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An Interoperability Concept for Detect and Avoid and Collision Avoidance Systems: Results from a Human-In-The-Loop Simulation

The integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) poses a variety of technical challenges to UAS developers and aviation regulators. In response to growing demand for access to civil airspace in the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has produced a roadmap identifying key areas requiring further research and development. One such technical challenge is the development of a "detect and avoid" system (DAA) capable of providing a means of compliance with the "see and avoid" requirement in manned aviation. The purpose of the DAA system is to support the pilot, situated at a ground control station (GCS), in maintaining "DAA well clear" of nearby aircraft through the use of GCS displays and alerts. In addition to its primary function of aiding the pilot in maintaining well clear, the DAA system must also safely interoperate with existing NAS systems and operations, such as the airspace management procedures of air traffic controllers (ATC) and Collision Avoidance (CA) systems currently in use by manned aircraft, namely the Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) II. It is anticipated that many UAS architectures will integrate both a DAA system and a TCAS II. It is therefore necessary to explicitly study the integration of DAA and TCAS II alerting structures and maneuver guidance formats to ensure that pilots understand the appropriate type and urgency of their response to the various alerts. This paper presents a concept of interoperability for the two systems. The concept was developed with the goal of avoiding any negative impact on the performance level of TCAS II while retaining a DAA system that still effectively enables pilots to maintain DAA well clear.

unmanned aircraft systems

Simulation and Verification System and Method

A simulation and verification system and method. An interoperability server provides a communications hub for communications between communicating nodes. Nodes connected to a first protocol data bus communicate in a first protocol, e.g., a half-duplex bus protocol. Nodes connected to a second protocol data bus communicate in a second protocol, e.g., a full-duplex bus protocol. A time synchronization bus provides time-frames for synchronizing operation of connected nodes. Interceptors optionally intercept communications between nodes.

Seeger, Steven

Database Design Strategies for Coordinated Simulation and Testing in Additive Manufacturing

The qualification and certification (Q&C) process presents a significant challenge for widespread adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) materials and processes for aerospace applications. A relational database framework will be presented as a tool for data curation of coordinated experimental and computational materials modeling research activities. A comparison of relational and hierarchical data structures in this domain will be emphasized through the evolution of a database design strategy. This framework’s mission is to support the advancement of computational materials-informed Q&C by providing the necessary data infrastructure to trace reliability and reproducibility measures through unified AM materials simulation and experimental testing. FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data will be highlighted as a necessary precursor for automation of specific actions, which ultimately reduces the time and expense burden for Q&C. The discussion will be mostly limited to back-end design elements, though a few front-end user experience examples will also be shared.

Qualification

Wildfire-Power Grid Interactions: Feedback, Impacts, Monitoring, Modeling, and Mitigation Strategies

Wildfires are increasingly interacting with electric power systems through a two-way hazard chain: fires damage grid assets and trigger cascading outages, while grid faults can ignite new fires under hot, dry, and windy conditions. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge across five domains: (i) physical impacts of flames, heat, and smoke on lines, towers, insulators, and substations; (ii) power-infrastructure-initiated ignitions via conductor clash, high-impedance faults, and corona discharge; (iii) widespread blackouts and disproportionate societal impacts; (iv) multi-scale monitoring spanning laboratory tests, in-situ and grid-integrated sensors, and Earth observation; (v) coupled modeling that links fire behavior with grid operations; and (vi) technological and strategic mitigation pathways spanning prevention, response, and recovery. We integrate these domains into a novel 'feedback-aware' socio-technical framework. Through a longitudinal analysis (2005-2025) of global incidents, we identify that while vegetation contact remains the most frequent ignition source, aging infrastructure failure has emerged as a critical driver of catastrophic 'mega-fires'. We further identify persistent gaps, including limited interoperability of high-frequency grid and environmental data, scarce real-time data assimilation, and under-developed equity metrics for outage management. We conclude by outlining a research agenda to (1) deploy interoperable sensing architectures, (2) advance feedback-coupled fire-grid simulations, and (3) evaluate mitigation portfolios through techno-economic and fairness lenses. Recognizing wildfire-grid interactions as coupled socio-technical systems is essential for protecting infrastructure and communities and for ensuring reliable, sustainable electricity in a changing world.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

UAS in the NAS Flight Test Series 3 Overview

The UAS Integration in the NAS Project is conducting a series of flight tests to acheive the following objectives: 1.) Validate results previously collected during project simulations with live data 2.) Evaluate TCAS IISS interoperability 3.) Test fully integrated system in a relevant live test environment 4.) Inform final DAA and C2 MOPS 5.) Reduce risk for Flight Test Series 4.

