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DOE OSTI2025

sup3ruhi (Super Resolution for Renewable Resource Data and Urban Heat Islands) [SWR-25-05]

Urban heat is a growing concern, particularly in dense metropolitan areas where high temperatures increase the risk of heat-related illness and drive energy expenses for cooling. Estimating the effects of urban heat remains a challenge due to limitations in describing the built environment, computational constraints, and the need for high-resolution data. This software presents open-source, computationally efficient machine learning methods that enhance the accuracy of urban temperature estimates compared to historical reanalysis data. Models trained using this software have been applied to urban microclimates in Los Angeles and Seattle showing greater accuracy and less bias when compared to low-resolution reanalysis datasets like ERA5 and even when compared to high-resolution mesoscale numerical weather models like WRF with an urban canopy model. Initial findings highlight how machine learning can support urban heat resilience planning by enabling improved assessments of local heat islands, mitigation strategies, and their energy implications. This software is an extension of (sup3r). This software supports the following publication: Buster, Grant, et al. Tackling Extreme Urban Heat: A Machine Learning Approach to Assess the Impacts of Climate Change and the Efficacy of Climate Adaptation Strategies in Urban Microclimates. arXiv:2411.05952, arXiv, 8 Nov. 2024. arXiv.org, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.05952. And has related public data records available at: Buster, Grant, Cox, Jordan, Benton, Brandon, and King, Ryan. Super-Resolution for Renewable Resource Data and Urban Heat Islands (Sup3rUHI). United States: N.p., 16 Oct, 2024. Web. https://data.openei.org/submissions/6220.

Buster, Grant [National Renewable Energy Laborator↗

DOE OSTI2026

NLR VISSIM Wrapper [SWR-26-023]

Software that allows the execution of VISSIM simulations based on any airport access/egress mode share scenario. This is a standalone executable that takes the baseline VISSIM model provided by Seattle Tacoma International Airport (SEA) and a synthetic passenger dataset as inputs and generates travel time changes based on the congestion evaluation function built into the software.

Ge, Yanbo [National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR↗

DOE OSTI2026

Bike and Scoot to Transit

In this project, we developed a micromobility first-mile service for customers to access public transit. We launched this service as a pilot in the Seattle area that incentivized transit customers to bike or scoot to transit. The objective was to learn how to integrate different micromobility services and provide a unified reward program. Our pilot was called “Bike and Scoot to Transit” and ran from November 2022 to September 2023. More than a dozen locations were selected near transit hubs and light rail/train stations as preferred parking locations. Trips ending at those locations were partially funded. The pilot supported 19,226 qualified trips and distributed $73,000 in total benefits for the participants of the pilot. This dataset was collected from our pilot, which includes the following: - Monthly data: Monthly trip and funding summaries. - Data summary: Data broken down based on the micromobility service provider and equipment. - Trip data: List of all trips recorded during the pilot. - Pricing models: Fees charged by micromobility service providers. ![bike to transit](bike-transit.png)

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2024

Lessons from Artist in Residence Program Design and Impact

As a national laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) seeks to be on the leading edge of public interest research and deliver innovation, a core value of the institution. Through the support of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Water Power Technologies Office, PNNL has convened a workshop entitled Advancing Energy Futures through Art in Seattle, Washington, on August 19th and 20th, 2024. An explicit focus on Artist in Residence (AiR) programs initiates the discussion, as this is one of the few clear places where public interest research, artistic engagement, and energy futures have aligned. The workshop proposes to hear from program managers of successful AiR programs, scientists, and artists who work in the energy futures space, to discuss AiR program models and successful modalities for art and storytelling. This paper is provided as background context for workshop participants.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Large-scale Hydrogen Storage Risk Assessment

This project investigated risks involved in deploying a large-scale hydrogen storage system at the Port of Seattle (hereafter, the Port) for its on-terminal and maritime applications in an urban industrial setting. Alongside, the project attempted to address some of the barriers to risk assessment such as need for an exact system design for a systematic investigation, direct access to surrounding communities to gauge their perceptions, and an integrated software required to undertake a full-fledged risk assessment. These barriers were overcome using illustrative reference station designs, engaging with community-facing agencies through Port support, and pooling national laboratory capabilities available for risk assessments. The project identified relevant public safety risk metrics, compared various hydrogen carriers, engaged with community-facing agencies, and explored potential gaps in existing safety codes and standards. The primary impacts of this project include the development of risk assessment guidance for ports and utilities, informing them of the trade-offs in the choice of hydrogen carriers, and the ability to increase public capacity for dialog and engagement. This paves the way toward decarbonization of the Port activities, bringing about awareness around jobs in the market for risk assessments, and the need to ramp up community engagement long before any hydrogen system deployment is undertaken.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2024

