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At least 73 records · Page 4

Statistical Analysis of CFD Solutions from 2nd Drag Prediction Workshop

In June 2001, the first AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop was held to evaluate results obtained from extensive N-Version testing of a series of RANS CFD codes. The geometry used for the computations was the DLR-F4 wing-body combination which resembles a medium-range subsonic transport. The cases reported include the design cruise point, drag polars at eight Mach numbers, and drag rise at three values of lift. Although comparisons of the code-to-code medians with available experimental data were similar to those obtained in previous studies, the code-to-code scatter was more than an order-of-magnitude larger than expected and far larger than desired for design and for experimental validation. The second Drag Prediction Workshop was held in June 2003 with emphasis on the determination of installed pylon-nacelle drag increments and on grid refinement studies. The geometry used was the DLR-F6 wing-body-pylon-nacelle combination for which the design cruise point and the cases run were similar to the first workshop except for additional runs on coarse and fine grids to complement the runs on medium grids. The code-to-code scatter was significantly reduced for the wing-body configuration compared to the first workshop, although still much larger than desired. However, the grid refinement studies showed no sign$cant improvement in code-to-code scatter with increasing grid refinement.

Hemsch, M. J.↗

Validation of a Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Vapor Pull-Through in Normal and Low Gravity

On-orbit fluid transfer such as refueling of propellant tanks and life-support systems can enable long-duration space missions. For safe and efficient liquid transfer operations, prior knowledge of liquid positioning and liquid-vapor interface behavior while draining in a low-gravity environment is required. Numerical models capable of predicting vapor ingestion (or vapor pull-through) can be used to design liquid transfer operations while reducing liquid residuals, mission risk and settling thrust required to prevent vapor ingestion. An experimental program conducted in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower facility at NASA Glenn Research Center investigated the vapor ingestion phenomenon for a range of outflow rates and tank sizes providing a database for validation. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics model capable of accurately predicting the vapor ingestion using the Volume-of-Fluid multiphase solver in commercial code STAR-CCM+. A description of the experimental setup and general trends from similar studies are presented. Comparisons of the numerical prediction and test data in normal and low gravity show good agreement and give confidence in pursuing design of full-scale propellant transfer systems.

Computational Fluid Dynamics↗

Validation of a Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Vapor Pull-Through in Normal and Low Gravity

On-orbit fluid transfer such as refueling of propellant tanks and life-support systems can enable long-duration space missions. For safe and efficient liquid transfer operations, prior knowledge of liquid positioning and liquid-vapor interface behavior while draining in a reduced-gravity environment is required. Numerical models capable of predicting vapor ingestion (or vapor pull-through) can be used to design liquid transfer operations while reducing liquid residuals, mission risk and settling thrust required to prevent vapor ingestion. An experimental program conducted in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower facility at NASA Lewis Research Center in 1969 investigated the vapor ingestion phenomenon for a range of outflow rates and tank sizes providing a database for validation. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics model capable of accurately predicting the vapor ingestion using the Volume-of-Fluid multiphase solver in commercial code STAR-CCM+. A description of the experimental setup and general trends from similar studies are presented. Comparisons of the numerical prediction and test data in normal and low gravity show good agreement and give confidence in pursuing design of full-scale propellant transfer systems.

Computational Fluid Dynamics↗

Validation of A Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Vapor Pull-Through in Normal and Low Gravity

On-orbit fluid transfer such as refueling of propellant tanks and life-support systems can enable long-duration space missions. For safe and efficient liquid transfer operations, prior knowledge of liquid positioning and liquid-vapor interface behavior while draining in a reduced-gravity environment is required. Numerical models capable of predicting vapor ingestion (or vapor pull-through) can be used to design liquid transfer operations while reducing liquid residuals, mission risk and settling thrust required to prevent vapor ingestion. An experimental program conducted in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower facility at NASA Lewis Research Center in 1969 investigated the vapor ingestion phenomenon for a range of outflow rates and tank sizes providing a database for validation. This study presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics model capable of accurately predicting the vapor ingestion using the Volume-of-Fluid multiphase solver in commercial code STAR-CCM+. A description of the experimental setup and general trends from similar studies are presented. Comparisons of the numerical prediction and test data in normal and low gravity show good agreement and give confidence in pursuing design of full-scale propellant transfer systems.

