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Proposed control system for dendritic-web growth of silicon ribbons varies ribbon speed according to melt temperature. System prevents too fast or too slow withdrawal of silicon web, which cause pullout of web or excessive web thickness, respectively. System also enables semiautomatic startup of web growth by automatically increasing web speed from zero to optimum value.
An annular seal is analyzed in which the inlet clearance is larger than the outlet clearance; the flow path may be either stepped or tapered. This design produces radial stiffness 1.7 to 14 times that of a constant clearance seal having the same minimum clearance. When sealing high pressure fluids, such a seal improves rotor stability and can be used to shift troublesome critical speeds to a more suitable location.
An annular seal is analyzed in which the inlet clearance is larger than the outlet clearance; the flow path may be either stepped or tapered. This design produces radial stiffnesses 1.7 to 14 times that of a constant-clearance seal having the same minimum clearance. When sealing high-pressure fluids, such as a seal can improve rotor stability and can be used to shift troublesome critical speeds to a more suitable location.
Phase locked-loop circuit is used for playback motors in digital tape recorders where the reproducer output remains in exact synchronism with an external reference clock over extended periods. It removes the motor dynamics from the control loop so that the loop is stable without damping.
Longitudinal performance and control utilization data are compared for several different automatic approach autopilot implementations in a powered lift STOL aircraft. As few as two, to as many as four laws reflecting both backside and frontside control techniques. The data are developed from analysis and simulation, but represent configurations which were demonstrated in flight. Transient response characteristics from initial glidepath offsets are presented, along with system operation in turbulence. In furnishing quantitative data in controlled levels of simulated turbulence, these results provide a useful supplement to various flight investigations (including those employing manual control) that involved a comparison of control techniques in this type of aircraft.
The apparel industry is attempting to move in a new direction in the coming decade. Since the invention of an electrically powered sewing machine, the operator has been seated. Today, companies are switching from a sit down operation to a stand up operation involving modular stations. The old treadle worked well with the sitting operator, but problems have been found when trying to use the same treadle with a standing operator. This report details a new design for a treadle to operate an industrial sewing machine that has a standing operator. Emphasis is placed on the ease of use by the operator, as well as the ergonomics involved. Procedures for testing the design are included along with possible uses for the treadle in other applications besides an industrial sewing machine.
Described here is an automatic control that has been used in several forms in wind tunnels at the Washington Navy Yard. The form now in use with the 8-foot tunnel at the Navy Yard is considered here. Details of the design and operation of the automatic control system are given. Leads from a Pitot tube are joined to an inverted cup manometer located above a rheostat. When the sliding weight of this instrument is set to a given notch, say for 40 m.p.h, the beam tip vibrates between two electric contacts that feed the little motor. Thus, when the wind is too strong or too weak, the motor automatically throws the rheostat slide forward and backward. If it failed to function well, the operator would notice the effect on his meniscus, and would operate the hand control by merely pressing the switch.
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Control trailing-edge thickness and aspect ratio effect on oscillating hinge-moment and flutter characteristics of flap-type controls
Five reports address different aspects of development of tethers to be deployed from spacecraft in orbit around the Earth. The first report discusses proposed optoelectronic tracking of retroreflective objects located at intervals or of retroreflective coats along the entire length of a tether to measure lateral motions. The second report describes digitally controlled spooling machinery that retracts or extends a tape tether at controlled speed and tension in the spool isolated from uncontrolled tension on the outside. The third report discusses part of this machinery that pivots to accommodate misalignments between the deployed and spooled portions of the tether and contains rollers used to exert tension and speed control. The fourth report discusses aspects of designs of proposed electrodynamic tethers, which would be electrically conductive and would interact with the magnetic field of the Earth to exert forces to modify orbits of deploying spacecraft. The fifth report discusses electrical aspects of designs of electrodynamic tape tethers, including the use of solar cells or motional electromagnetic force to generate currents in tethers and the use of electron emitters and electron and ion collectors at opposite ends of tethers to make electrical contact with the thin plasma in surrounding space.
