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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4

TEACHING AN OLD ACCELERATOR NEW TRICKS

The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) has been a National User Facility since 1985. In that time, many of the systems that help operators retrieve, modify, and store beamline parameters have not kept pace with the advancement of technology. Development of a new method of storing and retrieving beamline parameters resulted in the testing and installation of a time-series database as a potential replacement for the traditional relational database. InfluxDB was selected due to its self-hosted Open-Source version availability as well as the simplicity of installation and setup. A program was written to periodically gather all accelerator parameters in the control system and store them in the time-series database. This resulted in over 13,000 distinct data points, captured at 5-minute intervals. A second test captured 35 channels on a 1-minute cadence. Graphing of the captured data is being done on Grafana, an Open-Source version is available that co-exists well with InfluxDB as the back-end. Grafana made visualizing the data simple and flexible. The testing has allowed for the use of modern graphing tools to generate new insights into operating the accelerator, as well as opened the door to building large data sets suitable for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning applications.

Novak, D.↗

CSP Optical Facilities at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

The concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Optical Facilities at NREL comprise unique optical tools and facilities for testing and characterizing concentrating solar optical components. These facilities are maintained to aid researchers and industry efforts to reduce market barriers, improve the performance, reduce the cost, and improve the lifetime and reliability of CSP materials, components, subsystems, and integrated concepts, where accurate and timely characterization methods are needed. To reach this goal, NREL is committed to collaborating in ongoing and projected research needs for industry, academia, and government entities, in the development and characterization of low-cost, high-performance reflector and absorber materials in addition to their components-a key element in the conversion of concentrated sunlight into energy. To accomplish this mission, the core laboratory includes the Advanced Optical Materials Laboratory, indoor and outdoor accelerated weather testing tools, "Distant Observer" for parabolic troughs, the High Flux Solar Furnace, and the ultra-accelerated weather testing tools. This equipment enables to rapidly respond to new challenges with novel solutions that align with the goals of the Solar Energy Technology Office (SETO) at the U.S. Department of Energy. The goal of this paper is to present the state-of art-optical facilities available at NREL that can help support the research needs of the CSP community. Therefore, we review here the different components of the CSP Optical Facilities at NREL and highlight their characteristics and importance for the CSP community.

accelerated weather testing↗

Effect of Water Chemistry on Crack Growth Rate in Neutron Irradiated X-750 and XM-19

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) National Science User Facility (NSUF) was used to study the effect of neutron damage on crack growth rates (CGR) under simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) water chemistry conditions using a fast neutron spectrum to accelerate the damage process. Nickel based Alloy X-750 and XM-19 were irradiated in the ATR center flux trap (CFT), with this experiment marking the first civilian project to utilize this position within the reactor. 0.4T-CT specimens were used to study crack growth rates for two sample fluences (~1.9 x 1020 n/cm2 and ~9.5 x 1020 n/cm2, E > 1MeV)) in both normal water chemistry (NWC) at 2.5 ppm O2 and hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) at ~80 ppb H2. CGR testing was conducted at a temperature of 288 °C. A decrease in CGR was observed for both alloys with the average ratio (CGR in NWC/CGR in HWC) being a factor of 281 for the XM-19 samples and a factor of 27.8 for the X-750 samples. Observed CGRs in this study showed little difference compared to non-irradiated samples (the non-irradiated XM-19 was 20% cold worked), suggesting limited sensitivity of these susceptible alloys to irradiation effects. Detailed results of CGR response to varying environmental electrochemical potential (ECP) and water purity will be presented in the context of crack growth mitigation in different water chemistries and the change in material behavior relative to non-irradiated samples of the material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Beam Commissioning and Integrated Test of the PIP-II Injector Test Facility

The PIP-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) facility is a near-complete low energy portion of the Superconducting PIP-II linac driver. PIP2IT comprises the warm front end and the first two PIP-II superconducting cryomodules. PIP2IT is designed to accelerate a 2 mA H⁻ beam to an energy of 20 MeV. The facility serves as a testbed for a number of advanced technologies required to operate PIP-II and provides an opportunity to gain experience with commissioning of the superconducting linac, significantly reducing project technical risks. Some PIP2IT components are contributions from international partners, who also lend their expertise to the accelerator project. The project has been successfully commissioned with the beam in 2021, demonstrating the performance required for the LBNF/DUNE. In this paper, we describe the facility and its critical systems. We discuss our experience with the integrated testing and beam commissioning of PIP2IT, and present commissioning results. This important milestone ushers in a new era at Fermilab of proton beam delivery using superconducting radio-frequency accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

A Workflow to Optimize Fast Neutron Irradiation in A Thermal Neutron Spectrum Test Reactor Leveraging Open-Source Tools

