursor alloy (WTaVTi) with a directional dendrite‐interdendrite structure is fabricated and reacted with molten Cu at 1200 °C for 96 h. This approach produced a RHEA‐Cu composite with a stable interface between RHEA (W 31.5 Ta 30.9 V 21.4 Ti 14.3 ) and Cu, featuring a spontaneously formed W‐rich interlayer that enhances interfacial bonding. The composite showed excellent irradiation resistance, with 30% less swelling under α‐ion irradiation than pure W. It also exhibited low thermal conductivity at room temperature, but reached ≈120 W m −1 ·K −1 at ≈650 °C, surpassing pure W. This temperature‐dependent rise in κ, with a positive gradient of +0.075 W m −1 ·K − 2 , is attributed to decreasing diffuse mismatch at elevated temperatures. The large‐scale reaction and stable microstructure achieved through LMD process highlight its industrial potential. This work offers a strategy for developing high‐performance materials by combining RHEA's radiation resistance with Cu's thermal conductivity for extreme environments.

Chemistry↗
NASA NTRS1977

The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Distribution of Iron Group Elements Between Metal and Olivine Phases in the Process of Differentiation of Protoplanetary Material

The distribution patterns of Ni, Co, Mn, and Cr were studied in olivines of various origins: from meteorites (chondrites, achondrites, pallasites), which are likely analogs of the protoplanetary material, to peridotite inclusions in kimberlite pipes, which are analogs of mantle material. According to X-ray microanalysis data, each genetic group of olivines is characterized by a specific concentration of these elements. Nickel is concentrated (up to 0.34 percent) in peridotite olivines, while manganese is concentrated in meteoritic olivines. The maximum chromium content (0.2 percent) was found in ureilites, which were formed under reducing conditions. Experiments at pressures of 20 to 70 kbar and temperatures of 1100 to 2000°C have shown that in a mixture of olivine and Ni metal or NiO nickel enters the silicate phase (up to 4 percent), displacing Fe into the metallic phase. Equilibrium temperatures were estimated from the Fe, Ni distribution coefficients between the metal and olivine: 1500 K for pallasites, 1600 K for olivine-bronzite H6 chondrites, 1200 K for olivine-hypersthene L6, 900 K for LL6, and 1900 K for ureilites (at P = 1 atm). The equilibrium conditions of peridotites are close to T = 1800 K and P over 100 kbar. The distribution patterns of the transition elements are explained on the basis of physical-chemical properties. It is concluded that there is a sharp difference between the conditions of differentiation of the protoplanetary material at the time meteorites were formed and the conditions of differentiation of the planets into concentric layers.

A P Vinogradov↗
DOE OSTI2024

Method for implant and anneal for high voltage field effect transistors

In an example, the present invention provides a method of forming a semiconductor device on a gallium and nitrogen containing material. The method includes providing a substrate member comprising a surface region, the substrate member comprising a gallium and nitrogen bearing material. The method includes causing an implanted species to electrically activate the implant profile while removing one or more crystalline damage from the epitaxial material to change the amorphous state to a single crystalline state, and thereby creating a substantially electrically activated crystalline material.

Shealy, James R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Coupled, Transient Simulations of the Interaction Between Power and Secondary Flowpaths in Gas Turbines

This paper presents a coupled analysis of the interaction between mainpath and secondary flowpaths in gas turbines using transient simulations. Some of the topics include: 1) Need for Coupled Analysis; 2) Primary-Secondary Coupling Schematic; 3) Secondary Flow Requirement; 4) Objectives of Present Methodology; 5) Current Methodologies Recap; 6) Proposed Coupled Code Methodology; 7) Description of SCISEAL Code; 8) Description of Turbo Code; 9) Code Coupling/Interface Issues; and 10) Current Interface Strategy. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.

