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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Optical alignments of the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) observatory

The angular alignments and stabilities of multiple components in a single coordinate system were determined using various alignment tooling techniques. These techniques use autocollimation measurements with a first order theodolite and transformation of coordinates to determine the relative alignment between various components with respect to a common set of COBE spacecraft coordinate axes. Optical-mechanical alignment techniques were also used to integrate the flight COBE observatory attitude control system module that consists of gyros, reaction wheels, and a momentum wheel. Particular attention is given to the techniques for alignments and stabilities of the earth scanners, sun sensors, far IR absolute spectrophotometer, Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, and differential microwave radiometer antenna horn boresights.

Sampler, Henry P.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Development of a Microwave Regenerative Sorbent-Based Hydrogen Purifier

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a Microwave Regenerative Sorbent-based Hydrogen Purifier (MRSHP). This unique microwave powered technology was developed for the purification of a hydrogen stream produced by the Plasma Pyrolysis Assembly (PPA). The PPA is a hydrogen recovery (from methane) post processor for NASA's Sabatier-based carbon dioxide reduction process. Embodied in the Carbon dioxide Reduction Assembly (CRA), currently aboard the International Space Station (ISS), the Sabatier reaction employs hydrogen to catalytically recover oxygen, in the form of water, from respiratory carbon dioxide produced by the crew. This same approach is base-lined for future service in the Air Revitalization system on extended missions into deep space where resupply is not practical. Accordingly, manned exploration to Mars may only become feasible with further closure of the air loop as afforded by the greater hydrogen recovery permitted by the PPA with subsequent hydrogen purification. By utilizing the well-known high sorbate loading capacity of molecular sieve 13x, coupled with microwave dielectric heating phenomenon, MRSHP technology is employed as a regenerative filter for a contaminated hydrogen gas stream. By design, freshly regenerated molecular sieve 13x contained in the MRSHP will remove contaminants from the effluent of a 1-CM scale PPA for several hours prior to breakthrough. By reversing flow and pulling a relative vacuum the MRSHP prototype then uses 2.45 GHz microwave power, applied through a novel coaxial antenna array, to rapidly heat the sorbent bed and drive off the contaminants in a short duration vacuum/thermal contaminant desorption step. Finally, following rapid cooling via room temperature cold plates, the MRSHP is again ready to serve as a hydrogen filter.

Wheeler, Richard R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Effects of Hydrogen on Tantalum Nitride Resistors

This document is a presentation about the investigation of drift reported in static frequency output from the analog circuit of a Multichannel Microwave Integrated circuit hybrid microelectronic filter module for space flight application. Electron Dispersion X-Ray Detector )EDAX) Analysis of the 35k ohm thin film Tantalum Nitride Chip resistors identified Palladium in the film. A catalytic reaction of Palladium and hydrogen produces mono atomic hydrogen. When the filter module cavities were filled with a 4 % hydrogen 96 % Nitrogen gas mixture at 25C and monitored the electrical performance for 24 hours. Some channels drifted in a similar pattern as the channel being investigated. Palladium was found on the resistors. The corrective actions taken are reviewed, which resulted in a stable circuit.

Weiler, James↗
NASA NTRS1975

A simulation experiment of photochemical reactions in the mesosphere

An ionospheric simulation experiment has been performed in a large vacuum chamber. The chamber is filled with NO and other gases including N2, O2, CO2, NH3 and H2O in the pressure range of 0.01 torr. A lamp which produces photons at 1236- and 1165-A by means of microwave discharge in krypton is utilized as an ionization source. In addition to 30+ large quantities of the water cluster ions 55+, H3O(+).(H2O)2, 73+, H3O(+).(H2O)3 and 91+, H3O(+).(H2O)4 were observed when nitric oxide and water were present. This closely approximates the condition of the terrestrial D region. After long periods of UV irradiation 74+ and 104+ ions grow in intensity. These ions are tentatively identified as NO(+).N2O and NO(+).NO.N2O. In addition the series 18+, 36+, 54+, and 72+ is detected which can be labeled NH4(+), NH4(+).(H2O), NH4(+).(H2O)2 and NH4(+).(H2O)3. These same species of ions are observed with the introduction of ammonia into the chamber. Presumably both N2O and NH3 are products of the photolysis.

Fugono, N.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Non-flammable polyimide materials for commercial application

Thermally-stable, fire-resistant polyimide foams developed for use as fire protection in aircraft, spacecraft and ground applications are presented. Polyimide precursors, synthesized by the reaction of 3, 3', 4, 4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride with a mixture of two diamines, can be processed into foams by indirect or direct heating techniques. Flexible resilient foams and thermal acoustical foams produced by the microwave heating of polyimide precursors are shown to conform to requirements for aircraft seating foams and thermal and acoustical insulation materials, respectively. Rigid polyimide foams reinforced by carbon mat, chopped carbon mat and chopped glass strand fillers and prepared by the microwave heating of a continuous mat, followed by its compression, or by filling a honeycomb structure with low density foam, are found to exhibit outstanding fire resistance and have mechanical properties approaching those desired for structural materials.