LVC

Common Scientific and Technological Interests Between Astrobiology and Space Biology

The disciplines of astrobiology (AB) and space biology (SB) clearly have common interests, however they have not been pursued jointly. SB and AB are inextricably linked, both intellectually and technologically. They can now be effectively linked operationally. Cross-cutting joint collaborations will enhance innovation and increase cost effectiveness. Session topics include joint science questions, technologies, instrumentation, and missions. Examples include life detection, overlapping planetary protection concerns, biofilms, radiation, hyper- and hypogravity, applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning, interoperable databases, facilities (i.e., spacecraft, lunar surface efforts, simulation chambers, analog sites, etc.), training opportunities, and other topics relevant to AB and SB joint ventures. We welcome contributions on this very broad topical area to facilitate cross-fertilization of these disciplines that are of great importance to NASA.

astrobiology

Integration of Multiple Real-time Simulation Platforms with AIO for Scalability

This paper introduces a practical and scalable approach to extend interoperability of Controller Hardware in the Loop (CHIL) validations for large scale microgrids, networked microgrids, and power electronics-based feeders. The work focuses on integrating multiple real-time simulators using Analog Input/Output (AIO) interface techniques in heterogeneous CHIL environment. It explores interfacing methods, highlighting key challenges related to dynamic accuracy and maintaining bidirectional power balance. A comparative evaluation of the Ideal Transformer Method is presented, assessing its effectiveness in multi-CHIL integration scenarios. The feasibility of this setup is demonstrated through a real-time use case involving multiple Typhoon HIL and Opal-RT platforms, showcasing its applicability for distributed system studies.

Khalid, Mohammad [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000179208805)

Enabling the Broader Use of MOOSE for Nuclear Energy and Other Simulation

This Final Scientific and Technical Report summarizes work performed under the Phase IIA SBIR project “Enabling the Broader Use of MOOSE for Nuclear Energy and Other Simulation” (DE-SC0020906) from August 2023 through August 2025. The objective of the Phase IIA effort was to mature and harden capabilities developed during Phase II, with the goal of enabling practical interoperability between Coreform’s isogeometric analysis (IGA) technologies and the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE), while improving robustness, performance, and scalability for complex, nuclear-relevant geometries. Over the course of Phase IIA, the project established and validated an extraction-based interoperability pathway between Coreform tools and MOOSE. A combined mesh and matrix format was defined collaboratively with MOOSE developers and integrated into the solver, enabling standard MOOSE workflows to operate on data exported from Coreform’s IGA and Flex Representation Method (FRM) pipelines. Early demonstrations validated architectural compatibility using linear solid mechanics problems, while later efforts focused on benchmark testing and external use. By the end of the project period, engineers at BWXT were able to independently set up and execute a simulation using the Coreform–MOOSE workflow and provide direct feedback that informed further refinement. In parallel, substantial effort was devoted to improving the robustness of trimmed U-spline construction for complex CAD geometries. A growing test suite of nuclear-relevant models was compiled through collaboration with multiple stakeholders and used to drive extensive bug fixing and reliability improvements. These efforts resulted in improved robustness and performance, including the addition of fallback capabilities that enhance reliability when the underlying commercial CAD kernel fails. Performance-oriented work progressed later in the project, with the development and demonstration of methods to decompose complex geometries into structured subregions and updated data representations to support more efficient solver processing. Additionally, extensive enhancements to threadsafe parallel data structures and trimming operations established a foundation for scalable processing of large assemblies. Collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories on the SGM geometric modeling kernel advanced to a functioning interface test case, positioning the workflow for future kernel integration. Overall, the Phase IIA effort successfully transitioned the project from architectural proof-of-concept to externally exercised, solver-integrated capability, while clarifying remaining technical challenges related to standardization, performance optimization, and kernel integration.

42 ENGINEERING

Framework for National Airspace System (NAS) Level Sustainability Assessment of New Aircraft

This paper introduces a framework for investigating the future sustainability benefits of conceptual vehicles. The framework considers the complex interactions between such vehicles and how it can be flown in the National Airspace System. Aggregate benefits for reduction in fuel use and emissions need to consider fleet wide operations, demand distributions, NAS Infrastructure, and differing business models. To extract true system level benefits multi-objective function optimization for operational energy use, acoustics, emissions and NAS Wide efficiency and interoperability incorporating physic-based system-wide flight simulations in the National Airspace system is required. The framework marries traditional vehicle synthesis processes with a NAS Simulation environment to simulate how a new synthesized vehicle will behave in the NAS.

