Cybersecurity of Internet-of-Things-based Smart Energy Storage Systems.
Abstract not provided.
Trevizan, Rodrigo↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Internet Infrastructure for the (near) Future
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Pattengale, Nicholas Dylan↗
Towards a Quantum Internet
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Spentzouris, Panagiotis [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000002↗
Emerging Zero-Standby Solutions for Miscellaneous Electric Loads and the Internet of Things
Despite technical advances in efficiency, devices in standby continue to consume up to 16% of residential electricity. Finding practical, cost-effective reductions is difficult. While the per-unit power consumption has fallen, the number of units continuously drawing power continues to grow. This work reviews a family of technologies that can eliminate standby consumption in many types of electrical plug loads. It also investigates several solutions in detail and develops prototypes. First, burst mode and sleep transistors are established as building blocks for zero-standby solutions. This work then studies the application of two types of wake-up signals. The first is from an optical transmission, and is applicable to remote-controlled devices with a line-of-sight activation, such as set-top boxes, ceiling fans, and motorized curtains. The second is from a wake-up radio, and is applicable to any wireless products. No single technology will address all standby power situations; however, these emerging solutions appear to have broad applicability to save standby energy in miscellaneous plug loads.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Entanglement swapping systems toward a quantum internet
We demonstrate conditional entanglement swapping, i.e. teleportation of entanglement, between time-bin qubits at the telecommunication wavelength of 1536.4 nm with high fidelity of 87%. Our system is deployable, utilizing modular, off-the-shelf, fiber-coupled, and electrically controlled components such as electro-optic modulators. It leverages the precise timing resolution of superconducting nanowire detectors, which are controlled and read out via a custom developed graphical user interface. The swapping process is described, interpreted, and guided using characteristic function-based analytical modeling that accounts for realistic imperfections. Our system supports quantum networking protocols, including source-independent quantum key distribution, with an estimated secret key rate of approximately 0.5 bits per sifted bit.
Davis, Samantha I. [Caltech] (ORCID:00000001999481↗
Internet protocol network mapper
A system for identifying IP ranges having a network address and a network address mask is provided. The system generates a collection of IP ranges. For each unique network address as defined by a maximum network address mask within provided IP addresses, the system adds to the collection an IP range for that unique network address. The added IP range may be defined by the unique network address and a network address mask that is set to the maximum network address mask. The system identifies groups of IP ranges of the collection to be represented by a combined IP range with a combined network address mask. For each group of IP ranges, the system removes from the collection the IP ranges within the group and adds to the collection the combined IP range with a network address and the combined network address mask.
Youd, David W.↗
Integrate Light-Weight Deep Learning Tools with Internet of Things
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Sun, Yu↗
Time-series Data Analysis for Classification of Noisy and Incomplete Internet-of-things Datasets.
Abstract not provided.
Diaz, Candace Pauline↗
A Commercial Building Plug Load Management System that Uses Internet of Things Technology to Automatically Identify Plugged-In Devices and Their Locations
Plug and process loads (PPLs) account for a large portion of U.S. commercial building energy use. There is a huge potential to reduce whole building consumption by targeting PPLs for energy savings measures or implementing some form of plug load management (PLM). Despite this potential, there has yet to be a widely adopted commercial PLM technology. This paper describes the Automatic Type and Location Identification System (ATLIS), a PLM system framework with automatic and dynamic load detection (ADLD). ADLD gives PLM systems the ability to automatically identify devices as they are plugged into the outlets of a building. The ATLIS framework takes advantage of smart, connected devices to identify device locations in a building, meter and control their power, and communicate this information to a central database. ATLIS includes five primary capabilities: location identification, communication, control, energy metering, and data storage. A laboratory proof of concept (PoC) demonstrated all but the energy metering capability, and these capabilities were validated using a series of system tests. The PoC was able to identify when a device was plugged into an outlet and the location of the device in the building. When a device was moved, the PoC's dashboard and database were automatically updated with the new location. The PoC implemented controls to devices from the system dashboard so that devices maintained correct schedules regardless of where they were plugged in within the building. ATLIS's primary technology application is improved PLM, but other applications include asset management, energy audits, and interoperability for grid-interactive efficient buildings. An ATLIS-based system could also be used to direct power to critical devices, such as ventilators, during a brownout or blackout. Such a framework is an opportunity to make PLM more widespread and reduce the amount of energy consumed by PPLs in current and future commercial buildings.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
System and method for provisioning protocol agnostic interface to internet of things application frameworks
The present invention provides a system and method for enabling a plurality of IoT applications running on a gateway to utilize a sub-set of underlying protocol services in a common way, where each application is agnostic of the specific implementation of each protocol service and has the flexibility to use any of the underlying protocols in the service set without impacting or restricting the application or any other applications that are sharing the protocol service set.