Gagliani, J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Search for Extraterrestrial Origin of Atmospheric Trace Molecules Radio Sub-MM Observations During The Leonids

HCN is a minor constituent of the Earth atmosphere, with a typical volume mixing ratio around 10(exp -10) HCN per air molecule. At present, the main source of HCN in the lower atmosphere is expected to be biomass burning. The atmospheric HCN has been observed since 1981, first in the infrared, then at microwave radio frequencies. Globally, above 30 km, HCN measurements are in excess of model predictions based on standard photochemistry and biomass burning as the only HCN source. This excess has been explained by: 1) ion-catalyzed reactions in the entire stratosphere, involving CH.3CN as a precursor and/or 2) a high altitude source as a result of chemical production from the methyl radical CH3, or from injection or production by meteors. HCN is a minor constituent of cometary ices. HCN polymers or copolymers have been suggested as constituents of cometary refractory organic matter, and would thus be present in the incoming meteoroids, if these polymers survived their stay in interplanetary space after ejection. HCN may also be created from the CN radical decomposition product of organic carbon, after reaction with hydrogen-bearing molecules. To test the hypothesis of HCN input by meteoroids or the formation in the upper atmosphere from meteoric ablation products, we decided to monitor the HCN submillimeter lines around a major shower: the Leonids.

Depois, D.↗
NASA NTRS2011

NASA Tech Briefs, November 2011

The topics include: 1) Flight Test Results from the Rake Airflow Gage Experiment on the F-15B; 2) Telemetry and Science Data Software System; 3) CropEx Web-Based Agricultural Monitoring and Decision Support; 4) High-Performance Data Analysis Tools for Sun-Earth Connection Missions; 5) Experiment in Onboard Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Processing; 6) Microfabrication of a High-Throughput Nanochannel Delivery/Filtration System; 7) Improved Design and Fabrication of Hydrated-Salt Pills; 8) Monolithic Flexure Pre-Stressed Ultrasonic Horns; 9) Cryogenic Quenching Process for Electronic Part Screening; 10) Broadband Via-Less Microwave Crossover Using Microstrip-CPW Transitions; 11) Wheel-Based Ice Sensors for Road Vehicles; 12) G-DYN Multibody Dynamics Engine; 13) Multibody Simulation Software Testbed for Small-Body Exploration and Sampling; 14) Propulsive Reaction Control System Model; 15) Licklider Transmission Protocol Implementation; 16) Core Recursive Hierarchical Image Segmentation; 17) Two-Stage Centrifugal Fan; 18) Combined Structural and Trajectory Control of Variable-Geometry Planetary Entry Systems; 19) Pressure Regulator With Internal Ejector Circulation Pump, Flow and Pressure Measurement Porting, and Fuel Cell System Integration Options; 20) Temperature-Sensitive Coating Sensor Based on Hematite; 21) Standardization of a Volumetric Displacement Measurement for Two-Body Abrasion Scratch Test Data Analysis; 22) Detection of Carbon Monoxide Using Polymer-Carbon Composite Films; 23) Substituted Quaternary Ammonium Salts Improve Low-Temperature Performance of Double-Layer Capacitors; 24) Sustainably Sourced, Thermally Resistant, Radiation Hard Biopolymer; 25) Integrated Lens Antennas for Multi-Pixel Receivers; 26) 180-GHz Interferometric Imager; 27) Maturation of Structural Health Management Systems for Solid Rocket Motors; 28) Validating Phasing and Geometry of Large Focal Plane Arrays; 29) Transverse Pupil Shifts for Adaptive Optics Non-Common Path Calibration; 30) Qualification of Fiber Optic Cables for Martian Extreme Temperature Environments; 31) Solid-State Spectral Light Source System; 32) Multiple-Event, Single-Photon Counting Imaging Sensor; 33) Surface Modeling to Support Small-Body Spacecraft Exploration and Proximity Operations; and 34) Achieving Exact and Constant Turnaround Ratio in a DDS-Based Coherent Transponder.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1992

Electron number density profiles for the Aeroassist Flight Experiment

The basic features of a Microwave Reflectometer Ionization Sensor (MRIS) as designed for utilization on the Aeroassist Flight Experiment are described. A parametric study of the effects of trajectory and unknowns in the thermochemical nonequilibrium models for translational and vibrational-electronic energy exchange rates, reaction rates, and the average electronic excitation level of atoms is performed to illustrate how the MRIS data may be employed for code validation. This study, implemented with program LAURA, shows a particular sensitivity of the onset and severity of an electron avalanche phenomena associated with changes in these physical models.