Potential Availability of Alternative Fuel to Supply Maritime Activities in Pacific Northwest Ports

The international shipping sector represented 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2023 (Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 2024). International shipping has been classified as a difficult-to-decarbonize industry (IRENA 2024). In an effort to drive decarbonization, the U.S. Department of Energy has partnered with Mission Innovation to co-lead the Zero-Emission Shipping Mission, which launched in 2021(Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 2021). In addition, the U.S. Department of State partnered with Norway to launch the Green Shipping Challenge in 2022 (Office of the Spokesperson 2022b). As part of the ZESM and Green Shipping Challenge, the United States is collaborating with the Republic of Korea (ROK) to develop a green shipping corridor (U.S. Mission Korea 2023). The United States and ROK have conducted a pre-feasibility study as the first step in developing a green shipping corridor between the countries. The ports included in the study are Seattle, Tacoma, and Everette in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Busan, Ulsan, and Masan in ROK. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's role in the study was to analyze the availability and technical potential of alternative marine fuels in proximity to U.S. PNW ports. The findings show most of the existing alternative fuel capacity within the region is from renewable diesel, biodiesel, and sustainable aviation fuel facilities. The largest growth in fuel capacity in the region by 2030 is projected to be in renewable diesel and hydrogen. The overall technical readiness of non-drop-in alternative fuel production and conversion technologies is more developed than alternative-fueled ships and associated fueling infrastructure. However, much of the fuel capacity in the region is comprised of drop-in fuels, making it technically possible to use existing infrastructure for transporting and bunkering to the existing fleet. Data to inform regional alternative fuel quantity estimations were collected from an extensive review of databases, reports, announcements, and other publicly available resources. A maturity index and sector competition factor were applied to announced fuel projects to determine the quantity of alternative fuel available to the marine sector in the region by 2030. Demand data were collected from fuel bunkering logs covering the PNW seaports (State of Washington 2021). Both supply and demand data were converted to very-low sulfur fuel oil gallon equivalents (VLSFO-GE) for better comparison. Qualitative data were gathered through interviews with stakeholders, project developers, and industry experts. Total alternative fuel capacity available to the marine sector in the region is estimated to be 824 million VLSFO-GE per year by 2030. This is sufficient to cover the requirements of a green shipping corridor between the United States and ROK. The findings from this report are being used to inform detailed feasibility studies for several U.S. PNW -ROK green shipping corridors. Updates from the U.S. PNW - ROK feasibility studies will continue to be published on Mission Innovation's green corridor tracking website (Zero Emission Shipping Mission, n.d.). In addition, this report has helped to inform further work on shipping decarbonization in the U.S. PNW, including the Pacific Northwest to Alaska Green Corridor focused on cruise vessels.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Development of a Western U.S. Fusion Energy Commercialization Hub