Propellant Transfer↗

A comparative study of time-marching and space-marching numerical methods

Menees (1981) has conducted an evaluation of three different flowfield codes for the Jupiter entry conditions. However, a comparison of the codes has been made difficult by the fact that the three codes use different solution procedures, different computational mesh sizes, and a different convergence criterion. There are also other differences. For an objective evaluation of the different numerical solution methods employed by the codes, it would be desirable to select a simple no-blowing perfect-gas flowfield case for which the turbulent models are well established. The present investigation is concerned with the results of such a study. It is found that the choice of the numerical method is rather problem dependent. The time-marching and the space-marching method provide both comparable results if care is taken in selecting the appropriate mesh size near the body surface.

Gupta, R. N.↗

The effect of elastic boundary conditions on the dynamic response of rectangular plates

Natural frequencies and forced steady-state harmonic response for the vibration of uniform rectangular plates with edges elastically restrained against rotation and transverse translation are addressed. A single mode Rayleigh-Ritz solution is derived using functions that describe the normal modes of vibration of a beam whose ends are elastically restrained. The finite element solution is obtained for comparison. MACSYMA symbolic manipulation system is implemented as an aid to the mathematical rigor of the Ritz approach, and NASTRAN finite element code is used to model the mechanical system. Comparisons are made to published results and the solutions of this study are found to give lower frequencies for some values of boundary restraint. Steady-state harmonic amplitudes of displacement and acceleration are found to agree favorably for the two solutions. Low predictions of steady-state strain from NASTRAN result in some cases when compared to the Ritz values. Finally, a subjective assessment is made about the merit of using MACSYMA and NASTRAN.

Brewer, Terry K.↗

Computer simulation of radiation damage in gallium arsenide

A version of the binary-collision simulation code MARLOWE was used to study the spatial characteristics of radiation damage in proton and electron irradiated gallium arsenide. Comparisons made with the experimental results proved to be encouraging.

Stith, John J.↗

Tiltrotor Aeroacoustic Code (TRAC) Prediction Assessment and Initial Comparisons With TRAM Test Data

A prediction sensitivity assessment to inputs and blade modeling is presented for the TiltRotor Aeroacoustic Code (TRAC). For this study, the non-CFD prediction system option in TRAC is used. Here, the comprehensive rotorcraft code, CAMRAD.Mod 1, coupled with the high-resolution sectional loads code HIRES, predicts unsteady blade loads to be used in the noise prediction code WOPWOP. The sensitivity of the predicted blade motions, blade airloads, wake geometry, and acoustics is examined with respect to rotor rpm, blade twist and chord, and to blade dynamic modeling. To accomplish this assessment. an interim input-deck for the TRAM test model and an input-deck for a reference test model are utilized in both rigid and elastic modes. Both of these test models are regarded as near scale models of the V-22 proprotor (tiltrotor). With basic TRAC sensitivities established, initial TRAC predictions are compared to results of an extensive test of an isolated model proprotor. The test was that of the TiltRotor Aeroacoustic Model (TRAM) conducted in the Duits-Nederlandse Windtunnel (DNW). Predictions are compared to measured noise for the proprotor operating over an extensive range of conditions. The variation of predictions demonstrates the great care that must be taken in defining the blade motion. However, even with this variability, the predictions using the different blade modeling successfully capture (bracket) the levels and trends of the noise for conditions ranging from descent to ascent.

