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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Physical and Flow Properties of Glass-Forming Chemicals (V 2 O 5 , SnO, SnO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , FeCr 2 O 4 , and ZrSiO 4 ) and Mixtures

For an efficient nuclear waste vitrification process at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) on the Hanford Site, proper selection and consistent supply of glass-forming chemicals (GFCs) are crucial. Thorough characterization of the GFCs is required to reduce risks in operation of the vitrification facility. Low-activity waste (LAW) will be blended with GFCs to form slurry feeds and then fed to melters and vitrified. To enhance properties of waste glasses, new chemicals are being introduced to the current GFC mixture. In this study, three new GFCs were evaluated for enhanced LAW glass formulations: chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), and stannic oxide (SnO 2 ). These three oxide components are included in enhanced waste glass formulations, and GFCs with the appropriate physical and flow properties are needed. As a starting point, single metal oxide GFCs, Cr 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , and SnO 2 , were sourced and tested. Then, alternative sources of Sn and Cr (SnO and FeCr 2 O 4 ) were tested along with an alternative zircon source (ZrSiO 4 ). This report documents the work performed to collect physical and flow property data on these new GFCs and melter feed slurries generated using these GFCs and simulated low-activity wastes.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Antiferromagnetic Oxide Thin Films for Spintronic Applications

Antiferromagnetic oxides have recently gained much attention because of the possibility to manipulate electrically and optically the Néel vectors in these materials. Their ultrafast spin dynamics, long spin diffusion length and immunity to large magnetic fields make them attractive candidates for spintronic applications. Additionally, there have been many studies on spin wave and magnon transport in single crystals of these oxides. However, the successful applications of the antiferromagnetic oxides will require similar spin transport properties in thin films. In this work, we systematically show the sputtering deposition method for two uniaxial antiferromagnetic oxides, namely Cr2O3 and α-Fe2O3, on A-plane sapphire substrates, and identify the optimized deposition conditions for epitaxial films with low surface roughness. We also confirm the antiferromagnetic properties of the thin films. The deposition method developed in this article will be important for studying the magnon transport in these epitaxial antiferromagnetic thin films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Strain Rate Spall Strength Measurement for CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy

In this study, we experimentally investigate the high stain rate and spall behavior of Cantor high-entropy alloy (HEA), CoCrFeMnNi. First, the Hugoniot equations of state (EOS) for the samples are determined using laser-driven CoCrFeMnNi flyers launched into known Lithium Fluoride (LiF) windows. Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) recordings of the velocity profiles find the EOS coefficients using an impedance mismatch technique. Following this set of measurements, laser-driven aluminum flyer plates are accelerated to velocities of 0.5–1.0 km/s using a high-energy pulse laser. Upon impact with CoCrFeMnNi samples, the shock response is found through PDV measurements of the free surface velocities. From this second set of measurements, the spall strength of the alloy is found for pressures up to 5 GPa and strain rates in excess of 106 s−1. Further analysis of the failure mechanisms behind the spallation is conducted using fractography revealing the occurrence of ductile fracture at voids presumed to be caused by chromium oxide deposits created during the manufacturing process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Alumina fiber strength improvement

The effective fiber strength of alumina fibers in an aluminum composite was increased to 173,000 psi. A high temperature heat treatment, combined with a glassy carbon surface coating, was used to prevent degradation and improve fiber tensile strength. Attempts to achieve chemical strengthening of the alumina fiber by chromium oxide and boron oxide coatings proved unsuccessful. A major problem encountered on the program was the low and inconsistent strength of the Dupont Fiber FP used for the investigation.

Pepper, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Opacification of high temperature fibrous insulation

A study was conducted to determine the merits of adding particulate materials to silica fiber felts to increase their resistance to the passage of thermal radiation. Laboratory samples containing 5, 10, and 15 percent of chromium oxide, silicon carbide, and titanium dioxide were prepared and evaluated in accordance with ASTM C-518 thermal conductivity test method at 425 C (800 F) mean temperature. The titania particles averaging 3-4 micrometers in diameter were found to be the most effective. This was followed by a short plant run, in order to confirm the initial results on the laboratory samples. These samples were tested according to ASTM C-201 High Temperature Calorimeter from 93 C to 760 C (200 F to 1400 F) mean temperature. The ten percent by weight of titania resulted in an optimum effectiveness, and reduced the conductivity over 20% at 760 C (1400 F).

Miller, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The influence of hold times on LCF and FCG behavior in a P/M Ni-base superalloy

The relative importance of creep and environmental interactions in high temperature fatigue behavior has been investigated for as-HIP Rene 95. Strain-controlled low cycle fatigue and load-controlled fatigue crack growth tests were performed at elevated temperatures in argon, followed by fractographic analyses of the fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy. Fatigue lives were drastically reduced and crack growth rates increased one hundred fold as a result of superposition of hold times on continuous cycling. A change in fracture mode with hold time also was noted. Chromium oxide was detected on the fracture surface by Auger electron spectroscopy. The drastic changes in fatigue resistance due to hold times were attributed primarily to environmental interactions with fatigue processes.