Fusion energy, if successfully commercialized and globally adopted, could substantially increase U.S. energy dominance and provide essentially unlimited baseload power for the national grid. It also stands to provide the U.S. with a strong source of economic growth through the 2030s and 2040s, giving the U.S. a new and highly internationally competitive industry for export. Fusion can also provide the increased electrical power generation capacity required to power current and future artificial intelligence (AI) activities. In October 2024, the CleanTech Alliance held a fusion energy commercialization regional hub workshop alongside its annual Seattle Fusion Week conference. The event brought together fusion companies, researchers, economic development experts, federal and state government representatives, and power utilities from the western states of Washington, California, Colorado and Nevada. Attendees discussed the potential of regionally focused commercialization of fusion energy in three pillars: technology, workforce, and economic development. Mel Clark, President & CEO, CleanTech Alliance, and Dr. Javier Garay, Associate Dean for Research and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Founding Director of the UCSD Fusion Engineering institute, are co-PIs for this project. The project is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) through a Field Work Proposal to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with Karl Mueller as point-of-contact. Chris Ajemian (Principal, Ajemian Consulting, LLC) and Dr. Christopher Keane (Professor of Physics and former Vice-President for Research, Washington State University) co-organized the workshop and were the editors for this report. This report details the current state of the work of the four western states to develop industry-led collaboration with national laboratories, universities, and government at all levels to hasten the commercialization of fusion energy. It provides a summary of fusion energy R&D needs, presents the ideas the attendees at the workshop identified for deepening regional collaboration, and makes findings and recommendations for next steps.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Sensos Smart Label Performance Summary as Observed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) team performed an evaluation of the Sensos Smart Label Gen 2.0, as shown in Figure 1, for package tracking. A long-distance round-trip shipment between Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Seattle, Washington, was completed to assess the device’s performance in location tracking, environment sensing capabilities, alerting features, threshold options, battery life, and real-time and historical data retrieval from the “Sync” data dashboard provided by Sensos. The evaluation was conducted to gain a general understanding of the capabilities of the device. Furthermore, due to time and resource constraints, ORNL did not conduct exhaustive testing to confirm reliability, availability, or effectiveness of alerting and tracking features. On equipment arrangement, Sensos (sensos.ai) graciously agreed to provide a Sensos Smart Label Gen 2.0 device to ORNL, at no cost, for testing and evaluation purposes. ORNL conducted assessments along with other commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) tracking devices. As a courtesy, ORNL will provide Sensos with this report summarizing the observations and findings specific to the Sensos label based on the tests performed.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Emerald Connections Weatherization Plus Health Pilot Program

The Emerald Connections Weatherization Plus Health Pilot Program (Healthy Homes Pilot or the pilot), delivered 97 comprehensive energy retrofits to low-income households in two underserved communities: Lynn, Massachusetts (57) and the Beacon Hill neighborhood in Seattle, Washington (40). Designed by Emerald Cities Collaborative (ECC) and funded via a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) Enhancement and Innovation (E&I) grant, ECC created the pilot to expand the reach and range of services typically available to participating WAP households.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1965

Convective and radiative heat transfer during reentry and advanced techniques for their simulation

The use of shock tubes, ballistic ranges, and combinations thereof in simulation of convective and radiative heat loads has been described. The complementary nature and the highly independent techniques used in these facilities lend great strength to the research results where they agree. The shortcomings of these facilities are such that, if possible, both should be applied to important problems. When all-out performance is required, the combination of the two can clearly provide advantages. That these advantages are becoming more widely recognized is demonstrated by the construction of new faculties at Arnold Engineering Development Center and Boeing Company, Seattle, similar to those in service at Ames Research Center since the late 1950's.

Radiative Heat Transfer↗

NASA NTRS1972

Feasibility study of an aerospace museum in the western United States. Volume 2: Documentation

Papers supporting the study on establishing an aerospace museum in the western United States are presented. These cover the following areas of investigation: (1) The potential locations in the west were analyzed, and the most logical locations for museum development are Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, and Phoenix/Tucson. (2) The 26 museums and other organizations with significant public displays of aeronautics, astronautics, or astronomy are listed. (3) The activities and functions of museums, and their obligations to the user-visitor are discussed. (4) The sources for construction and improvements, operations, and acquisitions are described. (5) General curatorial responsibilites in preserving and exhibiting aerospace specimens and artifacts are also discussed.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1974

A new method for satellite orbit determination using an operational worldwide transponder network

The method utilizes computer programs developed for the forthcoming ATS-F/NIMBUS-F tracking and data relay experiment where the basic tracking measurements are multiple path round-trip propagation times and rates. This method of orbit computation has recently been successfully evaluated by tracking a geostationary satellite (ATS-3) using an existing VHF (150 MHz) network of automatic transponders. A master station sequentially interrogates each transponder via the ATS-3. The master site is located at Schenectady, N. Y. and four automatic transponders were located at Shannon, Reykajavik, Buenos Aires, and Seattle respectively. Data at hourly intervals were collected during a 24 hour period on April 18-19, 1973. After correcting this data for known systematic errors it was provided as input to an orbit determination program where all satellite motions during signal propagation are rigorously accounted for. The resulting estimated ATS-3 orbit yielded observational residuals on the order of 100 meters. By using more than one satellite the present scheme is further capable of accurately locating several stationary or mobile terminals as part of the overall orbital solution.

