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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2001

MNASA as a Test for Carbon Fiber Thermal Barrier Development

A carbon fiber rope thermal barrier is being evaluated as a replacement for the conventional room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) thermal barrier that is currently used to protect o-rings in Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) nozzle joints. Performance requirements include its ability to cool any incoming, hot propellant gases that fill and pressurize the nozzle joints, filter slag and particulates, and to perform adequately in various joint assembly conditions as well as dynamic flight motion. Modified National Aeronautics and Space Administration (MNASA) motors, with their inherent and unique ability to replicate select RSRM internal environment features, were an integral step in the development path leading to full scale RSRM static test demonstration of the carbon fiber rope (CFR) joint concept. These 1/4 scale RSRM motors serve to bridge the gap between the other classes of subscale test motors (extremely small and moderate duration, or small scale and short duration) and the critical asset RSRM static test motors. A series of MNASA tests have been used to demonstrate carbon fiber rope performance and have provided rationale for implementation into a full-scale static motor and flight qualification.

Bauer, Paul↗

NASA NTRS2008

Martian Dust Simulator

The Martian Dust Simulator (MDS) was designed to investigate the contamination effects of Martian soil and rock on the performance and function of flight-like microvalves and flight-like filters located within the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite. The SAM instrument suite, which houses over fifty percent of the science payload, is located on-board the Mars exploration rover. The mission objective of the Mars Science Laboratory Rover is to determine the past, present, and future habitability of Mars. It will serve as a robot geologist, traveling the Mars surface for a period of one Martian year (equivalent to two earth years). The microvalves were designed as a conduit to control the flow of Martian gas to the science instruments. If exposed to particle sizes greater than half a micron, both the science instruments and science equipment, including forty-seven microvalves, could experience performance degradation. As a result, filters were used at various gas inlets to protect flight hardware from particulate degradation. Additionally, the filters serve as the only interface between the Martian environment and the mechanisms within SAM. The MDS operates at 7 Torr (0.135 psi) with a gas flow rate of 0 to 20 m/s. Iron (III) Oxide was the only dust particle specimen used, although several others were initially considered (i.e. JSC-Mars-1, Corundum Powder (Al2O3), Hydrated Sulfate, and Belville (Basalt)). The overarching goal of the MDS is to demonstrate that the Mars exploration program is adequately designed and prepared for the Martian mission environment.

Zuray, Monica↗

NASA NTRS2022

An Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, door porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All of these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

Contamination Control↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, doored porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

James Webb Space Telescope↗

NASA NTRS2022

Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, doored porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

James Webb Space Telescope, launch, contamination,↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of the Accumulation of Foreign Object Debris in the International Space Station Ventilation Systems and Resulting Impacts to Systems

A challenge for the International Space Station (ISS) is accumulation of foreign object debris (FOD) in the ventilation systems and the impacts to crew, equipment, and experiments. One function of the temperature and humidity control system is to capture FOD with various methods of filtration to minimize these impacts. ISS filtration has been augmented by charcoal and High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters and screens. A qualitative comparison of the quantity of FOD found since 2012 study and the current levels are evaluated. Impacts due to FOD are reduced air circulation, increased crew time for cleaning, reduction of equipment life, and component damage; examples are provided. Recommendations for further improvements to reduce the accumulation of FOD on ISS are provided.

ISS↗

NASA NTRS2012

Adaptation of a Filter Assembly to Assess Microbial Bioburden of Pressurant Within a Propulsion System

A report describes an adaptation of a filter assembly to enable it to be used to filter out microorganisms from a propulsion system. The filter assembly has previously been used for particulates greater than 2 micrometers. Projects that utilize large volumes of nonmetallic materials of planetary protection concern pose a challenge to their bioburden budget, as a conservative specification value of 30 spores per cubic centimeter is typically used. Helium was collected utilizing an adapted filtration approach employing an existing Millipore filter assembly apparatus used by the propulsion team for particulate analysis. The filter holder on the assembly has a 47-mm diameter, and typically a 1.2-5 micrometer pore-size filter is used for particulate analysis making it compatible with commercially available sterilization filters (0.22 micrometers) that are necessary for biological sampling. This adaptation to an existing technology provides a proof-of-concept and a demonstration of successful use in a ground equipment system. This adaptation has demonstrated that the Millipore filter assembly can be utilized to filter out microorganisms from a propulsion system, whereas in previous uses the filter assembly was utilized for particulates greater than 2 micrometers.

Benardini, James N.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Use of Whatman-41 filters in air quality sampling networks (with applications to elemental analysis)

The operation of a 16-site parallel high volume air sampling network with glass fiber filters on one unit and Whatman-41 filters on the other is reported. The network data and data from several other experiments indicate that (1) Sampler-to-sampler and filter-to-filter variabilities are small; (2) hygroscopic affinity of Whatman-41 filters need not introduce errors; and (3) suspended particulate samples from glass fiber filters averaged slightly, but not statistically significantly, higher than from Whatman-41-filters. The results obtained demonstrate the practicability of Whatman-41 filters for air quality monitoring and elemental analysis.