Sustainability

Kennedy Space Center ITC-1 Internship Overview

As an intern for Priscilla Elfrey in the ITC-1 department, I was involved in many activities that have helped me to develop many new skills. I supported four different projects during my internship, which included the Center for Life Cycle Design (CfLCD), SISO Space Interoperability Smackdown, RTI Teacher Mentor Program, and the Discrete Event Simulation Integrated Visualization Environment Team (DIVE). I provided the CfLCD with web based research on cyber security initiatives involving simulation, education for young children, cloud computing, Otronicon, and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education initiatives. I also attended STEM meetings regarding simulation courses, and educational course enhancements. To further improve the SISO Simulation event, I provided observation feedback to the technical advisory board. I also helped to set up a chat federation for HLA. The third project involved the RTI Teacher Mentor program, which I helped to organize. Last, but not least, I worked with the DIVE team to develop new software to help visualize discrete event simulations. All of these projects have provided experience on an interdisciplinary level ranging from speech and communication to solving complex problems using math and science.

Ni, Marcus

UAS Integration in the NAS Project: Fast-Time Simulation Studies

NASA is working on the project for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System (NAS) and helping the RTCA's Special Committee 228 (RTCA SC-228) to develop the minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) for detect-and avoid (DAA) systems. The Ames' Separation Assurance-Sense and Avoid Interoperability (SSI) team for the project is supporting this effort through fast-time simulation studies using the Airspace Concept Evaluation System (ACES) simulation platform. This presentation introduces the Ames SSI team's tasks and shows some results from accomplished fast-time simulation studies. It is a part of overall presentations for NASA's efforts for the UAS integration into the NAS project.

fast time simulation

Advances Made in the Next Generation of Satellite Networks

Because of the unique networking characteristics of communications satellites, global satellite networks are moving to the forefront in enhancing national and global information infrastructures. Simultaneously, broadband data services, which are emerging as the major market driver for future satellite and terrestrial networks, are being widely acknowledged as the foundation for an efficient global information infrastructure. In the past 2 years, various task forces and working groups around the globe have identified pivotal topics and key issues to address if we are to realize such networks in a timely fashion. In response, industry, government, and academia undertook efforts to address these topics and issues. A workshop was organized to provide a forum to assess the current state-of-the-art, identify key issues, and highlight the emerging trends in the next-generation architectures, data protocol development, communication interoperability, and applications. The Satellite Networks: Architectures, Applications, and Technologies Workshop was hosted by the Space Communication Program at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Nearly 300 executives and technical experts from academia, industry, and government, representing the United States and eight other countries, attended the event (June 2 to 4, 1998). The program included seven panels and invited sessions and nine breakout sessions in which 42 speakers presented on technical topics. The proceedings covers a wide range of topics: access technology and protocols, architectures and network simulations, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) over satellite networks, Internet over satellite networks, interoperability experiments and applications, multicasting, NASA interoperability experiment programs, NASA mission applications, and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) over satellite: issues, relevance, and experience.

Bhasin, Kul B.

Interoperability of Tools at the CCMC

The CCMC has a diverse set of tools in many languages that support utilization of simulation outputs accessible through CCMC interactive archives. Some model output post-processing and analysis tools are delivered to tCCMC by the community. One such model output post-processing/utilization tool developed by the CCMC is the open source Kamodo package. Kamodo is developed primarily in Python (with some C) and has already established strong interoperability with other Python libraries inside PyHC and out. While that interoperability is important, interoperability with other languages and tools is as important. Many models are written in Fortran or C, and their ability to pull in data from a Python tool or export directly to other analysis software in a different language will greatly increase scientific productivity. Interoperability within Python is important, but broader interoperability is just as important.

CCMC

CORBASec Used to Secure Distributed Aerospace Propulsion Simulations

The NASA Glenn Research Center and its industry partners are developing a Common Object Request Broker (CORBA) Security (CORBASec) test bed to secure their distributed aerospace propulsion simulations. Glenn has been working with its aerospace propulsion industry partners to deploy the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) object-based technology. NPSS is a program focused on reducing the cost and time in developing aerospace propulsion engines. It was developed by Glenn and is being managed by the NASA Ames Research Center as the lead center reporting directly to NASA Headquarters' Aerospace Technology Enterprise. Glenn is an active domain member of the Object Management Group: an open membership, not-for-profit consortium that produces and manages computer industry specifications (i.e., CORBA) for interoperable enterprise applications. When NPSS is deployed, it will assemble a distributed aerospace propulsion simulation scenario from proprietary analytical CORBA servers and execute them with security afforded by the CORBASec implementation. The NPSS CORBASec test bed was initially developed with the TPBroker Security Service product (Hitachi Computer Products (America), Inc., Waltham, MA) using the Object Request Broker (ORB), which is based on the TPBroker Basic Object Adaptor, and using NPSS software across different firewall products. The test bed has been migrated to the Portable Object Adaptor architecture using the Hitachi Security Service product based on the VisiBroker 4.x ORB (Borland, Scotts Valley, CA) and on the Orbix 2000 ORB (Dublin, Ireland, with U.S. headquarters in Waltham, MA). Glenn, GE Aircraft Engines, and Pratt & Whitney Aircraft are the initial industry partners contributing to the NPSS CORBASec test bed. The test bed uses Security SecurID (RSA Security Inc., Bedford, MA) two-factor token-based authentication together with Hitachi Security Service digital-certificate-based authentication to validate the various NPSS users. The test bed is expected to demonstrate NPSS CORBASec-specific policy functionality, confirm adequate performance, and validate the required Internet configuration in a distributed collaborative aerospace propulsion environment.

