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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Power System Wildfire Risks and Potential Solutions: A Literature Review & Proposed Metric

Several fire risk evaluation, fire tracking, and fire response resources are available. The risk metrics and fire response programs are sometimes modified to include a power system context. The risk metrics often evaluate the risk of fires causing power system faults or outages, especially on transmission systems. The response programs are modified to ensure the safety of power system equipment and first responders as well as to coordinate power system outages to both ensure safety during an active fire and prevent fire ignition during high risk periods. Although some aspects of wildfire responses have been adapted to include power system concerns, adaptations to power system operations and maintenance to include wildfire risks and responses are still nascent. In particular, a risk metric that evaluates the potential for power system components to ignite wildfires is needed to help guide power system upgrade efforts and power system fire safety measures. This document serves as a brief literature review of wildfire risk metrics and response programs and how they relate to power systems. It also includes a proposed risk metric and structure for describing the risk of a power system component igniting a fire.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2015

Effects of Acute Stress on Aircrew Performance: Literature Review and Analysis of Operational Aspects

Situational stress can adversely affect the cognition and skilled performance of pilots, as well as experts in other domains. Emergencies and other threatening situations require pilots to execute infrequently practiced procedures correctly and to use their skills and judgment to select an appropriate course of action, often under high workload, time pressure, and ambiguous indications, all of which can be stressful. Our current study, consited of three parts, starting with a critical review of the research literature on the effects of stress on skilled performance, going back to World War II and continuing to recent and more sophisticated studies of the cognitive effects of anxiety. In the second part we analyzed the specific ways stress may have impaired the performance of airline crews in twelve major accidents, selected for diversity of the situations the crews encountered. The third part examined the operational significance and practical implications of the findings from the first two parts, suggested specific ways to reduce the harmful effects of stress on flight crews, and identified aspects requiring further research. Even thought this study focused on flight crews, the findings apply to the effects of stress on the skilled performance of experts in almost any domain.

stress↗
NASA NTRS1980

On the feasibility of quantitative ultrasonic determination of fracture toughness: A literature review

The three main topics covered are: (1) fracture toughness and microstructure, (2) quantitative ultrasonic and microstructure; and (3) scattering and related mathematical methods. Literature in these areas is reviewed to give insight to the search of a theoretical foundation for quantitative ultrasonic measurement of fracture toughness. The literature review shows that fracture toughness is inherently related to the microstructure and in particular, it depends upon the spacing of inclusions or second particles and the aspect ratio of second phase particles. There are indications that ultrasonic velocity attenuation measurements can be used to determine fracture toughness. The leads to a review of the mathematical models available in solving boundary value problems related to microstructural factors that govern facture toughness and wave motion. A framework towards the theoretical study for the quantitative determination of fracture toughness is described and suggestions for future research are proposed.

Fu, L. S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Triton Field Trials - Changes in Habitats, a Literature Review of Monitoring Technologies

Marine energy devices are installed in highly dynamic environments and have the potential to affect benthic and pelagic habitats around them. Regulatory bodies often require baseline characterization and/or post-installation monitoring to determine whether changes in these habitats are being observed. However, a great diversity of technologies is available for surveying and sampling marine habitats. Selecting the most suitable instrument to identify and measure changes in habitats at marine energy sites can become a daunting task. We conducted a thorough review of journal articles, survey reports, and grey literature to extract information about the technologies used, the data collection and processing methods, and the performance and effectiveness of these instruments. We examined documents related to marine energy development, offshore wind farms, oil and gas offshore sites, and other marine industries around the world over the last 20 years, as well as national and international guidelines for surveying habitats around offshore activities. A total of 120 different technologies were identified across six main habitat categories: seafloor, sediment, infauna, epifauna, pelagic, and biofouling. The technologies were organized into 12 broad technology classes: acoustic, corer, dredge, grab, hook and line, net and trawl, plate, remote sensing, scrape samples, trap, visual, and others. Visual was the most common and the most diverse technology class, with applications across all six habitat categories. Sampling designs varied considerably among the reviewed studies but transect was the predominant design for surveying seafloor, epifauna, and pelagic habitats. The most common data analyses were univariate and multivariate statistical analyses aimed at calculating and comparing biodiversity indices, characterizing faunal assemblages or sediment classes, or modeling the distribution of animals related to abiotic parameters. Technologies and sampling methods adaptable and designed to work efficiently in energetic environments have greater success at marine energy sites. In addition, sampling designs and statistical analyses should be carefully thought through to identify differences in faunal assemblages and spatiotemporal changes in habitats.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Home Energy Upgrades as a Pathway to Home Decarbonization in the US: A Literature Review