Krishna Dhulipala, Rama Vamshi↗
Internet of things and operational technology detection and visualization platform
A computer-implemented method of monitoring activity of devices in a network is provided. The method comprises passively collecting data regarding how the devices access the network, and for each device on the network, identifying all other devices on the network with which the device communicates. All communication traffic from the devices to outside the network is identified. A determination is made if there are any required updates and if patches for the devices execute in a fashion defined as safe. A number of risk indicators for privacy risks are determined according to device communication within the network, device communication to outside the network, and update and patch execution. A visualization of any identified risk factors is displayed to a user through a user interface.
Urias, Vincent↗
Environmental impact assessment of online advertising
Highlights: • A practical framework for assessing the environmental impact of any Internet service • Online advertising consumed between 20.38 to 282.75 TWh of energy and 11.53 – 159.93 million tons of CO{sub 2}e was emitted to produce the electricity consumed. • Invalid traffic associated with online advertising resulted in 2.65 – 36.78 million tons of CO{sub 2}e emissions. • The energy burden of online advertising is considerable and urgently requires attention from researchers and industries. - Abstract: There are no commonly agreed ways to assess the total energy consumption of the Internet. Estimating the Internet's energy footprint is challenging because of the interconnectedness associated with even seemingly simple aspects of energy consumption. The first contribution of this paper is a common modular and layered framework, which allows researchers to assess both energy consumption and CO{sub 2}e emissions of any Internet service. The framework allows assessing the energy consumption depending on the research scope and specific system boundaries. Further, the proposed framework allows researchers without domain expertise to make such an assessment by using intermediate results as data sources, while analyzing the related uncertainties. The second contribution is an estimate of the energy consumption and CO{sub 2}e emissions of online advertising by utilizing our proposed framework. The third contribution is an assessment of the energy consumption of invalid traffic associated with online advertising. The second and third contributions are used to validate the first. The online advertising ecosystem resides in the core of the Internet, and it is the sole source of funding for many online services. Therefore, it is an essential factor in the analysis of the Internet's energy footprint. As a result, in 2016, online advertising consumed 20–282 TWh of energy. In the same year, the total infrastructure consumption ranged from 791 to 1334 TWh. With extrapolated 2016 input factor values without uncertainties, online advertising consumed 106 TWh of energy and the infrastructure 1059 TWh. With the emission factor of 0.5656 kg CO{sub 2}e/kWh, we calculated the carbon emissions of online advertising, and found it produces 60 Mt CO{sub 2}e (between 12 and 159 Mt of CO{sub 2}e when considering uncertainty). The share of fraudulent online advertising traffic was 13.87 Mt of CO{sub 2}e emissions (between 2.65 and 36.78 Mt of CO{sub 2}e when considering uncertainty). The global impact of online advertising is multidimensional. Online advertising affects the environment by consuming significant amounts of energy, leading to the production CO{sub 2}e emissions. Hundreds of billions of ad dollars are exchanged yearly, placing online advertising in a significant role economically. It has become an important and acknowledged component of the online-bound society, largely due to its integration with the Internet and the amount of revenue generated through it.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Google Health Trends performance reflecting dengue incidence for the Brazilian states