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is one of the key nuclear engineering research and testing facilities within the US Department of Energy (DOE). The ATR is one of few high-power research reactors in the world with different application including accelerated testing of nuclear fuel, materials irradiation in a very high neutron flux environment, and medical radioisotope production [1]. Also, the ATR offers opportunities for testing fast spectrum fission and fusion reactor materials. The key challenges in this area are in further detailing and optimizing a fast spectrum environment within a thermal test reactor. This challenge involves researching, developing, and testing novel concepts for the multiplying of neutron populations into ever higher energy spectra in high flux test reactors like ATR. The main objective of this work is to investigate candidate materials for establishing a fast neutron experiment irradiation in thermal neutron spectrum test reactors which can be accomplished by filtering thermal and epithermal neutrons and boosting fast neutrons at designated irradiation positions. However, adding these filters will render the neutron spectrum and the criticality of the system. The selection of the thickness and material layers should be accomplished by developing an optimization design algorithm that is applicable for ATR to enhance the fast neutron spectrum irradiation utilizing high-fidelity Monte Carlo methods along with advanced machine learning capabilities. This paper presents workflow for design optimization to enhance fast neutron irradiation in the ATR. The workflow leverages open-source tools to develop an algorithm that is viable to ATR and can be leveraged in other reactors. The following sections discuss the development of the experiment design optimization workflow and its application to ATR irradiation positions.

42 - ENGINEERING↗

Tensile behavior of dual-phase titanium alloys under high-intensity proton beam exposure: radiation-induced omega phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V

A high-intensity proton beam exposure with 181 MeV energy has been conducted at Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer facility on various material specimens for accelerator targetry applications, including titanium alloys as a beam window material. The radiation damage level of the analyzed capsule was 0.25 dpa at the beam center region with an irradiation temperature around 120 oC. Tensile tests showed increased hardness and a large decrease in ductility for the dual a+ß-phase Ti-6Al-4V Grade-5 and Grade-23 extra low interstitial alloys, with the near a-phase Ti-3Al-2.5V Grade-9 alloy still exhibiting uniform elongation of a few % after irradiation. Transmission Electron Microscope analyses on Ti-6Al-4V indicated clear evidence of a high-density of defect clusters with size less than 2 nm in each a-phase grain. The ß-phase grains did not contain any visible defects such as loops or black dots, while the diffraction patterns clearly indicated ?-phase precipitation in an advanced formation stage. The radiation-induced ?-phase transformation in the ß-phase could lead to greater loss of ductility in Ti-6Al-4V alloys in comparison with Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy with less ß-phase.google scho

Tensile Test, titanium, acclerator, proton beam↗

Optical stochastic cooling at Fermilab’s IOTA ring

Stochastic cooling (SC) constitutes one of the greatest conceptual and technological achievements in particle beam cooling. Numerous SC systems have been built in the microwave regime and used to extend the science reach of accelerator facilities worldwide. The ability to sense and correct the particle ensemble using high-bandwidth feedback systems is at the core of the concept. Here, we describe the first realization of SC at optical frequencies and bandwidths. The demonstration was recently carried out at Fermilab’s integrable optics test accelerator (IOTA) storage ring using the transit-time method of optical stochastic cooling (OSC) and achieved an integrated system bandwidth of approximately 20 THz, which is more than 2000 times that of conventional SC systems. This demonstration establishes the foundation for more advanced OSC experiments with high-gain amplification, currently underway at Fermilab, and the eventual application of OSC to colliders and other accelerator facilities.

Jarvis, Jonathan D. [Fermilab]↗

High Entropy Alloys: Advanced Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Studies

Synchrotron high energy X-rays and neutrons are powerful complementary tools for structure-property relationship studies by probing materials under complex external stimuli and measuring the bulk-average materials properties and response mechanism, thanks to the high brightness and advanced instrumentations. The research of using the high energy X-ray or neutron scattering instruments at large facilities in high entropy alloys has greatly increased in alloy design, synthesis, property evaluation, performance testing, and predictive model validation, and thus accelerates the next generation structural material discoveries.

An, Ke↗

Enabling In-Core Strain Measurement: Printed Sensors for Advanced Reactors

Advances in nuclear energy systems require an improved understanding of fuels, cladding, and structural materials; however, the extreme environmental conditions at irradiation test facilities often limit mechanical property evaluation to post-irradiation examination. In-situ monitoring techniques can accelerate materials qualification by providing direct insight into real-time material behavior during irradiation testing. Additively manufactured (AM) strain gauges offer a compact, material-compatible alternative to commercial sensors, particularly where space constraints, attachment limitations, or material compatibility requirements complicate conventional sensor use. This poster presents an overview of the development and testing of AM strain gauges in nuclear-relevant environments, demonstrating their potential to enhance structural health monitoring capabilities during irradiation experiments.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

An advanced hypervelocity aerophysics facility - A ground-based flight-test range

The paper discusses a concept for a ground-based flight-test facility, a large aeroballistic range capable of launching models large enough to permit the installation of significant amounts of onboard instrumentation. The large model size would also provide thick shock/boundary layers, thus providing the opportunity to measure flow-field properties via advanced offboard diagnostics. Current fabrication technology should permit the construction of a two-stage light-gas gun capable of accelerating 20 to 25 cm diameter models to velocities on the order of 6 km/sec. An electromagnetic launcher or a ram accelerator is considered as a potential means for achieving larger model sizes and/or greater launch velocities. Possible methods for obtaining and recording data are discussed as are the test chamber and model deceleration section requirements.