This work aims to characterize how home energy upgrade projects and programs in the US have evolved over the past decade. It also identifies what changes are needed to drive expansion of the US energy retrofit market in such a way that addresses carbon emissions from buildings, improves resilience and upgrades the housing stock. This review focuses on whole-home energy upgrades, targeting deep energy retrofit savings of >30%. The topics we cover include trends in home electrification, US and European home energy upgrade programs, energy upgrade measure costs, business economics, and health effects. Key changes in project design noted in this review include: (1) the electrification of dwellings with rapidly improving heat pump systems and low-cost solar photovoltaic technology; and (2) a shift away from high-cost building envelope strategies and towards more traditional home performance/weatherization envelope upgrades. Promising program design strategies covered include: (1) end-use electrification programs; (2) novel financing approaches; (3) the use of carbon-based program and project metrics; and (4) “one-stop shop” programs. Based on the existing market barriers, we suggest that the industry should adopt new project performance metrics. Additionally, market drivers are needed to spur widespread energy upgrades in the US housing stock. Costs must be reduced, and projects designed to appeal to homeowners and contractors.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2019

Training for Long-Duration Space Missions: A Literature Review into Skill Retention and Generalizability

In long-duration space missions, skill retention and generalizability become ever more important as mission length increases, for it is through these capabilities that astronaut crews achieve autonomy. A framework is proposed for future research based on three types of training commonly found in operational scenarios: initial training, refresher training, and just-in-time training. One of the key points of interest identified from the body of literature is the need for a structured and quantifiable approach to characterize skill decay. Such an approach would allow gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which skill decay operates. Because simulators are used extensively in all types of training, the effects of simulator fidelity on skill retention and generalizability are paramount to understand. Some common fidelity types are defined and their effects on the human operator are discussed. From a review of the literature on all these topics, several research gaps were identified that led to three key opportunities for future research: (1) developing skill decay functions provides theoretical insights into skill decay and allows for several practical applications, such as planning refresher training, (2) the effects of simulator fidelity on skill decay functions should be investigated empirically, and (3) investigating the generalizability of skills learned in initial training to other tasks could provide space crews with greater autonomy. A cybernetic approach might give new insights.

training↗
NASA NTRS2019

Training for Long-Duration Space Missions: A Literature Review into Skill Retention and Generalizatility

In long-duration space missions, skill retention and generalizability become ever more important as mission length increases, for it is through these capabilities that astronaut crews achieve autonomy. A framework is proposed for future research based on three types of training commonly found in operational scenarios: initial training, refresher training, and just-in-time training. One of the key points of interest identified from the body of literature is the need for a structured and quantifiable approach to characterize skill decay. Such an approach would allow gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which skill decay operates. Because simulators are used extensively in all types of training, the effects of simulator fidelity on skill retention and generalizability are paramount to understand. Some common fidelity types are defined and their effects on the human operator are discussed. From a review of the literature on all these topics, several research gaps were identified that led to three key opportunities for future research: (1) developing skill decay functions provides theoretical insights into skill decay and allows for several practical applications, such as planning refresher training, (2) the effects of simulator fidelity on skill decay functions should be investigated empirically, and (3) investigating the generalizability of skills learned in initial training to other tasks could provide space crews with greater autonomy. A cybernetic approach might give new insights.

Pieters, Marc A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Literature Review of Selected Publications Relevant to Carbon Dioxide Pipeline and Storage Systems

The annotated bibliographies provided in this document focus on identifying and reviewing environmental impact statements (EIS), environmental assessments (EA), and scientific literature relevant to aspects of CO 2 pipeline and storage construction and operation. The purpose of these summaries is to aid stakeholders responsible for the preparation of documents compliant with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements to have access to a quick and comprehensive guide of the literature that can inform their activities. They aim to inform the development of EISs and EAs by identifying potential environmental concerns and mitigation strategies. The annotated bibliographies captured in this document cover the general environmental assessment and impact topics relevant to CO 2 pipeline and storage construction and operation activities, with the subject of waste creation and handling being specifically pulled out into its own section. The reasoning behind a dedicated section for waste is that many EAs and EISs focus on the description of waste and its impacts, be it caused in routine operation or as a result of an accident.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

