Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “detector array readout”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4

Smart pixel sensors Towards on-sensor filtering of pixel clusters with deep learning

High granularity silicon pixel sensors are at the heart of energy frontier particle physics collider experiments. At an collision rate of 40\,MHz, these detectors create massive amounts of data. Signal processing that handles data incoming at those rate and intelligently reduces the data within the pixelated region of the detector \textit{at rate} will enhance physics performance and enable physics analyses that are not currently possible. Using the shape of charge clusters deposited in an array of small pixels, the physical properties of the traversing particle can be extracted with locally customized neural networks. In this first work, we present a neural network that can be embedded into the on-sensor readout and filter out hits from low momentum tracks, reducing the detector's data volume by 54.4-75.4\%. The network is designed and simulated as a custom readout integrated circuit with 28\,nm CMOS technology and is expected to operate at less than 300\,$\mu W$ with an area of less than 0.2\,mm$^2$.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Characterization of high-flux cadmium zinc telluride detectors coupled to MM-PAD readout ASICs for high-flux X-ray applications

High-flux cadmium zinc telluride (HF-CZT) is a promising material for next-generation X-ray imaging due to its high stopping power, wide bandgap, and improved resistance to radiation-induced polarization [1]. We bonded 2 mm thick HF-CZT sensors with Cornell's Mixed-Mode Pixel Array ASICs, which combine analog charge integration and in-pixel digital counting to achieve single X-ray sensitivity, large full well capacity, and frame rates up to 10 kHz [2,3]. Detector characterization showed stable electron collection above 150 V bias, while hole collection remained limited by trapping even at 700 V. Temporal studies revealed non-negligible afterglow, with an unexpected increase in afterglow at higher biases, which was reduced by infrared illumination, suggesting that injected carriers reduce trapping near contact interfaces. Polarization measurements confirmed improved stability compared to conventional CZT, though polarization effects persisted, particularly with hole collection, with up to 5% signal loss and spatial distortion at high doses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Smart pixel sensors: towards on-sensor filtering of pixel clusters with deep learning

Highly granular pixel detectors allow for increasingly precise measurements of charged particle tracks. Next-generation detectors require that pixel sizes will be further reduced, leading to unprecedented data rates exceeding those foreseen at the High- Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Signal processing that handles data incoming at a rate of $\mathcal{O}$(40 MHz) and intelligently reduces the data within the pixelated region of the detector at rate will enhance physics performance at high luminosity and enable physics analyses that are not currently possible. Using the shape of charge clusters deposited in an array of small pixels, the physical properties of the traversing particle can be extracted with locally customized neural networks. In this first demonstration, we present a neural network that can be embedded into the on-sensor readout and filter out hits from low momentum tracks, reducing the detector's data volume by 57.1%–75.7%. The network is designed and simulated as a custom readout integrated circuit with 28 nm CMOS technology and is expected to operate at less than 300 μW with an area of less than 0.2 mm 2 . The temporal development of charge clusters is investigated to demonstrate possible future performance gains, and there is also a discussion of future algorithmic and technological improvements that could enhance efficiency, data reduction, and power per area.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Development of selenium imaging detectors toward a definitive search for neutrinoless ββ decay

Imaging sensors made from an ionization target layer of amorphous selenium (aSe) coupled to a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel array for charge readout are a promising technology for neutrino physics. The high spatial resolution in a solid-state target provides unparalleled rejection of backgrounds from natural radioactivity in the search for the neutrinoless ββ decay of 82 Se. With this grant, we experimentally determined two crucial factors necessary for the realization of this novel technology: i) the intrinsic energy response of aSe to ionizing electrons, and ii) the feasibility to couple a target layer of aSe to a CMOS active pixel sensor to image electron tracks.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

SPT-SLIM: Line Intensity Mapping with the South Pole Telescope

Line-intensity mapping (LIM) at millimeter wavelengths is a powerful emerging probe of the large-scale structure of the Universe, but achieving meaningful constraints on cosmological parameters with LIM requires focal planes with orders of magnitudes more detectors than existing instruments. SPT-SLIM is an upcoming experiment to demonstrate LIM observations of CO at 0.5 < z < 2.0 using on-chip spectrometers with kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), a new technology that enables scaling to the much larger arrays of detectors needed to probe cosmology. I will describe the overall experimental design and specific goals of SPT-SLIM. In addition, I will highlight results of the detector and readout electronics development for SPT-SLIM and the status of the camera integration and commissioning in the lab.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam

The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector is a prototype of a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprising a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4-tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume—the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon antineutrino events.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

ESnet/JLab FPGA Accelerated Transport

To increase the science rate for high data rates/volumes, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) has partnered with Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) to define an edge to data center traffic shaping / steering transport capability featuring data event aware network shaping and forwarding. The keystone of this ESnet+JLab FPGA Accelerated Transport (EJFAT) is the joint development of an AI/ML directed dynamic compute work Load Balancer (LB) of UDP streamed data. The LB is a suite consisting of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) executing the dynamically configurable, low fixed latency LB data plane featuring real-time packet redirection and high throughput, and a control plane running on the FPGA host computer that monitors network and compute farm telemetry in order to make dynamic AI/ML guided decisions for destination compute host redirection/load balancing and destination resource provisioning. The LB provides for three-tier horizontal scaling across LB suites, core compute hosts, and CPUs within a host. The LB effectively provides seamless integration of edge/core computing to support direct experimental data processing for immediate use by JLab science programs and others such as the EIC as well as data centers of the future requiring high throughput and low latency for both hot and cooled data for both running experiment data acquisition systems and data center use cases.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Considerations about future hard x-ray area detectors