Choe, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Relative performance comparison between baseline labyrinth and dual-brush compressor discharge seals in a T-700 engine test

In separate series of T-700 engine tests, direct comparisons were made between the forward-facing labyrinth and dual-brush compressor discharge seals. Compressor speeds to 43,000 rpm, surface speeds to 160 m/s (530 ft/s), pressures to 1 MPa (145 psi), and temperatures to 680 K (765 F) characterized these tests. The wear estimate for 40 hr of engine operations was less than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) of the Haynes 25 alloy bristles running against a chromium-oxide-coated rub runner. The pressure drops were higher for the dual-brush than for the forward-facing labyrinth seal, implying better seal characteristics and engine performance for the brush seal. Modification of the secondary flow path requires that changes in cooling air and engine dynamics be accounted for.

Hendricks, Robert C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Tribology and Microstructure of PS212 with a Cr2O3 Seal Coat

PS212 is a plasma sprayed metal bonding chrome carbide coating with solid lubricant additives which has lubricating properties at temperatures up to about 900 deg C. The coating is diamond ground to achieve an acceptable tribological surface. But, as with many plasma spray coatings, PS212 is not fully-dense. In this study, a chromium oxide base seal coating is used in an attempt to seal any porosity that is open to the surface of the PS212 coating, and to study the effect of the sealant on the tribological properties of PS212. The results indicate that the seal coating reduces friction and wear when it is applied and then diamond ground leaving a thin layer of seal coating which fills in the surface pits of the PS212 coating.

Sliney, Harold E.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Cost-Cutting Powdered Lubricant

Scientists at NASA's Glenn Research Center developed a high-temperature, solid lubricant coating material that is saving the manufacturing industry millions of dollars. The material came out of 3 decades of tribological research, work studying high-temperature friction, lubrication, and the wearing of interacting surfaces that are in relative motion. It was developed as a shaft coating deposited by thermal spraying to protect foil air bearings used in oil-free turbomachinery, like gas turbines, and is meant to be part of a larger project: an oil-free aircraft engine capable of operating at high temperatures with increased reliability, lowered weight, reduced maintenance requirements, and increased power. This advanced coating, PS300, is a self-lubricating bearing material containing chromium oxide, with additions of a low-temperature start up lubricant (silver) and a high-temperature lubricant, making it remarkably stable at high temperatures, and better suited than previously available materials for high-stress conditions. It improves efficiency, lowers friction, reduces emissions, and has been used by NASA in advanced aeropropulsion engines, refrigeration compressors, turbochargers, and hybrid electrical turbogenerators. PS300 is ideal in any application where lowered weight and reduced maintenance are desired, and high-temperature uses and heavy operating speeds are expected. It has notable uses for the Space Agency, but it has even further-reaching potential for the industrial realm.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2014

High Temperature Solid Lubricant Coating for High Temperature Wear Applications

A self-lubricating, friction and wear reducing composite useful over a wide temperature range is described herein. The composite includes metal bonded chromium oxide dispersed in a metal binder having a substantial amount of nickel. The composite contains a fluoride of at least one Group I, Group II, or rare earth metal, and optionally a low temperature lubricant metal.

DellaCorte, Christopher↗
NASA NTRS2017

Spinel-Bearing, Al-Rich Chrondrules in the Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrite NWA7402

Several Al-rich chondrules (ARCs) have been discovered in the unequilibrated ordinary chondrite NWA7402. Two of these three ARCs are spinel-bearing. Here we have characterized these unusual chondrules with respect to their mineralogy and bulk compositions. These objects will be targets for future O and Mg isotope analysis. NWA7402 is clearly unequilibrated, with wide ranges of olivine compositions in chondrules (Fo99-Fo70, excluding rims). Chromium-oxide contents in olivine, and Raman organic spectral parameters support the classification of this meteorite as petrologic type 3.1 [1]. NWA7402 is similar to, and could be paired with NWA5717, in that they both possess light and dark lithologies.