West Coast Offshore Wind Transmission Literature Review and Gaps Analysis

This review of the state of west coast OSW transmission research organizes the body of literature to date and describes the most impactful grid integration analysis and convening opportunities. It is intended as a scan of the landscape to ground impactful investments, which will guide state and federal entities and private developers to maximize net value of west coast OSW to the Nation.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1976

Gaseous emissions and toxic hazards associated with plastics in fire situations: A literature review

The hazards of plastics in fire situations, the gases emitted, the factors influencing the nature of these emissions, the characteristics of toxic gases, and the results of laboratory studies, are discussed. The literature pertaining to the pyrolysis and oxidation of plastics was reviewed. An effort was made to define the state of the art for determining the toxic gases emitted by plastics under fire conditions. Recommendations are made and research needs defined as a result of this review.

Junod, T. L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fission Gas Measurements in Spent Fuel: Literature Review

The fission-derived noble gases, xenon(Xe) and krypton(Kr), have long been proposed as a tool for supporting nuclear safeguards and declarations verification. A vast body of literature outlines how these non-reactive fission gases released during reactor operation and shutdowns correlate to burnup level, power history, other reactor specifications and reprocessing activities. However, irradiation conditions can vary appreciably both radially and axially within a fuel pin.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: Literature Review

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) remains the only ASHRAE-recognized technology for the effective disinfection of air and surfaces, yet the technology still faces barriers to adoption. Even so, there is a growing body of literature on the subject, somewhat due the possibilities that a technology that can disinfect from a distance presents but also because the technology has been known for some time. Recent interest in the technology has been driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing the rate of growth of the literature. This document attempts to provide an overview of the technology and map out the various important parts of the literature, including potential sources of literature.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2024

Advances in Thermoplastic Composites Over Three Decades – A Literature Review

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in thermoplastic composites driven mainly by advances in automation which can lead to significant cost reductions by increasing manufacturing rates while simultaneously reducing the part count and energy consumption relative to the manufacturing of thermoset composites. At the same time, new material systems have been developed and the thermoplastic composites prepreg material quality has improved over time. Additionally, thermoplastic composites have nearly infinite room-temperature shelf life and production scraps can be reused and retired parts can be recycled, providing opportunities for more sustainable operations and downstream markets. These factors have contributed to a strong interest in advancing thermoplastic composites for aerospace, automotive, and other industrial applications. The objective of the present study is to assess the state of the art regarding the maturity and performance of thermoplastic composite materials and to document the advances made in manufacturing and assembly of thermoplastic composite structures. Therefore, more than 200 NASA reports, conference proceedings and journal papers spanning three and a half decades (1986-2022) were reviewed and the findings summarized. The current study, however, is limited in scope with a focus on the application of thermoplastic composites to aircraft structures. Further, the study does not provide a comprehensive assessment of the available literature but rather offers an overview of past and present research being conducted in the field of thermoplastic composites. The information provided may be used to identify gaps and help guide future research and development. In this report, the opportunities offered by the use of thermoplastic composites in general and challenges encountered in particular are presented first. Second, an overview of thermoplastic materials is presented, manufacturing methods are discussed, and new methods for fastener-less assembly such as welding are introduced. Third, tests that have been performed on different levels of the building block, ranging from coupon to structural level, are presented. In particular, fracture toughness results for different thermoplastic composite materials are used to demonstrate their performance compared to state-of-the-art thermoset composites. Fourth, several examples of analyses are discussed including process modelling and progressive damage analysis (PDA). An extensive list of references and appendices with tables support the narrative. Lastly, a brief summary with outlook and recommendations for future research is provided.

composites↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrating Multi-Source Data for Bi-Level Traffic Simulator Calibration: A Literature Review and Highway Case Study