Abstract Background Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infection transmitted by Aedes aegypti and mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Since its re-introduction in 1986, Brazil has become a hotspot for dengue and has experienced yearly epidemics. As a notifiable infectious disease, Brazil uses a passive epidemiological surveillance system to collect and report cases; however, dengue burden is underestimated. Thus, Internet data streams may complement surveillance activities by providing real-time information in the face of reporting lags. Methods We analyzed 19 terms related to dengue using Google Health Trends (GHT), a free-Internet data-source, and compared it with weekly dengue incidence between 2011 to 2016. We correlated GHT data with dengue incidence at the national and state-level for Brazil while using the adjusted R squared statistic as primary outcome measure (0/1). We used survey data on Internet access and variables from the official census of 2010 to identify where GHT could be useful in tracking dengue dynamics. Finally, we used a standardized volatility index on dengue incidence and developed models with different variables with the same objective. Results From the 19 terms explored with GHT, only seven were able to consistently track dengue. From the 27 states, only 12 reported an adjusted R squared higher than 0.8; these states were distributed mainly in the Northeast, Southeast, and South of Brazil. The usefulness of GHT was explained by the logarithm of the number of Internet users in the last 3 months, the total population per state, and the standardized volatility index. Conclusions The potential contribution of GHT in complementing traditional established surveillance strategies should be analyzed in the context of geographical resolutions smaller than countries. For Brazil, GHT implementation should be analyzed in a case-by-case basis. State variables including total population, Internet usage in the last 3 months, and the standardized volatility index could serve as indicators determining when GHT could complement dengue state level surveillance in other countries.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
EVALUATING NUCLEAR SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPLINTERNET
The internet, which for years has been viewed as a global online commons with standardized protocols but few regulations is, according to some experts, starting to mirror the contentious political and commercial contours of the physical world. Contributing to this is the rise in data breaches, cyber-enabled attacks on critical infrastructure, government surveillance operations, theft of intellectual property, manipulation of electoral processes, and perceived erosion of privacy, all of which are resulting in a growing skepticism that an open internet will naturally serve the best interests of users, communities, countries, and the global economy. In addition, the rapidly emerging and increasingly lucrative power of data has global superpowers scrambling to protect their informational sovereignty as an urgent matter of national security. Underscoring this urgency is the fact that, despite its global reach and cosmopolitan contributor base, internet infrastructure and governance of the World Wide Web remain largely under U.S. corporate auspices, which reinforces the perception of U.S. control. Whether fragmentation is politically, economically, or socially motivated, there appears to be a growing appetite for an internet that is partitioned and controlled at the national level. From “the Great Firewall of China” to the “Halal” internet of Iran, the trend towards a “Splinternet” has courts and governments embarking on what some call a "legal arms race" to impose a maze of national or regional rules, often conflicting, in the digital realm. The paper explores the emerging Splinternet phenomenon, analyses the implications of this trend on nuclear security, and identifies questions that present opportunities for future research.
Internet, Data Security, Cyber Security, Nuclear S↗
Improving transition to IPv6-only via RFC8925 and IPv4 DNS Interventions
Nine years have passed since the American Registry for Internet Numbers exhausted its allocation of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses, and four years have passed since the United States Government mandated federal agencies to complete the transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). Despite the IPv4 address shortage and IPv6 mandate, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) are still struggling to sunset IPv4. As demonstrated on SC23’s SC23v6 wireless network, newer tooling such as RFC8925 allows clients to disable their IPv4 protocol stack while retaining legacy IP connectivity via the RFC6145 translation algorithm. However, SC23v6 wireless clients without RFC8925 support or a disabled IPv6 stack would continue to receive internet access via legacy IPv4. This paper introduces a method of using poisoned IPv4 Domain Name System (DNS) records to gracefully inform IPv4-only clients at SC24’s SC24v6 wireless network about their inability to use the current version of internet protocol, with a goal of minimal impact to RFC8925 and dual-stack clients. When implemented as designed, this method may improve supportability and user experience of IPv6-only deployments at FFRDCs.
