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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1979

Negative pressures and melting point depression in oxide-coated liquid metal droplets

Negative pressures and melting point depression in oxide-coated liquid metal droplets are studied. The calculation presented show the existence of large negative pressures when the oxide coating is thick enough. The change in the melting point caused by these negative pressures should be considered in studies of homogeneous crystal nucleation. Furthermore, since the negative pressure raises the entropy of the melt, it increases the entropy loss at the crystal-melt interface; the resulting increase of the surface tension could have a large effect on the homogeneous nucleation frequency.

Spaepen, F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Materials and structures

Materials and structures technology covers a wide range of technical areas. Some of the most pertinent issues for the Astrotech 21 missions include dimensionally stable structural materials, advanced composites, dielectric coatings, optical metallic coatings for low scattered light applications, low scattered light surfaces, deployable and inflatable structures (including optical), support structures in 0-g and 1-g environments, cryogenic optics, optical blacks, contamination hardened surfaces, radiation hardened glasses and crystals, mono-metallic telescopes and instruments, and materials characterization. Some specific examples include low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) structures (0.01 ppm/K), lightweight thermally stable mirror materials, thermally stable optical assemblies, high reliability/accuracy (1 micron) deployable structures, and characterization of nanometer level behavior of materials/structures for interferometry concepts. Large filled-aperture concepts will require materials with CTE's of 10(exp 9) at 80 K, anti-contamination coatings, deployable and erectable structures, composite materials with CTE's less than 0.01 ppm/K and thermal hysteresis, 0.001 ppm/K. Gravitational detection systems such as LAGOS will require rigid/deployable structures, dimensionally stable components, lightweight materials with low conductivity, and high stability optics. The Materials and Structures panel addressed these issues and the relevance of the Astrotech 21 mission requirements by dividing materials and structures technology into five categories. These categories, the necessary development, and applicable mission/program development phasing are summarized. For each of these areas, technology assessments were made and development plans were defined.

Saito, Theodore T.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Shaft-Angle Sensor Based on Tunnel-Diode Oscillator

A proposed brushless shaft-angle sensor for use in extreme cold would offer significant advantages over prior such sensors: (1) It would be capable of operating in extreme cold; and (2) Its electronic circuitry would be simpler than that of a permanent-magnet/ multiple-Hall-probe shaft-angle sensor that would otherwise ordinarily be used to obtain comparable angular resolution. The principle of operation of the proposed shaft-angle sensor requires that the shaft (or at least the portion of the shaft at the sensor location) be electrically insulating. The affected portion of the shaft would be coated with metal around half of its circumference. Two half-circular-cylinder electrodes having a radius slightly larger than that of the shaft would be mounted on the stator, concentric with the shaft, so that there would be a small radial gap between them and the outer surface of the shaft. Hence, there would be a capacitance between each stationary electrode and the metal coat on the shaft.

Chui, Talso↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mitigation of Silver Ion Loss from Solution by Polymer Coating of Metal Surfaces, Part IV

Ionic silver (Ag+) biocide is a leading candidate to provide residual microbial control in spacecraft potable water systems, but suffers from rapid concentration loss due to interactions with the metallic storage containers and tubing. One approach to resolve this problem is the coating of metal surfaces with an inert barrier film. In previous reports, we have described our investigations addressing Ag+ loss mitigation and adhesion performance of parylene barrier coatings on coupons of several metal alloys and 316Ltubing under static immersion. In such conditions, parylene-C and -AF4 coatings have shown excellent Ag+loss mitigation and mixed long-term adhesion performance, depending on parylene species and substrate surface chemistry/structure. In Part IV of this series, we report on our work to investigate the performance of parylene-C barrier coatings, under more challenging and realistic conditions, in order to evaluate potential suitability for use. The resilience and associated Ag+ loss with Parylene-C coating on½” (12.7 mm)316L tubing and fittings under medium-term immersion and repeated fitting dis/reassembly were investigated. Potential mechanical challenges to barrier coatings in spacecraft potable water systems were investigated, with two main focuses being identified: liquid flow/pressure cycling in tubing and cyclic operation of bellows in positive-expulsion storage tanks. Two corresponding testbeds for experimental characterization of coating performance were developed. In the Flow/Pressure Testbed System, Ag+ solution will be pumped through internally coated 316L tubing, with optional pressure cycling. In the Bellows Tank Testbed System, an internally coated edge-welded 316L bellows containing Ag+ solution will be cyclically extended and compressed, analogous to the operation of bellows tanks used for potable water storage and delivery on the International Space Station. The design and operation of these testbeds are described. Finally, the Ag+ adsorption and saturation behaviors of Kalrez and Viton, for potential use as seal materials in fittings and other connections, were characterized in limited experiments.