Witcofski, R. D.↗

Accelerating Nuclear Fuels and Materials Qualification by Multi-Level Irradiation Experiment Campaign

The advanced reactor technologies feature fuels, coolants, and materials that promise safer operating conditions under normal and accident scenarios. However, the nuclear fuels and materials qualifications require several decades (for example, new reactor fuel qualification from conceptualization requires about 20 years). Therefore, accelerating nuclear fuels and materials qualification is essential, and it can be achieved by combining high through-put materials irradiation and testing, advanced post-irradiation examinations, and Multiphysics modeling. This paper addressed the associated challenges in accelerating nuclear fuels and material qualification for new and advanced reactor designs, which differ based on fuel, coolant, operating conditions, and structural materials. These challenges vary for radiation level, operating conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and coolant type (e.g., corrosion environment). In addition, the challenges and limitations in modeling tools, experimental facilities, and licensing guidelines are also discussed, and a general solution path forward is recommended.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Presentation: Accelerating Nuclear Fuels and Materials Qualification by Multi-Level Irradiation Experiment Campaign

The advanced reactor technologies feature fuels, coolants, and materials that promise safer operating conditions under normal and accident scenarios. However, the nuclear fuels and materials qualifications require several decades (for example, new reactor fuel qualification from conceptualization requires about 20 years). Therefore, accelerating nuclear fuels and materials qualification is essential, and it can be achieved by combining high through-put materials irradiation and testing, advanced post-irradiation examinations, and Multiphysics modeling. This paper addressed the associated challenges in accelerating nuclear fuels and material qualification for new and advanced reactor designs, which differ based on fuel, coolant, operating conditions, and structural materials. These challenges vary for radiation level, operating conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and coolant type (e.g., corrosion environment). In addition, the challenges and limitations in modeling tools, experimental facilities, and licensing guidelines are also discussed, and a general solution path forward is recommended.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

NSTTF Voucher Program RPPR-1 (Final Report)

Sandia issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) to solicit proposals from industry, academia, research laboratories, government agencies, and individuals on the use of the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) to increase CSP technology market adoption across the United States. The voucher funds will be used to cover the cost of NSTTF test facilities usage and technical staff support for analysis, design and test planning and execution. Sandia will collect submitted proposals, coordinate their review through DOE SETO, and work in partnership or under contract with the applicants to complete the funded research. Through this program, participants will be supported in their use of the world class facilities and expertise available at the NSTTF at Sandia in Albuquerque, NM to accelerate the advancement of CST technologies toward meeting 2030 SETO goals for CSP. The goals of this semi-annual reporting period were to complete all administrative tasks and contracting, begin testing on three of the vouchers, and report on initial findings. The fourth voucher (University of Michigan) is predicated on the results of an ongoing heat exchanger test that is expected to conclude by the end of FY22.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Analog Signal Multiplexing System for the Iota Proton Injector

The Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Facility at FNAL is a dedicated research and development center focused on advancing particle accelerator technologies for future applications worldwide. Currently, a key objective of FAST Operations is to commission the 2.5 MeV IOTA Proton Injector (IPI) and enable proton injection into the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring. The low and medium-energy sections of the IPI include four frame-style dipole trims and two multi-function correctors with independently controlled coils, requiring readout of 32 analog channels for current and voltage monitoring in total. To reduce cost and optimize rack space within the PLC-based control system, a 32-to-4 analog signal multiplexing system was designed and implemented. This system enables real-time readback of excitation parameters from all magnetic correctors. This paper presents the design, construction, implementation, and performance of the multiplexing system.

