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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Avoiding Stair-Step Artifacts in Image Registration for GOES-R Navigation and Registration Assessment

In developing software for independent verification and validation (IVV) of the Image Navigation and Registration (INR) capability for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R Series (GOES-R) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), we have encountered an image registration artifact which limits the accuracy of image offset estimation at the subpixel scale using image correlation. Where the two images to be registered have the same pixel size, subpixel image registration preferentially selects registration values where the image pixel boundaries are close to lined up. Because of the shape of a curve plotting input displacement to estimated offset, we call this a stair-step artifact. When one image is at a higher resolution than the other, the stair-step artifact is minimized by correlating at the higher resolution. For validating ABI image navigation, GOES-R images are correlated with Landsat-based ground truth maps. To create the ground truth map, the Landsat image is first transformed to the perspective seen from the GOES-R satellite, and then is scaled to an appropriate pixel size. Minimizing processing time motivates choosing the map pixels to be the same size as the GOES-R pixels. At this pixel size image processing of the shift estimate is efficient, but the stair-step artifact is present. If the map pixel is very small, stair-step is not a problem, but image correlation is computation-intensive. This paper describes simulation-based selection of the scale for truth maps for registering GOES-R ABI images.

image registration↗
NASA NTRS2018

Super Resolution of Remote Sensing Images Using Edge-Directed Radial Basis Functions

Edge-Directed Radial Basis Functions (EDRBF) are used to compute super resolution(SR) image from a given set of low resolution (LR) images differing in subpixel shifts. The algorithm is tested on remote sensing images and compared for accuracy with other well-known algorithms such as Iterative Back Projection (IBP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm, interpolation of scattered points using Nearest Neighbor (NN) and Inversed Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation, and Radial Basis Functin(RBF) . The accuracy of SR depends on various factors besides the algorithm (i) number of subpixel shifted LR images (ii) accuracy with which the LR shifts are estimated by registration algorithms (iii) and the targeted spatial resolution of SR. In our studies, the accuracy of EDRBF is compared with other algorithms keeping these factors constant. The algorithm has two steps: i) registration of low resolution images and (ii) estimating the pixels in High Resolution (HR) grid using EDRBF. Experiments are conducted by simulating LR images from a input HR image with different sub-pixel shifts. The reconstructed SR image is compared with input HR image to measure the accuracy of the algorithm using sum of squared errors (SSE). The algorithm has outperformed all of the algorithms mentioned above. The algorithm is robust and is not overly sensitive to the registration inaccuracies.

Mareboyana, Manohar M.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Visual end-effector position error compensation for planetary robotics

This paper describes a vision-guided manipulation algorithm that improves arm end-effector positioning to subpixel accuracy and meets the highly restrictive imaging and computational constraints of a planetary robotic flight system. Analytical, simulation-based, and experimental analyses of the algorithm's effectiveness and sensitivity to camera and arm model error is presented along with results on several prototype research systems and ground-in-the-loop technology experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) vehicles. A computationally efficient and robust subpixel end-effector fiducial detector that is instrumental to the algorithm's ability to achieve high accuracy is also described along with its validation results on MER data.

Nickels, Kevin↗
NASA NTRS1979

Onboard image processing

The possibility of onboard geometric correction of Thematic Mapper type imagery to make possible image registration is considered. Typically, image registration is performed by processing raw image data on the ground. The geometric distortion (e.g., due to variation in spacecraft location and viewing angle) is estimated by using a Kalman filter updated by correlating the received data with a small reference subimage, which has known location. Onboard image processing dictates minimizing the complexity of the distortion estimation while offering the advantages of a real time environment. In keeping with this, the distortion estimation can be replaced by information obtained from the Global Positioning System and from advanced star trackers. Although not as accurate as the conventional ground control point technique, this approach is capable of achieving subpixel registration. Appropriate attitude commands can be used in conjunction with image processing to achieve exact overlap of image frames. The magnitude of the various distortion contributions, the accuracy with which they can be measured in real time, and approaches to onboard correction are investigated.