Coupled supersonic inlet-engine control using overboard bypass doors and engine speed to control normal shock position
Optimum proportional-plus-integral control settings for speed - fuel-flow control, determined by minimization of integral criteria, correlated well with analytically predicted optimum settings. Engine response data are given for a range of control settings around the optimum. An inherent nonlinearity in the speed-area loop necessitated the use of nonlinear controls. Response data for two such nonlinear control schemes are presented.
The operation of control systems has been determined largely by mechanical constraints. Compatibility with the characteristics of the operator is a secondary consideration, with the result that control may never be optimal, control workload may interfere with performance of secondary tasks, and learning may be more difficult and protracted than necessary. With the introduction of a computer in the control loop, the mode of operation can be adapted to the operator, rather than vice versa. The concept of natural control is introduced to describe a system that supports control of the information used by the operator in achieving an intended goal. As an example, control of speed during simulated approach to a pad by helicopter pilots is used to contrast path-speed control with direct control of global optical flow-pattern information. Differences are evidenced in the performance domains of control activity, speed, and global optical flow velocity.
A system for improving yaw control at low speeds consists of one strake placed on the upper portion of the fuselage facing the retreating rotor blade and another strake placed on the lower portion of the fuselage facing the advancing rotor blade. These strakes spoil the airflow on the helicopter tail boom during hover, low speed flight, and right or left sidewards flight so that less side thrust is required from the tail rotor.
Previous work on the perception and control of simulated vehicle speed has examined the contributions of optical flow rate (angular visual speed) and texture, or edge rate (frequency of passing terrain objects or markings) on the perception and control of forward speed. However, these studies have not examined the ability to selectively use edge rate or flow rate. The two studies reported here show that subjects found it very difficult to arbitrarily direct attention to one or the other of these variables; but that the ability to selectively use these variables is linked to the visual contextual information about the relative validity (linkage with speed) of the two variables. The selectivity also resulted in different velocity adaptation levels for events in which flow rate and edge rate specified forward speed. Finally, the role of visual context in directing attention was further buttressed by the finding that the incorrect perception of changes in ground texture density tended to be coupled with incorrect perceptions of changes in forward speed.
Modern control systems must typically perform real-time identification and control, as well as coordinate a host of other activities related to user interaction, online graphics, and file management. This paper discusses five global design considerations which are useful to integrate array processor, multimicroprocessor, and host computer system architectures into versatile, high-speed controllers. Such controllers are capable of very high control throughput, and can maintain constant interaction with the nonreal-time or user environment. As an application example, the architecture of a high-speed, closed-loop controller used to actively control helicopter vibration is briefly discussed. Although this system has been designed for use as the controller for real-time rotorcraft dynamics and control studies in a wind tunnel environment, the controller architecture can generally be applied to a wide range of automatic control applications.
Dynamometer performance of a South Coast Technology electric conversion of a Volkswagen (VW) Rabbit designated SCT-8 was tested. The SCT-8 vehicle was fitted with a transistorized chopper in the motor armature circuit to supplement the standard motor speed control via field weakening. The armature chopper allowed speed control below the motor base speed. This low speed control was intended to reduce energy loss at idle during stop-and-go traffic; to eliminate the need for using the clutch below base motor speed; and to improve the drivability. Test results indicate an improvement of about 3.5% in battery energy economy for the SAE J227a-D driving cycle and 6% for the C-cycle with only a minor reduction in acceleration performance. A further reduction of about 6% would be possible if provision were made for shutting down field power during the idle phases of the driving cycles. Drivability of the vehicle equipped with the armature chopper was significantly improved compared with the standard SCT Electric Rabbit.
The setup, validation, and results of the Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRA) fixed-wing, moving-base simulation performed in May 1983 are covered. The emphasis of the simulation was to familiarize the pilots with the RSRA's fixed-wing configuration. Additional information concerning stall speeds, minimum control speed, and various gross weights were recorded and included in the report.