Costello, Thomas M↗
A Real-Time ANPC Inverter Digital Twin with Integrated Design-For-Trust
The demand for renewable energy has increased over the last few years, and so has the demand for greater expectations within the energy market. This increasing trend has been accompanied by more significant usage of internet-connected devices (IoT), leading to critical electrical infrastructure being connected to the internet. Implementing internet connectivity with such devices and systems provides benefits such as improving the system's performance, facilitating irregularity and anomaly mitigation, and providing additional situational awareness for enhanced decision-making. However, enhancing the connected system with IoT introduces a drawback – a greater vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks targeting critical infrastructure in the electrical sector have occurred in the United States and Ukraine. These cyber-attacks highlight and expose vulnerabilities that a system inherits when connecting to the internet. These attacks left thousands of customers without electricity for hours until operators could regain control of the electric utility grid. Therefore, to address the vulnerabilities of an internet-connected power electronic device, this work focused on the hardware layer of the system. Implementing a cyber-control system inside the hardware layer can significantly reduce the possibility of an attacker patching malicious controller firmware into a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, thus mitigating the likelihood that the inverter becomes inactive a cyber-attack scenario. With this mitigation technique, if a cyberattack is successful and an attacker gains control of the network, a cyber-defense technique is in place to mitigate the impact of the cyber-attack. This additional protection layer was developed based on an innovative concept known as Digital Twin (DT). A DT, in this case, replicates an Active-Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) inverter and was designed using a hardware language known as VHDL (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) and applied to Field-Programmable-GateArray (FPGA). The DT is embedded within the FPGA and contained in a controller board, the UCB (Unified Controller Board), developed by the University of Arkansas electrical engineering team. This UCB also contains two Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) responsible for generating associated signals to control an authentic physical inverter. These DSP signals are received and processed by the FPGA that implements the DT of an ANPC; in other words, it simulates in realtime the expected output of an actual ANPC inverter using the signals from the DSP. When a new firmware is ready to be patched, the DT provides output signals simulating behavior that a real ANPC inverter would generate with the new firmware. The new firmware is tested to check if it meets all the operational requirements established using a Design-For-Trust technique (DFTr). If the new firmware fails in at least one of the DFT tests, it is considered malicious and must be rejected. This work is divided into sections, such as Background, which explains the pieces that were used and the strategy behind this work; Process and Procedure, which explains the methodology that was adopted to prove the reliability and effectiveness of this work; Results and Discussion, where the simulations and results are described and explained; followed by Conclusion and Future work section, which concludes this work and adds possible future projects to continue this work further.
do Amaral Custodio, Paulo Vitor↗
Aggregate attack surface management for network discovery of operational technology
Interconnectivity has become a substratum of technology as the benefits of data-driven functionality are being realized in nearly all industries. Increased connectivity of Operational Technology (OT) exacerbates cyber risks because Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are becoming exposed to the Internet. These exposures are often done inadvertently through misconfigurations as additional network devices come online. Attack surface management (ASM) platforms can be used to identify vulnerabilities by performing external network discovery over the Internet using web spiders. These web spiders enable big data analytics of Internet of Things (IoT) devices as identifiable information of Internet-exposed equipment are archived in searchable databases that are made publicly available. There are a multitude of ASM service providers on the market. Here, this study was conducted to evaluate several commonly known tools to determine the aggregate attack surface of control systems. Queries were crafted by targeting commonly known manufacturers and communication protocols found in OT networks. Identified devices were that categorized based on technology types. Each query was replicated between several tools to target identical ICS equipment. Findings in this paper suggested a significant variance in the exposures discovered by each tool, but unique contributions were identified for each tool when a merged attack surface was derived. Therefore, all tools should be used in aggregate.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