Martin, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Report of subpanel on feature extraction

The state of knowledge in feature extraction for Earth resource observation systems is reviewed and research tasks are proposed. Issues in the subpixel feature estimation problem are defined as: (1) the identification of image models which adequately describe the data and the sensor it is using; (2) the construction of local feature models based on those image models; and (3) the problem of trying to understand these effects of preprocessing on the entire process. The development of ground control point (GCP) libraries for automated selection presents two concerns. One is the organization of these GCP libraries for rectification problems, i.e., the problems of automatically selecting by computer the specific GCP's for particular registration tasks. Second is the importance of integrating ground control patterns in a data base management system, allowing interface to a large number of sensor image types with an automatic selection system. The development of data validation criteria for the comparison of different extraction techniques is also discussed.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1981

Image registration system in the Landsat-D production environment

It is the purpose of the considered system to take pieces of imagery, called control point chips (CPC), whose geodetic location has been previously determined and stored, and locate their position in later imagery of the same area. The registration processes are carried out partially on a DEC VAX 780 computer and partially on a Floating Point Systems Array Processor. Typically sets of 20 control points are processed at a time. To process these as sets, and to optimize the use of both machines, operations are grouped into loops instead of a sequential processing for each point. Attention is given to cloud cover assessment, enhancement, correlation techniques, pixel registration, and subpixel registration.

Kiss, P.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Thematic Mapper Image Processing System (TIPS) Processing Status

Radiometric and geometric correction performance is considered. A one quantum level requirement was met in all spectral bands with an occasional band 7 exception. Initial post launch calibration was accomplished. An absolute radiometric calibration is in progress including an investigation of low impact solution to scan striping. Initial and three downstream updates as well as coordination with LANDSAT D' instrument calibration are planned. Methods and problems in measuring geometric correction performance are examined with an emphasis on temporal registration, geodetic registrtion, and the modeling error budget. Planned efforts include eliminating band 2, band 5 chips; continued performance monitoring; calibration of profile, misalignment angles, and filer parameters; studying the need for seasonal geodetic control points; and improvement of the subpixel correlation technique.

Brooks, J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Assessment of Thematic Mapper Band-to-band Registration by the Block Correlation Method

The design of the Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral radiometer makes it susceptible to band-to-band misregistration. To estimate band-to-band misregistration a block correlation method is employed. This method is chosen over other possible techniques (band differencing and flickering) because quantitative results are produced. The method correlates rectangular blocks of pixels from one band against blocks centered on identical pixels from a second band. The block pairs are shifted in pixel increments both vertically and horizontally with respect to each other and the correlation coefficient for each shift position is computed. The displacement corresponding to the maximum correlation is taken as the best estimate of registration error for each block pair. Subpixel shifts are estimated by a bi-quadratic interpolation of the correlation values surrounding the maximum correlation. To obtain statistical summaries for each band combination post processing of the block correlation results performed. The method results in estimates of registration error that are consistent with expectations.

Card, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Registration accuracy and attitude accuracy

Since higher spatial resolution is desired by many applications disciplines coupled with registration in the sub-to-1 pixel range, improved registration accuracy has become necessary. The trend is likely to continue, with image data resolution of 10 meters or less being a routine requirement before the end of this decade. This registration accuracy can only be achieved by the combination of registration and attitude accuracy. This report described the need for improving the attitude accuracy. The relationship between registration accuracy and attitude accuracy is shown, along with criteria for design consideration in establishing adequate attitude accuracy. A precise on-board attitude control system design is essential to provide the attitude accuracy needed to support the subpixel accuracy required for registration of higher resolution images.

Fang, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Oblique focus ICCD laboratory evaluation

An oblique focus intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) was constructed and operated in a vacuum system. Special gratings were obtained and an optical system set up to try to model a candidate UV spectrometer (Milieu Interstellaire et Intergalactique-MISIG), and to produce small enough images to test the theoretical subpixel resolution capability of the ICCD system. The efforts were only partly successful. Based on the results, a similar detector was built and flown successfully on a Princeton rocket program.

York, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Investigation of TM Band-to-band Registration Using the JSC Registration Processor

When the Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was first received and displayed in the fall of 1982, its radiometric lucidity and geometric fidelity was judged far superior to the multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery. The MSS data from the LANDSAT series of satellites have served well as the mainstay of satellite imagery for the remote sensing community up to now. Therefore, there is great anticipation as to the utility of this new IM imagery to advance the field of remote sensing. The thematic mapper (TM) band to band registration accuracy evaluation was discussed. In particular, the band to band registration accuracies of the TM data in the subpixel region were evaluated using the Johnson Space Center (JSC) registration processor which is ideally suited for this task. The JSC registration processor was also used to register one acquisition to another acquisition of multitemporal TM data acquired over the same ground track. The approach and the rationale behind the task, the description of the data set, the evaluation results, and the preliminary conclusions are discussed.