MacLean, Daniel R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000210103↗

Report on the Integration of Experimental and Modeling Data for Initial Equivalence Study of Mechanical Performance in Irradiated LPBF 316 Stainless Steel

To ensure the rapid development, deployment, and use of advanced nuclear technologies, faster qualification approaches are needed. Typically, the primary pathway uses traditional data packages consistent with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which does not consider the environmental effects the material will experience such as corrosion and radiation damage. Examining radiation effects requires a significant amount of space in US facilities at the Advanced Test Reactor and the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and suffers from natural gradients in temperature and neutron flux profiles. Ion irradiation may enable rapid assessment of radiation-induced damage to a material and is proposed as part of an accelerated materials qualification framework through the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies program. To enhance the utility of ion irradiation as an examination tool, this report provides the initial assessment of engineering-relevant properties of microstructures produced from ion irradiation in the near-surface volume. Nanoindentation, Vickers hardness, and known tensile properties were brought together with simple mathematical models and experimental data for an initial equivalence study of the mechanical performance of irradiated laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 316 stainless steels across length scales. Direct observation of the calculated ion irradiation yield stress and measured neutron irradiation yield stress at 2 dpa showed that both datasets exhibit the same trend with irradiation temperature and overlap within an acceptable band of stress values. Ion irradiations at 10 dpa serve as a prediction of properties to compare to postirradiation examination of HFIR-irradiated LPBF 316H further in the program. This work is a significant demonstration of the Licensing Approach with Ions and Neutrons, which uses ion irradiations to generate mechanical property information more rapidly than through neutron irradiations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

In-situ Detection of Glovebox Glove Degradation Prior to Glove Failure; Effects on Safety, Waste, and Operational Costs - 20402

Glovebox glove pressure decay leak testing and analysis of the data can greatly improve glovebox safety, minimize Transuranic (TRU) glove waste, and minimize operational cost. It is well known, the weakest point of containment on a glovebox is the glove. Mitigating unplanned openings in gloves is critical to minimizing operational and safety costs in glovebox operations. Mitigating unplanned glove openings due to glove failures will be discussed in this paper. The lack of an engineered solution to determine a gloves operational life in nuclear operations, has lead to use of theoretical and manual subjective methods to determine the life and safety of a glovebox glove. Whether the glove is inspected visually prior to use, or gloves are changed regularly to theoretically avoid failure, both the operators PPE and the room are being exposed to contamination, or un-necessary amounts of TRU glove waste are being generated. Millions of dollars yearly in operational costs are spent on glove failures due to loss of production, incident analysis, regulatory audits, clean up, and paperwork. In a nuclear application, a glove failure could contaminate an operator and laboratory, shut down the operation for weeks, potentially create a regulatory audit, and potentially create a media frenzy; the damages to the organization can be astronomical. Elimination of glove failures is possible by tracking glove material degradation and setting limits to allow glove change when it becomes necessary, prior to glove failure. Analytical pressure decay leak testing allows the detection of material degradation, and in turn the ability to limit operational glove failures. A German based company called MK Versuchsanlagen, e.K., has developed an advanced Glove Integrity Testing System. The system, with its use of proprietary RFID and special software technology, is unique in its capabilities. The system is capable to perform highly accurate regular glove testing on any size glovebox line in minimal time. The system records and can analyze a tremendous amount of system data that in turn can determine, for example, a safe glove change time prior to a glove material failure. This paper will show how an advanced Glove Integrity Testing System can detect glove material degradation and help determine a safe change point prior to glove failure. Pressure decay curves of new gloves and recorded effects of accelerated aging on the glove over time will be shown. The use of this technology in nuclear facilities can greatly improve glovebox operational safety, minimize glovebox glove TRU waste, and save organizations tremendous costs in downtime, clean up, documentation, and potential regulatory review. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Analog Signal Multiplexing System for the IOTA Proton Injector

he Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Facility at FNAL is a dedicated research and development center focused on advancing particle accelerator technologies for future applications worldwide. Currently, a key objective of FAST Opera-tions is to commission the 2.5 MeV IOTA Proton Injec-tor (IPI) and enable proton injection into the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring. The low and medium-energy sections of the IPI include four frame-style dipole trims and two multi-function cor-rectors with independently controlled coils, requiring readout of 32 analog channels for current and voltage monitoring in total. To reduce cost and optimize rack space within the PLC-based control system, a 32-to-4 analog signal multiplexing system was designed and implemented. This system enables real-time readback of excitation parameters from all magnetic correctors. This paper presents the design, construction, implementation, and performance of the multiplexing system.

MacLean, Daniel R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000210103↗

Conduction-Cooled Operation of an SRF Multi-Cell Cavity

The development of compact, SRF-based accelerators for applications beyond research is experiencing notable advancements due to the use of cryocoolers for conduction-cooling instead of traditional liquid cryogens. Following the successful demonstration of a single-cell cavity operated through conduction cooling with three two-stage cryocoolers, Jefferson Lab (JLab) has made strides in the operation of a multi-cell resonator. This milestone paves the way for high-energy applications of compact, conduction-cooled SRF machines. The demonstration, carried out in collaboration with General Atomics, will take place in a dedicated horizontal test cryostat (HTC) at their San Diego facility. This presentation will highlight the technological developments, the latest results, and valuable lessons learned.

Vennekate, J. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerat↗