mitigation↗
NASA NTRS2010

Thermal Expansion of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Coatings

Metallic Cu-8%Cr, Cu-26%Cr, Cu-8%Cr-1%Al, NiAl and NiCrAlY monolithic coatings were fabricated by vacuum plasma spray deposition processes for thermal expansion property measurements between 293 and 1223 K. The corrected thermal expansion, (DL/L(sub 0) varies with the absolute temperature, T, as (DL/L(sub 0) = A(T - 293)(sup 3) + BIT - 293)(sup 2) + C(T - 293) + D, where, A, B, C and D are thermal, regression constants. Excellent reproducibility was observed for all of the coatings except for data obtained on the Cu-8%Cr and Cu-26%Cr coatings in the first heat-up cycle, which deviated from those determined in the subsequent cycles. This deviation is attributed to the presence of residual stresses developed during the spraying of the coatings, which are relieved after the first heat-up cycle. In the cases of Cu-8%Cr and NiAl, the thermal expansion data were observed to be reproducible for three specimens. The linear expansion data for Cu-8% Cr and Cu-26%Cr agree extremely well with rule of mixture (ROM) predictions. Comparison of the data for the Cu-8%Cr coating with literature data for Cr and Cu revealed that the thermal expansion behavior of this alloy is determined by the Cu-rich matrix. The data for NiAl and NiCrAlY are in excellent agreement with published results irrespective of composition and the methods used for processing the materials. The implications of these results on coating GRCop-84 copper alloy combustor liners for reusable launch vehicles are discussed.

Raj, S V.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Flexible fluoropolymer filled protective coatings

Metal oxide films such as SiO2 are known to provide an effective barrier to the transport of moisture as well as gaseous species through polymeric films. Such thin film coatings have a tendency to crack upon flexure of the polymeric substrate. Sputter co-deposition of SiO2 with 4 to 15 percent fluoropolymers was demonstrated to produce thin films with glass-like barrier properties that have significant increases in strain to failure over pure glass films which improves their tolerance to flexure on polymeric substrates. Deposition techniques capable of producing these films on polymeric substrates are suitable for durable food packaging and oxidation/corrosion protection applications.

Banks, Bruce A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Precious-Metal Salt Coatings for Detecting Hydrazines

Substrates coated with a precious-metal salt KAuCl4 have been found to be useful for detecting hydrazine vapors in air at and above a concentration of the order of 0.01 parts per million (ppm). Upon exposure to air containing a sufficient amount of hydrazine for a sufficient time, the coating material undergoes a visible change in color.

Dee, Louis A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Optimum antireflection coating for Antireflection-coated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor /AMOS/ solar cells

Consideration is given to the design of a single-layer optimum antireflection coating for AMOS (antireflection-coated metal-oxide-semiconductor) solar cells to match the entire sunlight spectrum. The energy conversion efficiency is maximized by maximizing the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current. The former is maximized by oxidation techniques and the latter is maximized by the light-coupling into the solar cell. With reference to the effective index of refraction as obtained by ellipsometry, examples of optimum antireflection coatings for 60-A Au-GaAs solar cells are presented.

Yeh, Y. C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A 15% efficient antireflection-coated metal-oxide-semiconductor solar cell

A new effect is being developed which significantly improves the conversion efficiency of antireflection-coated metal-oxide-semiconductor (AMOS) solar cells. The effect, a marked increase in the open-circuit voltage, is produced by the addition of an oxide layer to the semiconductor. Cells using gold on n-type gallium arsenide have been made with efficiencies up to 15% in terrestrial sunlight. All processing steps are amenable to the use of low-cost polycrystalline films of GaAs in place of the single crystals now used.