Ross, D. K.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Preventing Precipitation in the ISS Urine Processor

The ISS Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) was initially designed to achieve 85% recovery of water from pretreated urine on ISS. Pretreated urine is comprised of crew urine treated with flush water, an oxidant (chromium trioxide), and an inorganic acid (sulfuric acid) to control microbial growth and inhibit precipitation. Unfortunately, initial operation of the UPA on ISS resulted in the precipitation of calcium sulfate at 85% recovery. This occurred because the calcium concentration in the crew urine was elevated in microgravity due to bone loss. The higher calcium concentration precipitated with sulfate from the pretreatment acid, resulting in a failure of the UPA due to the accumulation of solids in the Distillation Assembly. Since this failure, the UPA has been limited to a reduced recovery of water from urine to prevent calcium sulfate from reaching the solubility limit. NASA personnel have worked to identify a solution that would allow the UPA to return to a nominal recovery rate of 85%. This effort has culminated with the development of a pretreatment based on phosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid. By eliminating the sulfate associated with the pretreatment, the brine can be concentrated to a much higher concentration before calcium sulfate reach the solubility limit. This paper summarizes the development of this pretreatment and the testing performed to verify its implementation on ISS.

Muirhead, Dean↗
DOE OSTI2021

Supplemental Defatted Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica Affected Apparent Retention and Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients in a Corn-Soybean Meal Based Diet for Broiler Chickens

Objective: This study was to assess impacts of including 10% defatted microalgae (Nannochloropsis oceanica, 45% crude protein and 3.8% ether extract) into a corn-soybean meal basal diet for broiler chickens on apparent retention and ileal digestibility of nutrients. Procedures: Day-old hatchling Cornish Giant cockerels were divided into two groups (6 cages/group, 6 chicks/cage) and fed either the basal (control) or the microalgae-supplemented (microalgae) diet for 6 weeks. Starting week 3, the two experimental diets were mixed with 0.2% chromium oxide as an indigestible marker. Total excreta of individual cages were collected daily for 3 consecutive days during week 6. At the end of week 6, chicks were euthanized to collect ileal digesta from 1 chick/cage. Energy and concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, minerals, and amino acids in digesta, excreta, and diets were assayed. Apparent retentions and ileal digestibilities were calculated using the direct collection and indirect indicator methods. Data were analyzed by the Student’s t-test and the significant level of difference was at p < 0.05. Results: The microalgae diet had elevated (4.2% and 8.1% by the two methods, p < 0.05) apparent retention of ether extract, but similar apparent retention and ileal digestibility of dry matter and apparent metabolizable energy, compared with the control diet. Supplemental defatted microalgae decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent retention and ileal digestibility of dietary crude protein by 13% and 13%. The supplementation also decreased (p < 0.05) ileal digestibilities and apparent retentions of multiple amino acids ranging from 0.6% to 26%. Apparent retentions of sodium and total phosphorus were decreased (p < 0.05) by 13% and 71%, respectively, by the microalgae inclusion compared with the control. Conclusion: The inclusion of 10% defatted N. oceanica in the corn-soybean meal basal diet for broiler chickens led moderate increases in apparent retention and ileal digestibility of ether extract, but decreased those of crude protein, amino acids, sodium, and phosphorus.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1994

Removal of Residual Chromium from Aluminum Oxide by Containerless Liquid-phase Processing

Berneuil sapphire was purified of Cr 3+ by containerless melting and processing at ca. 2550 K in high purity argon, dry air and pure oxygen. Recovered material was examined by laser induced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. The Cr 3+ fluorescence intensity decreased in processed specimens at rates proportional to the chromium concentration and p(O 2 ) 0.21 . The initial chromium concentration was ca. 5 ppm and decreased by factors of ca. 50, 3000, and 2x10 5 after processing for 300 seconds in argon, air and oxygen, respectively. Evidence is presented that the Cr 3+ was removed predominantly as CrO 2 (g) and not by conversion to other oxidation states of chromium in the condensed phase. A comparison of the Raman peak shifts for as-received and processed samples indicates that considerable stress was retained during containerless solidification of the highly undercooled melts.

sapphire↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hydrogen permeation in iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys and the effects of microstructure and surface oxide

Iron–chromium–aluminum (FeCrAl) class alloys are candidates for use as cladding for accident-tolerant fuels and moderators. In this context, hydrogen isotope permeation in FeCrAl alloys is an important material property. Here, in the present work, the apparent permeability, effective diffusivity, and apparent solubility of hydrogen in the FeCrAl alloys C26M and Kanthal D (KD) were measured with gas-driven hydrogen permeation. Permeation measurements were conducted at temperatures of 400 to 700 °C and at gas-driven pressures from 1 to 100 kPa. In particular, the effect of grain size on hydrogen transport was studied with KD samples with three different microstructures: nanocrystalline (NC), ultra-fine grained (UFG), and coarse-grained (CG). The UFG and NC specimens had higher apparent activation energies (73.4 kJ mol -1 and 65.2 kJ mol -1 , respectively) for hydrogen permeability than the CG sample (46.9 kJ mol -1 ). An aluminum oxide layer formed on the primary- and secondary-side surfaces of all samples subjected to permeation experiments which demonstrated the propensity of FeCrAl alloys to form these innate oxide permeation barriers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