Greendyke, Robert B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Temperature dependence of the NO + O3 reaction rate from 195 to 369 K

The temperature dependence of the NO + O3 reaction rate was examined by means of the fast flow technique. Several different experimental conditions and detection schemes were employed. With excess NO or excess O3, NO2 chemiluminescence was monitored. In addition, with excess O3, NO was followed by fluorescence induced by an NO microwave discharge lamp. The results of the three independent sets of data are compared and found to agree within experimental error, indicating the absence of secondary chemistry which might complicate the kinetics. The data exhibit curvature on an Arrhenius plot; however, the simple Arrhenius expression k = (2.6 + or - 0.8) x 10 to the -12th exp(-1435 + or - 64/T) cu cm/molecule s is an adequate description for T between 195 and 369 K. This result is compared to earlier determinations.

Michael, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Spectroscopy of Chlorosyl Fluoride, FClO

FClO has been proposed as an intermediate in reactions involving ClF, Cl2O, and ClF3O, and it has been suggested as a molecule of atmospheric interest. It has been prepared in situ by the hydrolysis of ClF3. The pure rotational spectrum of FClO has been studied by conventional millimeter wave techniques and by microwave Fourier transform spectroscopy. Selected transitions were searched for using predictions based on an analysis of the nu(sub 1) band. FClO is an asymmetric prolate top, kappa = -0.8950 for F(35)ClO, with a rather small dipole component of 0.093 (4) D along the a-axis and a larger one of 1.93 (5) D along the b-axis. Transitions with 0 <= J <= 54 and 0 <= K(sub a) <= 18 were observed. Cl hyperfine splitting was generally observable throughout the spectrum with F-19 spin-rotation splitting observable as well in the microwave region. Structural parameters, harmonic force constants, and nuclear magnetic shielding parameters were derived and will be compared with data of related molecules, such as ClF3, ClF, FClO2, and FClO3. High resolution infrared spectra were taken in the regions of the FCl stretching mode and bending mode around 600 and 310/cm, respectively. A preliminary analysis indicates that the FCl stretch, near 596.86/cm for F(35)ClO, is in resonance with the dark overtone of delta near 617/cm. A brief progress report will be given.

Mueller, Holger S. P.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A kinetic study of the interaction between atomic oxygen and aerosols

This study was concerned with the effects of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols on the kinetics of disappearance of atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen was generated by a 2.45-GHz microwave discharge and the kinetics of disappearance measured in a fast flow system using NO2 titration. Values of the recombination coefficient for heterogeneous wall recombination were determined for clean, H2SO4-coated, and (NH4)2SO4-coated Pyrex to be 0.000050, 0.000020, and 0.000019, respectively. A rapid exothermic chemical reaction was found to occur between atomic oxygen and an NH4Cl wall coating; the products were NH3, NO, H2O, and HCl. The NH4Cl aerosol was generated by gas phase reaction of NH3 with HCl. The aerosol particles were approximately spherical and nearly monodisperse with a mean diameter of 1.6 plus or minus 0.2 micron. The rate constant for the disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of NH4Cl aerosol was measured. No significant decrease was observed in the rate of disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of an (NH4)2SO4 aerosol at a concentration of 285 mg per cu m.

Akers, F. I.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Laboratory degradation of Kapton in a low energy oxygen ion beam

An atomic oxygen ion beam, accelerated from a tunable microwave resonant cavity, was used at Lewis Research Center to bombard samples of the widely used polyimide Kapton. The Kapton experienced degradation and mass loss at high rates, which may be comparable to those found in Space Shuttle operations if the activation energy supplied by the beam enabled surface reactions with the ambient oxygen. The simulation reproduced the directionality (ram-wake dependence) of the degradation, the change in optical properties of the degraded materials, and the structure seen in scanning electron micrographs of samples returned on the Shuttle Trails with a substituted argon ion beam produced no rapid degradation. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) showed significant surface composition changes in all bombarded samples. Mass loss rates and surface composition changes are discussed in terms of the possible oxidation chemistry of the interaction. Finally, the question of how the harmful degradation of materials in low Earth orbit can be minimized is addressed.