Burley, Casey L.↗

Tiltrotor Aeroacoustic Code (TRAC) Prediction Assessment and Initial Comparisons with Tram Test Data

A prediction sensitivity assessment to inputs and blade modeling is presented for the TiltRotor Aeroacoustic Code (TRAC). For this study, the non-CFD prediction system option in TRAC is used. Here, the comprehensive rotorcraft code, CAMRAD.Mod1, coupled with the high-resolution sectional loads code HIRES, predicts unsteady blade loads to be used in the noise prediction code WOPWOP. The sensitivity of the predicted blade motions, blade airloads, wake geometry, and acoustics is examined with respect to rotor rpm, blade twist and chord, and to blade dynamic modeling. To accomplish this assessment, an interim input-deck for the TRAM test model and an input-deck for a reference test model are utilized in both rigid and elastic modes. Both of these test models are regarded as near scale models of the V-22 proprotor (tiltrotor). With basic TRAC sensitivities established, initial TRAC predictions are compared to results of an extensive test of an isolated model proprotor. The test was that of the TiltRotor Aeroacoustic Model (TRAM) conducted in the Duits-Nederlandse Windtunnel (DNW). Predictions are compared to measured noise for the proprotor operating over an extensive range of conditions. The variation of predictions demonstrates the great care that must be taken in defining the blade motion. However, even with this variability, the predictions using the different blade modeling successfully capture (bracket) the levels and trends of the noise for conditions ranging from descent to ascent.

Burley, Casey L.↗

Transonic wall interference assessment and corrections for airfoil data from the 0.3-meter TCT adaptive wall test section

The wall interference assessment/correction code presented is nonlinear, involves four walls, and is applicable to transonic airfoil data from wind tunnels with shaped, solid top and bottom walls. Attention is given to its application to data from the NASA 0.3-m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel Adaptive Test Section, for two sizes of a NACA 0012 airfoil and to simulated data for an inviscid two-dimensional full-potential code. This study indicates that while adaptive wall wind tunnels significantly reduce some aspects of wall-interference effects (by comparison to straight solid and slotted wall wind tunnels), residual wall and other interference effects are present.

Green, Lawrence L.↗

The prediction of viscous hypersonic flows about complex configurations using an upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes code

A three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes computer code which employs an upwind algorithm is used to conduct a numerical study of an advanced maneuvering reentry vehicle configuration. Comparisons between numerical solutions and experimental data are presented for surface pressure, wall heat flux, and overall forces and moments. The effects of angle of attack, angle of yaw, and surface mass injection are investigated. Good agreement is observed between the calculated and measured data. The results of this investigation demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of an upwind scheme in predicting the hypersonic flow field characteristics about a complex configuration.

Narain, J. P.↗

A parametric study of the leading edge attachment line for the F-16XL

A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code is used to computationally simulate the flow about a modified F-16XL. Transition mechanisms (e.g. attachment line location and crossflow instability) near the swept wing leading edge are analyzed in detail. Flow visualization is used to study the influence of angle-of-attack on the aforementioned transition mechanisms. Validation of the code is accomplished by comparison of numerically generated surface pressures with that obtained by in-flight experiments.

Flores, Jolen↗

Accurate solutions, parameter studies and comparisons for the Euler and potential flow equations

Parameter studies are conducted using the Euler and potential flow equation models for unsteady and steady flows in both two and three dimensions. The Euler code is an implicit, upwind, finite volume code which uses the Van Leer method of flux-vector-splitting which has been recently extended for use on dynamic meshes and maintain all the properties of the original splitting. The potential flow code is an implicit, finite difference method for solving the transonic small disturbance equations and incorporates both entropy and vorticity corrections into the solution procedures thereby extending its applicability into regimes where shock strength normally precludes its use. Parameter studies resulting in benchmark type calculations include the effects of spatial and temporal refinement, spatial order of accuracy, far field boundary conditions for steady flow, frequency of oscillation, and the use of subiterations at each time step to reduce linearization and factorization errors. Comparisons between Euler and potential flows results are made as well as with experimental data where available.