Yao, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Evaluation of procedures to correct for variable viewing and illumination geometry when observing a non-Lambertian surface through the atmosphere

Data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer aboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellite are being operationally applied to provide estimates of vegetation cover and/or condition over a large part of the earth by the USDA. The wide scan angle (+ or - 54 deg) of this system permits daily views of the earth when used to its limits. Five-day repetitive coverage is acquired, assuming cloud-free conditions, in current operations which limit the use of the scan to the center + or - 14 deg of swath. While use of the full scan width would provide clear acquisitions frequent enough to monitor crop development and condition even with normal cloudiness, these off-nadir data are made difficult to interpret due to the non-Lambertian nature of the surface, enhanced effect of the atmosphere, inclusion of subpixel and thin invisible clouds in the scene, and differences in illumination across the scene; all of which contribute to variations in observed reflected radiation. Some approaches to provide corrections for these effects are discussed here.

Whitehead, V. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Feasibility of using LANDSAT images of vegetation cover to estimate effective hydraulic properties of soils

Research activities conducted from February 1, 1985 to July 31, 1985 and preliminary conclusions regarding research objectives are summarized. The objective is to determine the feasibility of using LANDSAT data to estimate effective hydraulic properties of soils. The general approach is to apply the climatic-climax hypothesis (Ealgeson, 1982) to natural water-limited vegetation systems using canopy cover estimated from LANDSAT data. Natural water-limited systems typically consist of inhomogeneous vegetation canopies interspersed with bare soils. The ground resolution associated with one pixel from LANDSAT MSS (or TM) data is generally greater than the scale of the plant canopy or canopy clusters. Thus a method for resolving percent canopy cover at a subpixel level must be established before the Eagleson hypothesis can be tested. Two formulations are proposed which extend existing methods of analyzing mixed pixels to naturally vegetated landscapes. The first method involves use of the normalized vegetation index. The second approach is a physical model based on radiative transfer principles. Both methods are to be analyzed for their feasibility on selected sites.

Eagleson, P. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Mathematical Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis

Topics addressed include: multivariate spline method; normal mixture analysis applied to remote sensing; image data analysis; classifications in spatially correlated environments; probability density functions; graphical nonparametric methods; subpixel registration analysis; hypothesis integration in image understanding systems; rectification of satellite scanner imagery; spatial variation in remotely sensed images; smooth multidimensional interpolation; and optimal frequency domain textural edge detection filters.

Guseman, L. F., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Advanced optical position sensors for magnetically suspended wind tunnel models

A major concern to aerodynamicists has been the corruption of wind tunnel test data by model support structures, such as stings or struts. A technique for magnetically suspending wind tunnel models was considered by Tournier and Laurenceau (1957) in order to overcome this problem. This technique is now implemented with the aid of a Large Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (LMSBS) and advanced position sensors for measuring model attitude and position within the test section. Two different optical position sensors are discussed, taking into account a device based on the use of linear CCD arrays, and a device utilizing area CID cameras. Current techniques in image processing have been employed to develop target tracking algorithms capable of subpixel resolution for the sensors. The algorithms are discussed in detail, and some preliminary test results are reported.

Lafleur, S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Radii, shapes, and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates

The present use of limb coordinates to ascertain radii, shape and local topographic characteristics for the five large Uranian satellites directly measured satellite ellipsoidal shapes, determining radii with subpixel accuracy. While Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are spherical, Miranda and Ariel are noted to be ellipsoids whose equatorial bulges agree with previously determined mean densities. Miranda's topography exhibits substantial deformation of cratered terrain and the younger coronae, as well as uplift and complex faulting at coronae margins.

Thomas, P. C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Effects of variation in look angle and wavelength in radar images of volcanic and aeolian terrains, or now you see it, now you don't

The effects of look angle and wavelength variation in geologically applied radar images are examined and the applications of observations of these effects for the study of other planets are discussed. Seasat, SIR-A, SIR-B, and airborne radar images and multiple look angle and multiwavelength scatterometer data are used. It is found that smaller look angle radar data can provide good discrimination among certain diverse materials which are not distinguishable at larger look angles, such as subpixel fault scarps and volcanic dykes. Discriminant analyses of scatterometer data of all geological targets observed gave best results with minimum data by using all wavelengths available and small look angles. The results provide information on the nature of radar images which could be valuable in interpreting radar images of Venus.

Blom, Ronald G.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Lithologic mapping of mafic intrusions in East Greenland using Landsat Thematic Mapper data

The East Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province contains a variety of intrusive and extrusive rock types. The Skaergaard complex is the most well known of the intrusive centers. Landsat thematic mapping (TM) was used in conjunction with field spectrometer data to map these mafic intrusions. These intrusions are of interest as possible precious metal ore deposits. They are spectrally distinct from the surrounding Precambrian gneisses. However, subpixel contamination by snow, oxide surface coatings, lichen cover and severe topography limit the discrimination of lithologic units within the gabbro. Imagery of the Skaergaard and surrounding vicinity, and image processing and enhancement techniques are presented. Student theses and other publications resulting from this work are also listed.

Naslund, H. Richard↗