Ferguson, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Laboratory degradation of Kapton in a low energy oxygen ion beam

An atomic oxygen ion beam, accelerated from a tunable microwave resonant cavity, was used at Lewis Research Center to bombard samples of the widely used polyimide Kapton. The Kapton experienced degradation and mass loss at high rates, which may be comparable to those found in Space Shuttle operations if the activation energy supplied by the beam enabled surface reactions with the ambient oxygen. The simulation reproduced the directionality (ram-wake dependence) of the degradiation, the change in optical properties of the degraded materials, and the structure seen in scanning electron micrographs of samples returned on the Shuttle Trails with a substituted argon ion beam produced no rapid degradation. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) showed significant surface composition changes in all bombarded samples. Mass loss rates and surface composition changes are discussed in terms of the possible oxidation chemistry of the interaction. Finally, the question of how the harmful degradation of materials in low earth orbit can be minimized is addressed.

Ferguson, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Diagnostic for Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition and Etch Systems

In order to meet NASA's requirements for the rapid development and validation of future generation electronic devices as well as associated materials and processes, enabling technologies ion the processing of semiconductor materials arising from understanding etch chemistries are being developed through a research collaboration between Stanford University and NASA-Ames Research Center, Although a great deal of laboratory-scale research has been performed on many of materials processing plasmas, little is known about the gas-phase and surface chemical reactions that are critical in many etch and deposition processes, and how these reactions are influenced by the variation in operating conditions. In addition, many plasma-based processes suffer from stability and reliability problems leading to a compromise in performance and a potentially increased cost for the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Such a lack of understanding has hindered the development of process models that can aid in the scaling and improvement of plasma etch and deposition systems. The research described involves the study of plasmas used in semiconductor processes. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source in place of the standard upper electrode assembly of the Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) radio-frequency (RF) Reference Cell is used to investigate the discharge characteristics and chemistries. This ICP source generates plasmas with higher electron densities (approximately 10(exp 12)/cu cm) and lower operating pressures (approximately 7 mTorr) than obtainable with the original parallel-plate version of the GEC Cell. This expanded operating regime is more relevant to new generations of industrial plasma systems being used by the microelectronics industry. The motivation for this study is to develop an understanding of the physical phenomena involved in plasma processing and to measure much needed fundamental parameters, such as gas-phase and surface reaction rates. species concentration, temperature, ion energy distribution, and electron number density. A wide variety of diagnostic techniques are under development through this consortium grant to measure these parameters. including molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, broadband ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy, a compensated Langmuir probe. Additional diagnostics. Such as microwave interferometry and microwave absorption for measurements of plasma density and radical concentrations are also planned.

Cappelli, Mark A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Remote in-situ elemental analysis systems for underwater application

The systems approach, theoretical measurement calculations, and preliminary measurements to be used in monitoring and mapping pollutants (such as traces of heavy metals) in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. A neutron gamma-ray method is under development for demonstrating the system. The excitation source to be used is a machine accelerator using a deuterium/tritium reaction to produce 14-MeV neutrons. The neutrons excite characteristic gamma ray emission from the neutron irradiated surface. The discrete line emission produced can be used to infer both qualitative and quantitative elemental composition. A data preprocessor will accumulate, digitize, store, format, and prepare the data for transmission which can be accomplished by telephone, microwave, and possibly satellite link to central processors.

Trombka, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Attenuation of Scattered Thermal Energy Atomic Oxygen

The attenuation of scattered thermal energy atomic oxygen is relevant to the potential damage that can occur within a spacecraft which sweeps through atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (LEO). Although there can be significant oxidation and resulting degradation of polymers and some metals on the external surfaces of spacecraft, there are often openings on a spacecraft such as telescope apertures, vents, and microwave cavities that can allow atomic oxygen to enter and scatter internally to the spacecraft. Atomic oxygen that enters a spacecraft can thermally accommodate and scatter to ultimately react or recombine on surfaces. The atomic oxygen that does enter a spacecraft can be scavenged by use of high erosion yield polymers to reduce its reaction on critical surfaces and materials. Polyoxymethylene and polyethylene can be used as effective atomic oxygen scavenging polymers.

Banks, Bruce a.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Attenuation of Scattered Thermal Energy Atomic Oxygen

The attenuation of scattered thermal energy atomic oxygen is relevant to the potential damage that can occur within a spacecraft which sweeps through atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (LEO). Although there can be significant oxidation and resulting degradation of polymers and some metals on the external surfaces of spacecraft, there are often openings on a spacecraft such as telescope apertures, vents, and microwave cavities that can allow atomic oxygen to enter and scatter internally to the spacecraft. Atomic oxygen that enters a spacecraft can thermally accommodate and scatter to ultimately react or recombine on surfaces. The atomic oxygen that does enter a spacecraft can be scavenged by use of high erosion yield polymers to reduce its reaction on critical surfaces and materials. Polyoxymethylene and polyethylene can be used as effective atomic oxygen scavenging polymers.

Banks, Bruce A.↗