Stirn, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Effects of a ceramic coating on metal temperatures of an air-cooled turbine vane

The metal temperatures of air cooled turbine vanes both uncoated and coated with the NASA thermal barrier system were studied experimentally. Current and advanced gas turbine engine conditions were simulated at reduced temperatures and pressures. Airfoil metal temperatures were significantly reduced, both locally and on the average, by use of the the coating. However, at low gas Reynolds number, the ceramic coating tripped a laminar boundary layer on the suction surface, and the resulting higher heat flux increased the metal temperatures. Simulated coating loss was also investigated and shown to increase local metal temperatures. However, the metal temperatures in the leading edge region remained below those of the uncoated vane tested at similar conditions. Metal temperatures in the trailing edge region exceeded those of the uncoated vane.

Gladden, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Diamond Composite Films for Protective Coatings on Metals and Method of Formation

Composite films consisting of diamond crystallites and hard amorphous films such as diamond-like carbon, titanium nitride, and titanium oxide are provided as protective coatings for metal substrates against extremely harsh environments. A composite layer having diamond crystallites and a hard amorphous film is affixed to a metal substrate via an interlayer including a bottom metal silicide film and a top silicon carbide film. The interlayer is formed either by depositing metal silicide and silicon carbide directly onto the metal substrate, or by first depositing an amorphous silicon film, then allowing top and bottom portions of the amorphous silicon to react during deposition of the diamond crystallites, to yield the desired interlayer structure.

Ong, Tiong P.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mitigation of Silver Ion Loss from Solution by Polymer Coating of Metal Surfaces, Part IV

“Spacecraft potable water systems require a biocidal agent that effectively provides both immediate and residual disinfection over long periods of time. Ionic silver (Ag+) is a leading candidate for this application, but suffers from rapid concentration loss due to interactions with the metallic storage containers and tubing. In order to maintain biocidal efficacy in systems with long periods of dormancy and to reduce the required rate of Ag+ injection, it is necessary to develop alternative materials and coatings for certified metal alloys that significantly reduce the Ag+ loss.” In previous reports, we have described our investigations addressing Ag+ loss mitigation and adhesion performance of parylene barrier coatings on coupons of several metal alloys and 316L tubing under static immersion. In such conditions, parylene-C and AF4 coatings have shown excellent Ag+ loss mitigation performance, and mixed long-term adhesion performance, depending on parylene species and substrate surface chemistry/structure. In Part IV of this series, we begin to address the performance of parylene-C barrier coatings under more challenging and realistic conditions, in order to evaluate potential suitability in flight systems. Using two testbeds, we characterized coating performance under dynamic mechanical operation. In the Flow/Pressure Testbed System, Ag+ solution is pumped through internally coated 316L tubing, with optional pressure cycling. In the Bellows Tank Testbed System, an internally coated edge-welded 316L bellows containing Ag+ solution is cyclically extended and compressed, analogous to the operation of bellows tanks used for potable water storage and delivery on the International Space Station. Periodic determinations of Ag+ loss with testbed cycling/time and visual observation of the parylene-C coatings were conducted. In addition, we characterized parylene-C coating resilience and Ag+ loss with 316L tubing and multiple fitting types under long-term immersion and repeated fitting dis/reassembly.

Lance Dean Delzeit↗
NASA NTRS1978

Testing internal coatings in metal vessels

Presence of pinholes or defects in nonconductive protective coating on inside surface of closed vessel is detected if vessel has one opening into which small stainless-steel probe can be introduced. By inserting probe and attaching another to outside surface, and by filling vessel with ten percent sodium chloride solution, integrity of coating is determined by measuring electrical conductivity through vessel wall.

Ruby, A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Measuring Thicknesses of Coatings on Metals

Digital light sensor and eddy-current sensor measure thickness without contact. Surface of Coating reflects laser beam to optical sensor. Position of reflected spot on sensor used by microcomputer to calculate coating thickness. Eddy-current sensor maintains constant distance between optical sensor and metal substrate. When capabilities of available components fully exploited, instrument measures coatings from 0.001 to 6 in. (0.0025 to 15 cm) thick with accuracy of 1 part in 4,000. Instrument readily incorporated in automatic production and inspection systems. Used to inspect thermal-insulation layers, paint, and protective coatings. Also used to control application of coatings to preset thicknesses.

Cotty, Glenn M., Jr.↗