M M Athavale↗
NASA NTRS2000

Implementation of Self-Align Local Poly Interconnection on 0.25 Micron Flash Memory

For ETOX Flash technology. the self-aligned source module plays a critical role in minimizing cell size. For advanced Flash technology using the shallow-trench isolation (STI) scheme, however, it is difficult to form a stable source line. The Flash process in this experiment features an ETOX structure and with SIN spacer. Poly-Si (implanted poly) is used as the local interconnection material connecting the source line and was successfully implemented in the ETOX flash array in this paper.

C H Lee↗
DOE OSTI2023

2,5‐Dimercapto‐1,3,4‐Thiadiazole (DMCT)‐Based Polymers for Rechargeable Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Organosulfur materials are a sustainable alternative to the present-day layered oxide cathodes in lithium-based batteries. One such organosulfur material that was intensely explored from the 1990s to early 2010s is 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMCT). However, research interest declined as the electrode reactions with DMCT were assumed to be too sluggish to be practical. Armed with the advances in metal–sulfur batteries, we revisit DMCT-based materials in the form of poly[tetrathio-2,5-(1,3,4-thiadiazole)], referred to as pDMCT-S. With an appropriate choice of electrode design and electrolyte, pDMCT-S cathode paired with a Li-metal anode shows a capacity of 715 mA h g −1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 97.7% at a C/10 rate, thus quelling the concerns of sluggish reactions. Surprisingly, pDMCT-S shows significantly improved long-term cyclability compared to a sulfur cathode. Investigations into the origin of the stability reveals that the discharge product Li-DMCT in its mesomeric form can strongly bind to polysulfides, preventing their dissolution into the electrolyte and shuttling. This unique mechanism solves a critical problem faced by sulfur cathodes. Encouragingly, this mechanism results in a stable performance of pDMCT-S with Na-metal cells as well. In conclusion, this study opens the potential for exploring other organic materials that have inherent polysulfide sequestering capabilities, enabling long-life metal–sulfur batteries.

2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole↗
NASA NTRS2026

A Summary of Test and Analysis Results from a Second Lift+Cruise Full-Scale Drop Test

The realization of advanced air mobility markets is enabling new forms of transportation to take shape in the United States and around the world. Though currently in development, as these markets mature, new types of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles have been undergoing development for use. There are many factors which must be addressed prior to these types of vehicles becoming viable alternative forms of transportation in these markets. These factors include incorporation into the existing airspaces, the logistics of operating in urban environments, along with numerous factors associated with safety and reliability. To address some of the safety aspects associated with the development of these new types of vehicles, NASA has been conducting research into the performance of an example electric VTOL (eVTOL) aircraft as a part of the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology (RVLT) project. Over the course of this research, many aspects including the development of energy absorbing components, the evaluation of seating systems, the development of advanced finite element material model systems and the acquisition of full-scale vehicle impact data were investigated. The report will discuss aspects related to the acquisition of full-scale vehicle data which occurred in the form of a full-scale impact test conducted in the Summer of 2025. This test was on a NASA designed Lift+Cruise composite cabin test article and represented a partial capstone in the entirety of previous eVTOL research conducted for the project. In this test, a variety of experiments were included in order to investigate the effect of a full-scale environment on the experiment results. In parallel, the development of a computational impact model to simulate the full-scale test will be discussed in this report. A model of the Lift+Cruise test article was developed utilizing data collected from previous sub- and full-scale test data and then simulated in the current test environment. The model development, its use in pre-test predictions, and its use in post-test correlation will all be presented. This report will present the test data acquired from the Lift+Cruise test and document several of the results obtained. One intended result is to determine the effect of a complex full-scale crash impact on the identification of occupant injury risk within seat and vehicle designs. A second intended result is to determine whether high-fidelity models can be used with some confidence in the prediction of test events and can allow for additional test cases to be simulated without the need of having to conduct additional tests. The overall goal of the test is to provide the community with data that can be used for design, development or certification efforts, along with providing data on what an example eVTOL crash incident could entail.

energy storage systems↗