Lynn, J. J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Urban area delineation and detection of change along the urban-rural boundary as derived from LANDSAT digital data

LANDSAT digital multispectral scanner data, in conjunction with supporting ground truth, were investigated to determine their utility in delineation of urban-rural boundaries. The digital data for the metropolitan areas of Washington, D. C.; Austin, Texas; and Seattle, Washingtion; were processed using an interactive image processing system. Processing focused on identification of major land cover types typical of the zone of transition from urban to rural landscape, and definition of their spectral signatures. Census tract boundaries were input into the interactive image processing system along with the LANDSAT single and overlayed multiple date MSS data. Results of this investigation indicate that satellite collected information has a practical application to the problem of urban area delineation and to change detection.

Christenson, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Conference on Fire Resistant Materials: A compilation of presentations and papers

The proceedings of the NASA IRE Resistant Materials Engineering (FIREMEN) Program held at Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, Washington, on March 1-2, 1979 are reported. The conference was to discuss the results of research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the field of aircraft fire safety and fire-resistant materials. The program topics include the following: (1) large-scale testing; (2) fire toxicology; (3) polymeric materials; and (4) fire modeling.

Kourtides, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The application of photovoltaic roof shingles to residential and commercial buildings

The recent development of a shingle-type solar-cell module makes it possible to incorporate easily photovoltaic power generation into the sloping roofs of residential or commercial buildings. These modules, which use a closely packed array of nineteen 53-mm-diameter circular solar cells, are capable of producing 101 watts/sq m of module area under standard operating conditions. This module performance is achievable by the use of solar cells with an average efficiency of 13.3 percent at 1 kW/sq m air-mass-1.5 insolation and at a cell temperature of 28 C. When these modules are mounted on a sloping south-facing roof which is insulated on the rear surface, the annual energy generated at the maximum power operating point will vary from 255.6 to 137.3 kWh/sq m of module area depending on the site location, with Albuquerque, NM, and Seattle, WA, representing the highest and lowest values of the thirteen sites considered.

Shepard, N. F., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Assessing urbanized area expansion through the integration of Landsat and conventional data /79052/

An image base information system (IBIS) is utilized to integrate Landsat and census data for the purpose of mapping urban land and updating urbanized-area outer lines. IBIS is a subset of the video image communication and retrieval digital image processing system developed at JPL. IBIS is used to analyze three urban areas: Orlando, Florida; Seattle, Washington; and Boston, Massachusetts. In all three applications the primary objective is to map the expansion of urban land cover in the urban fringe. Pertinent tabular reports are produced.

Davis, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Beat frequency interference pattern characteristics study

The frequency spectra and corresponding beat frequencies created by the relative motions between multiple Solar Power Satellites due to solar wind, lunar gravity, etc. were analyzed. The results were derived mathematically and verified through computer simulation. Frequency spectra plots were computer generated. Detailed computations were made for the seven following locations in the continental US: Houston, Tx.; Seattle, Wa.; Miami, Fl.; Chicago, Il.; New York, NY; Los Angeles, Ca.; and Barberton, Oh.

Ott, J. H.↗

NASA NTRS1958

Icing Frequencies Experienced During Climb and Descent by Fighter-Interceptor Aircraft

Data and analyses are presented on the relative frequencies of occurrence and severity of icing cloud layers encountered by jet aircraft in the climb and descent phases of flights to high altitudes. Fighter-interceptor aircraft operated by the Air Defense Command (USAF) at bases in the Duluth and Seattle areas collected the data with icing meters installed for a l-year period. The project was part of an extensive program conducted by the NACA to collect Icing cloud data for evaluating the icing problem relevant to routine operations. The average frequency of occurrence of icing was found to be about 5 percent of the number of climbs and descents during 1 year of operations The icing encounters were predominantly in the low and middle cloud layers, decreasing above 15,000 feet to practically none above 25,000 feet. The greatest thickness of ice that would accumulate on any aircraft component (as indicated by the accretion on a small object) was measured with the icing meters. The ice thicknesses on a small sensing probe averaged less than 1/32 inch and did not exceed 1/2 inch. Such accumulations are relatively small when compared with those that can form during horizontal flight in icing clouds. The light accretions resulted from relatively steep angles of flight through generally thin cloud layers. Because of the limited statistical reliability of the results, an analysis was made using previous statistics on icing clouds below an altitude of 20,000 feet to determine the general icing severity probabilities. The calculations were made using adiabatic lifting as a basis to establish the liquid-water content. Probabilities of over-all ice accretions on a small object as a function of airspeed and rate of climb were computed from the derived water contents. These results were then combined with the probability of occurrence of icing in order to give the icing severity that can be expected for routine aircraft operations.

Perkins, Porter J.↗