Anderson, W. Kyle↗

Accurate solutions, parameter studies and comparisons for the Euler and potential flow equations

Parameter studies are conducted using the Euler and potential flow equation models for steady and unsteady flows in both two and three dimensions. The Euler code is an implicit, upwind, finite volume code which uses the Van Leer method of flux vector splitting which has been recently extended for use on dynamic meshes and maintain all the properties of the original splitting. The potential flow code is an implicit, finite difference method for solving the transonic small disturbance equations and incorporates both entropy and vorticity corrections into the solution procedures thereby extending its applicability into regimes where shock strength normally precludes its use. Parameter studies resulting in benchmark type calculations include the effects of spatial and temporal refinement, spatial order of accuracy, far field boundary conditions for steady flow, frequency of oscillation, and the use of subiterations at each time step to reduce linearization and factorization errors. Comparisons between Euler and potential flow results are made, as well as with experimental data where available.

Anderson, W. Kyle↗

A fast, exact code for scattered thermal radiation compared with a two-stream approximation

A two-stream accuracy study for internally (thermal) driven problems is presented by comparison with a recently developed 'exact' adding/doubling method. The resulting errors in external (or boundary) radiative intensity and flux are usually larger than those for the externally driven problems and vary substantially with the radiative parameters. Error predictions for a specific problem are difficult. An unexpected result is that the exact method is computationally as fast as the two-stream approximation for nonisothermal media.

Cogley, A. C.↗

Simulation of Rotary-Wing Near-Wake Vortex Structures Using Navier-Stokes CFD Methods

This paper will use high-resolution Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to model the near-wake vortex roll-up behind rotor blades. The locations and strengths of the trailing vortices will be determined from newly-developed visualization and analysis software tools applied to the CFD solutions. Computational results for rotor nearwake vortices will be used to study the near-wake vortex roll up for highly-twisted tiltrotor blades. These rotor blades typically have combinations of positive and negative spanwise loading and complex vortex wake interactions. Results of the computational studies will be compared to vortex-lattice wake models that are frequently used in rotorcraft comprehensive codes. Information from these comparisons will be used to improve the rotor wake models in the Tilt-Rotor Acoustic Code (TRAC) portion of NASA's Short Haul Civil Transport program (SHCT). Accurate modeling of the rotor wake is an important part of this program and crucial to the successful design of future civil tiltrotor aircraft. The rotor wake system plays an important role in blade-vortex interaction noise, a major problem for all rotorcraft including tiltrotors.

Kenwright, David↗

Computational Analysis of the External Aerodynamics of the Unpowered X-57 Mod-III Aircraft

Investigations of the external aerodynamics of the unpowered X-57 Mod-III configuration using computational fluid dynamics are presented. Two different Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solvers were used in the analysis: the STAR-CCM+ unstructured solver using polyhedral grid topology, and the Launch Ascent Vehicle Aerodynamics (LAVA) structured curvilinear flow solver using structured overset grid topology. A grid refinement study was conducted and suitable grid resolution was determined by examining the forces and moments of the aircraft. Code-to-code comparison shows that STAR-CCM+ and LAVA are in good agreement both in quantitative values and trends. The angle-of-attack sweep and sideslip-angle sweep were performed. Results indicate that lift coefficients have a sharp drop at stall. At high angle of attack, STAR-CCM+ and LAVA show different flow separation behavior possibly due to differences in the turbulence model. The sideslip-angle sweep results show constant pitching moment from 0° to 15°, then a sharp increase between 15° and 20° sideslip angle.

Yoo, Seung Y.↗

Application of the LAURA code for slender-vehicle aerothermodynamics

Application of a three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes code (LAURA) to compute the laminar, perfect gas aerothermodynamics of slender vehicles is demonstrated. Comparison of solutions with experimental data enabled an assessment of the code's aerodynamic heating prediction capabilities. The results show radial grid refinement to a wall cell Reynolds number of 2 to be accurate for predicting aerodynamic heating to a slender cone. Additional comparisons for an 80 deg slab-delta wing and a generic Aero-Space Plane vehicle show the method to be generally accurate using this radial cell spacing. Discrepancies between the predicted and measured heating in a region of crossflow separation on the Aero-Space Plane geometry are noted which indicates the need for further study. While additional applications and comparisons are required to fully test the LAURA program, the results of this study demonstrate the current level of confidence and the engineering utility of this particular code.

Thompson, Richard A.↗