Neustadter, H. E.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Submicron and Nanoparticulate Matter Removal by HEPA-Rated Media Filters and Packed Beds of Granular Materials

Contaminants generated aboard crewed spacecraft by diverse sources consist of both gaseous chemical contaminants and particulate matter. Both HEPA media filters and packed beds of granular material, such as activated carbon, which are both commonly employed for cabin atmosphere purification purposes have efficacy for removing nanoparticulate contaminants from the cabin atmosphere. The phenomena associated with particulate matter removal by HEPA media filters and packed beds of granular material are reviewed relative to their efficacy for removing fine (less than 2.5 micrometers) and ultrafine (less than 0.01 micrometers) sized particulate matter. Considerations are discussed for using these methods in an appropriate configuration to provide the most effective performance for a broad range of particle sizes including nanoparticulates.

Perry, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Particulate filtration from emissions of a plasma pyrolysis assembly reactor using regenerable porous metal filters

Microwave-based plasma pyrolysis technology is being studied as a means of supporting oxygen recovery in future spacecraft life support systems. The process involves the conversion of methane produced from a Sabatier reactor to acetylene and hydrogen, with a small amount of solid carbon particulates generated as a side product. The particles must be filtered before the acetylene is removed and the hydrogen-rich gas stream is recycled back to the CRA. We discuss developmental work on porous metal media filters for removing the carbon particulate emissions from the PPA exit gas stream and to provide in situ media regeneration capability. Because of the high temperatures involved in oxidizing the deposited carbon during regeneration, there was particular focus in this development on the materials that could be used, the housing design, and heating methods. This paper describes the design and operation of the filter and characterizes their performance from integrated testing at the Environmental Chamber (E-Chamber) at MSFC.

particulates↗

NASA NTRS2017

Particulate Filtration from Emissions of a Plasma Pyrolysis Assembly Reactor Using Regenerable Porous Metal Filters

Agui, Juan H.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Investigation of cleanliness verification techniques for rocket engine hardware

Oxidizer propellant systems for liquid-fueled rocket engines must meet stringent cleanliness requirements for particulate and nonvolatile residue. These requirements were established to limit residual contaminants which could block small orifices or ignite in the oxidizer system during engine operation. Limiting organic residues in high pressure oxygen systems is particularly important. The current method of cleanliness verification used by Rocketdyne requires an organic solvent flush of the critical hardware surfaces. The solvent is filtered and analyzed for particulate matter, followed by gravimetric determination of the nonvolatile residue (NVR) content of the filtered solvent. The organic solvents currently specified for use (1,1,1-trichloroethane and CFC-113) are ozone-depleting chemicals slated for elimination by December 1995. A test program is in progress to evaluate alternative methods for cleanliness verification that do not require the use of ozone-depleting chemicals and that minimize or eliminate the use of solvents regulated as hazardous air pollutants or smog precursors. Initial results from the laboratory test program to evaluate aqueous-based methods and organic solvent flush methods for NVR verification are provided and compared with results obtained using the current method. Evaluation of the alternative methods was conducted using a range of contaminants encountered in the manufacture of rocket engine hardware.

Fritzemeier, Marilyn L.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Investigation of Cleanliness Verification Techniques for Rocket Engine Hardware

Oxidizer propellant systems for liquid-fueled rocket engines must meet stringent cleanliness requirements for particulate and nonvolatile residue. These requirements were established to limit residual contaminants which could block small orifices or ignite in the oxidizer system during engine operation. Limiting organic residues in high pressure oxygen systems, such as in the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), is particularly important. The current method of cleanliness verification for the SSME uses an organic solvent flush of the critical hardware surfaces. The solvent is filtered and analyzed for particulate matter followed by gravimetric determination of the nonvolatile residue (NVR) content of the filtered solvent. The organic solvents currently specified for use (1, 1, 1-trichloroethane and CFC-113) are ozone-depleting chemicals slated for elimination by December 1995. A test program is in progress to evaluate alternative methods for cleanliness verification that do not require the use of ozone-depleting chemicals and that minimize or eliminate the use of solvents regulated as hazardous air pollutants or smog precursors. Initial results from the laboratory test program to evaluate aqueous-based methods and organic solvent flush methods for NVR verification are provided and compared with results obtained using the current method. Evaluation of the alternative methods was conducted using a range of contaminants encountered in the manufacture of rocket engine hardware.

Fritzemeier, Marilyn L.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Influence of acoustics in separation processes

The effects of introducing high energy acoustics into various filtering and drying systems were studied. With very slow velocity filtration systems, it was found that the introduction of acoustics could substantially increase the flow rate and also aided in the coagulation of the particulates before reaching the filter media. In the drying of temperature sensitive powders, the rate was increased by the introduction of acoustics. The acoustic frequency used was 20 kHz with power levels up to 3 watts per square centimeter.