Blaser, Tammy M.

Procedure Automation Rating Matrix

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) National Campaign (NC) is researching the means by which future Urban Air Mobility (UAM) aircraft will operate safely in an integrated and scalable airspace architecture. Consistent with this objective, the NASA NC Airspace Procedures team designed a matrix to evaluate UAM instrument flight procedure design, flyability and interoperability of candidate departure, enroute, and approach architectures in live flight or simulation. The Procedure Automation Rating Matrix (PARM) is a multi-dimensional rating scale designed to provide direct feedback from test pilots and operators to airspace procedure designers developing airspace constructs for the integration and scalability of AAM operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). The PARM is assessed using a hierarchical decision tree that guides the operator through a ten-point alpha-numeric rating scale initiated either with or without the use of automation.

National Campaign

Gateway Modeling and Simulation Plan

This plan institutes direction across the Gateway Program and the Element Projects to ensure that Cross Program M&S are produced in a manner that (1) generate the artifacts required for NASA-STD-7009 compliance, (2) ensures interoperability of M&S exchanged and integrated across the program and, (3) drives integrated development efforts to provide cross-domain integrated simulation of the Gateway elements, space environment, and operational scenarios. This direction is flowed down via contractual enforcement to prime contractors and includes both the GMS requirements specified in this plan and the NASASTD- 7009 derived requirements necessary for compliance. Grounding principles for management of Gateway Models and Simulations (M&S) are derived from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) report and the Diaz team report, “A Renewed Commitment to Excellence.” As an outcome of these reports, and in response to Action 4 of the Diaz team report, the NASA Standard for Models and Simulations, NASA-STD-7009 was developed. The standard establishes M&S requirements for development and use activities to ensure proper capture and communication of M&S pedigree and credibility information to Gateway program decision makers. Through the course of the Gateway program life cycle M&S will be heavily relied upon to conduct analysis, test products, support operations activities, enable informed decision making and ultimately to certify the Gateway with an acceptable level of risk to crew and mission. To reduce risk associated with M&S influenced decisions, this plan applies the NASA-STD-7009 requirements to produce the artifacts that support credibility assessments and ensure the information is communicated to program management.

NASA-STD-7009

Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Network Simulation Tool Development and Its Use Cases

In this work, we focus on the development of a simulation tool to assist in analysis of current and future (proposed) network architectures for NASA. Specifically, the Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Network is being architected as an integrated set of new assets and a federation of upgraded legacy systems. The SCaN architecture for the initial missions for returning humans to the moon and beyond will include the Space Network (SN) and the Near-Earth Network (NEN). In addition to SCaN, the initial mission scenario involves a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), the International Space Station (ISS) and NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN). We call the tool being developed the SCaN Network Integration and Engineering (SCaN NI&E) Simulator. The intended uses of such a simulator are: (1) to characterize performance of particular protocols and configurations in mission planning phases; (2) to optimize system configurations by testing a larger parameter space than may be feasible in either production networks or an emulated environment; (3) to test solutions in order to find issues/risks before committing more significant resources needed to produce real hardware or flight software systems. We describe two use cases of the tool: (1) standalone simulation of CEV to ISS baseline scenario to determine network performance, (2) participation in Distributed Simulation Integration Laboratory (DSIL) tests to perform function testing and verify interface and interoperability of geographically dispersed simulations/emulations.

Jennings, Esther

Development and Ground Demonstration of a Satellite Communication Terminal for Future Space Missions

As commercial companies continue to develop communication services and infrastructure in near-Earth orbit, NASA is actively pursuing commercially-led satellite communications for future missions. Many of these commercial services are offered in the K/Ka-band, ranging from 17 to 31 GHz, covering spectrum allocated to commercial networks, military, and civilian government space operations, and can be tailored to support orbiting spacecraft. A key enabling technology needed for this vision is a multi-frequency (wideband), multi-waveform user terminal which can operate over multiple services. This presentation discusses the work undertaken at NASA’s Glenn Research Center to develop a RF user spacecraft terminal. Specifications and design considerations that support interoperability will be discussed as well as off the shelf technology gaps. Furthermore, simulation and benchtop testing results will be discussed as well as details of the initial successful over-the-air demonstrations using NASA, Inmarsat, and SES services.

Radio