Traffic simulation serves as a powerful tool for pre-evaluating policies and technologies. In this context, simulation-based Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models are capable of capturing traffic dynamics. They are well-known as critical tools in controlling and predicting traffic situations. The reliability of simulation results heavily depends on the calibration process. Most studies in the literature formulate and calibrate simulators based on a single source of collected data or multiple data sets with the same spatiotemporal characteristics. However, in practice, traffic data is collected by various tools with usually different spatial and temporal resolutions. This study introduces a novel approach to taking into account diverse input data from a variety of sources. An iterative bi-level solution is proposed. to equally treat traffic flow and speed data. The upper level solves flow calibration with the exact solution method, and the lower level calibrates the speed with the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the proposed model is investigated using data from a six-mile section of Nashville's I-24 highway in Tennessee. The results demonstrate that our proposed model creates an effective feedback loop between the optimizer and the simulator for calibrating flow and speed to reduce the error between simulated and real data.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2002

Fuel Consumption Modeling of a Transport Category Aircraft Using Flight Operations Quality Assurance Data: A Literature Review

Fuel is a major cost expense for air carriers. A typical airline spends 10% of its operating budget on the purchase of jet fuel, which even exceeds its expenditures on aircraft acquisitions. Thus, it is imperative that fuel consumption be managed as wisely as possible. The implementation of Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) programs at airlines may be able to assist in this management effort. The purpose of the study is to examine the literature regarding fuel consumption by air carriers, the literature related to air carrier fuel conservation efforts, and the literature related to the appropriate statistical methodologies to analyze the FOQA-derived data.

Stolzer, Alan J.↗
NASA NTRS2024

Literature Review of Cumulative Noise Metrics Relevant to X-59 Supersonic Overflights

Upcoming studies with the X-59 aircraft will collect dose-response data to understand community response to en-route supersonic noise. This data collection effort will inform regulators in their efforts to potentially update the ban on commercial supersonic flight with acceptable noise standards. Part of the dataset will consist of end-of-day responses to the noise from multiple supersonic overflights. This document provides rationale from relevant literature surrounding which cumulative noise metric to pair with end-of-day survey responses for upcoming community studies with the X-59 aircraft. Despite its deficiencies, day-night average sound level (DNL) summation of candidate single-event metrics remains the most likely choice for a cumulative noise metric for multiple supersonic overflights because 1) it is widely used for other transportation noise sources and 2) its relevance for infrequent events is somewhat plausible, unlike some recent alternative metrics.

sonic boom↗
DOE OSTI2020

Toxicology and Biodegradability of Blendstocks for Mixing Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion: Literature Review of Available Data

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Co-Optima project is to develop an understanding of potential biomass-derived blendstocks for use in the transportation sector. This report documents the estimated environmental and toxicological impact of potential bioblendstocks for mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) engines. The candidate molecules were: 2-nonanol; n-undecane; 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane; 5-ethyl-4-propylnonane; hexylhexanoate; methyldecanoate; dibutoxymethane; 4-butoxyheptane; dipentylether; renewable diesel; and soy biodiesel. To provide a robust comparison, diesel surrogate molecules were also considered: α-methylnaphthalene; decahydronaphthalene; 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane; n-butylcyclohexane; n-hexadecane; tetralin; and n-dodecylbenzene. The intent of this work was not to provide absolute answers and remove any molecules from consideration, but to provide more robust data for each molecule that can be used in subsequent evaluations. Little literature data was available for many of the molecules, both potential blendstocks and diesel surrogates, so a quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used to provide input into the relevant models. This assessment included an evaluation of compartment partitioning in the event of an accidental chemical spill, fate and transport indicators, estimated biodegradability, and human and environmental toxicology. The higher molecular weight and longer hydrocarbon chain lengths of these MCCI molecules reduce water solubility and mobility. Generally, the oxygenated molecules improved biodegradability metrics. The hydrocarbons farnesane and 5-Et-4-PrNonane are not predicted to be biodegradable. Human acute toxicity was found to be slightly to non-toxic for the MCCI blendstocks and the diesel surrogates. 2-Nonanol, undecane, MeDecanoate, dibutoxymethane, and dipentylether were likely developmental toxicants. Although poorly water soluble, all the compounds, whether Co-Optima blendstocks or diesel surrogates, showed significant toxicity to D. magna. The oxygenated blendstocks were less likely to bioaccumulate than the non-oxygenated blendstocks, which behaved similar to the diesel surrogates. Overall, this predicted analysis showed that the MCCI blendstocks are very similar to their diesel counterparts. No significant showstoppers were found that would indicate concern moving forward with additional research into these potential fuels. The results presented were based solely on predictive models and serve to provide information going forward for continued evaluation of these molecules.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