Fairbanks, H. V.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Gas chromatography/ion mobility spectrometry as a hyphenated technique for improved explosives detection and analysis

Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is currently being successfully applied to the problem of on-line trace detection of plastic and other explosives in airports and other facilities. The methods of sample retrieval primarily consist of batch sampling for particulate residue on a filter card for introduction into the IMS. The sample is desorbed into the IMS using air as the carrier and negative ions of the explosives are detected, some as an adduct with a reagent ion such as Cl(-). Based on studies and tests conducted by different airport authorities, this method seems to work well for low vapor pressure explosives such as RDX and PETN, as well as TNT that are highly adsorptive and can be found in nanogram quantities on contaminated surfaces. Recently, the changing terrorist threat and the adoption of new marking agents for plastic explosives has meant that the sample introduction and analysis capabilities of the IMS must be enhanced in order to keep up with other detector developments. The IMS has sufficient analytical resolution for a few threat compounds but the IMS Plasmogram becomes increasingly more difficult to interpret when the sample mixture gets more complex.

Mercado, AL↗

NASA NTRS1989

Clean Room Apparel

American Hospital Supply Corporation (AHSC), Baxter Healthcare Corporation's predecessor, used the NASA informational base on contamination control technology to improve industrial contamination control technology. When a study determined that microscopic body particles escaping through tiny "windows" in woven garments worn by workers were the greatest source of contamination, AHSC developed TYVEK. This non-woven material filters 99% of all particulate matter larger than half a micron. Baxter Healthcare added a polyimide coating which seals and ties down any loose fibers, providing greater durability. Stress points along seams have been minimized to make the garment almost tearproof. Micro-Clean 212 garments are individually packaged and disposable.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1994

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of biological particulates collected during recent space shuttle missions

Biological particulates collected on air filters during shuttle missions (STS-40 and STS-42) were identified using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). A method was developed for identifying the atmospheric particles and their sources through the analysis of standard materials and the selection of "marker" compounds specific to the particle type. Pyrolysis spectra of biological standards were compared with those of airborne particles collected during two space shuttle missions; marker compounds present in the shuttle particle spectra were matched with those of the standards to identify the source of particles. Particles of 0,5--1-mm diameter and weighing as little as 40 micrograms could be identified using this technique. The Py-GC/MS method identified rat food and soilless plant-growth media as two sources of particles collected from the shuttle atmosphere during flight.

NASA Program Environmental Health↗

NASA NTRS2004

Air Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membranes

The NASA Glenn Research Center in partnership with the Ohio Aerospace Institute provides internship programs for high school and college students in the areas of science, engineering, professional administrative, and other technical areas. During the summer of 2004, I worked with Dr. Clarence T. Chang at NASA Glenn Research Center s combustion branch on air separation using hollow fiber membrane technology. . In light of the accident of Trans World Airline s flight 800, FAA has mandated that a suitable solution be created to prevent the ignition of fuel tanks in aircrafts. In order for any type of fuel to ignite, three important things are needed: fuel vapor, oxygen, and an energy source. Two different ways to make fuel tanks less likely to ignite are reformulating the fuel to obtain a lower vapor pressure for the fuel and or using an On Board Inert Gas Generating System (OBIGGS) to inert the Central Wing Tank. goal is to accomplish the mission, which means that the Air Separation Module (ASM) tends to be bulky and heavy. The primary goal for commercial aviation companies is to transport as much as they can with the least amount of cost and fuel per person, therefore the ASM must be compact and light as possible. The plan is to take bleed air from the aircraft s engines to pass air through a filter first to remove particulates and then pass the air through the ASM containing hollow fiber membranes. In the lab, there will be a heating element provided to simulate the temperature of the bleed air that will be entering the ASM and analysis of the separated air will be analyzed by a Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS). The GUMS will separate the different compounds in the exit streams of the ASM and provide information on the performance of hollow fiber membranes. Hopefully I can develop ways to improve efficiency of the ASM. different types of jet fuel were analyzed and data was well represented on SAE Paper 982485. Data consisted of the concentrations of over 300 different hydrocarbons commonly found in JP- 8, Jet A, and JP-5 fuels. I researched the major hydrocarbons that has a concentration of greater than 50 parts per million and found the vapor pressure data coefficients for a specific temperature range. The coefficients were applied to Antoine s Equation and Riedel's Equation to calculate the vapor pressures for that specific hydrocarbon in the specific temperature range. With the vapor pressure data scientists can formulate a fuel composition that has a lower vapor pressure profile, therefore making jet fuels less flammable. work, learn how to operate and examine the data from Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer, and develop new ways in applying hollow fiber membrane technology to other areas of environmental engineering. The United States military currently uses air separation technology and their primary The other side of making air travel safer is to reformulate the fuel. Analyses of three My goal this summer is to learn about hollow fiber membrane technologies and how they

Huang, Stephen E.↗