X-ray sources continue to advance in both intensity and temporal domains, thereby opening new ways to analyze the structure and properties of matter, provided that the resultant x-ray images can be efficiently and quantitatively recorded. In this perspective we focus on specific limitations of pixel area x-ray detectors. Although pixel area x-ray detectors have also advanced in recent years, many experiments are still detector limited. Specifically, there is need for detectors that can acquire successive images at GHz rates; detectors that can accurately measure both single photon and millions of photons per pixel in the same image at frame rates of hundreds of kHz; and detectors that efficiently capture images of very hard x-rays (20 keV to several hundred keV). The data volumes and data rates of state-of-the-art detection exceeds most practical data storage options and readout bandwidths, thereby necessitating on-line processing of data prior to, or in lieu of full frame readouts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Replacing photomultiplier tubes with silicon photomultipliers for nuclear safeguards applications

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been used for decades as the default light detection technology for scintillator-based radiation monitors. PMTs come with a handful of disadvantages, however, including large volume usage, fragility, high-voltage requirements, and susceptibility to magnetic fields. Arrays of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a possible alternative to PMTs providing similar performance while offering improvements in the areas listed. We focus on straightforward “drop-in replacement” evaluations by imposing a single channel output of the SiPM signal and a backend electronics data acquisition and analysis routine identical to that used for PMTs. In the realm of nuclear safeguards, the primary performance metric for gamma spectroscopy is detector resolution, and for neutron detection it is pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to separate neutron and gamma signals. In this work we present the results of replacing a PMT with a 2” x 2” SiPM array mounted, in turn, to the same 2” x 2” cylindrical sodium iodide (NaI) crystal. The ultimate comparison for this gamma spectrometry is confirmation of uranium enrichment standards, ranging from depleted uranium to 93% highly enriched uranium (HEU), by analyzing the resulting spectra with both a simple integral scaling in key energy regions of the spectrum, as well as with the NaIGEM software package. In addition to the gamma spectroscopy work, we will present the latest results on comparing the PSD capabilities of a 4” x 4” SiPM array to a 5” PMT. As with the gamma spectroscopy evaluations, the light detectors are mounted in turn to the same liter-scale organic scintillators. This neutron-focused work includes evaluation of prototype SiPM readout boards with a single output signal summed over 256 individual SiPM pixels, and evident tradeoffs between PSD capability and fast response.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Replacing photomultiplier tubes with silicon photomultipliers for nuclear safeguards applications

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been used for decades as the default light detection technology for scintillator-based radiation monitors. PMTs come with a handful of disadvantages, however, including large volume usage, fragility, high-voltage requirements, and susceptibility to magnetic fields. Arrays of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a possible alternative to PMTs providing similar performance while offering improvements in the areas listed. We focus on straightforward “drop-in replacement” evaluations by imposing a single channel output of the SiPM signal and a backend electronics data acquisition and analysis routine identical to that used for PMTs. In the realm of nuclear safeguards, the primary performance metric for gamma spectroscopy is detector resolution, and for neutron detection it is pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to separate neutron and gamma signals. In this work we present the results of replacing a PMT with a 2” x 2” SiPM array mounted, in turn, to the same 2” x 2” cylindrical sodium iodide (NaI) crystal. The ultimate comparison for this gamma spectrometry is confirmation of uranium enrichment standards, ranging from depleted uranium to 93% highly enriched uranium (HEU), by analyzing the resulting spectra with both a simple integral scaling in key energy regions of the spectrum, as well as with the NaIGEM software package. In addition to the gamma spectroscopy work, we will present the latest results on comparing the PSD capabilities of a 4” x 4” SiPM array to a 5” PMT. As with the gamma spectroscopy evaluations, the light detectors are mounted in turn to the same liter-scale organic scintillators. This neutron-focused work includes evaluation of prototype SiPM readout boards with a single output signal summed over 256 individual SiPM pixels, and evident tradeoffs between PSD capability and fast response.

Engineering - Instrumentation related to nuclear s↗

Scalable Detector Design for a High-Resolution Fast-Neutron Radiography Panel

Development of a scalable flat-panel neutron radiography device is needed to meet the nondestructive testing needs of a growing industrial market. Flood field images from a Cs-137 gamma source and a Cf-252 fission neutron source were generated using a detector composed of a 3-mm-thick sheet of EJ-200, and 3-mm-thick sheet of acrylic light spreader, an 8 $\times$ 8 array of SensL MICROFJ-60035-TSV SiPMs, and an IDEAS ROSSPAD readout module. The readout module can be tiled together with similar systems to create a panel of any size, and is only limited by the number of available Ethernet ports in a switching system. A collimated gamma line image demonstrated a 90% spatial resolution of approximately 0.47 line pairs per centimeter and a 10% spatial resolution of approximately 2.32 line pairs per centimeter. A neutron edge image demonstrated a 90% spatial resolution of approximately 0.70 line pairs per centimeter and a 10% spatial resolution of approximately 3.35 line pairs per centimeter. Both of these images show the ability to generate radiographs with sub-SiPM spatial resolution. Using these readout modules, a large-scale radiographic panel can be developed by tiling ROSSPAD modules together.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Design and Performance of the First BICEP Array Receiver

Branches of cosmic inflationary models, such as slow-roll inflation, predict a background of primordial gravitational waves that imprints a unique odd-parity “B-mode” pattern in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at amplitudes that are within experimental reach. The BICEP/Keck (BK) experiment targets this primordial signature, the amplitude of which is parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, by observing the polarized microwave sky through the exceptionally clean and stable atmosphere at the South Pole. B-mode measurements require an instrument with exquisite sensitivity, tight control of systematics, and wide frequency coverage to disentangle the primordial signal from the Galactic foregrounds. BICEP Array represents the most recent stage of the BK program and comprises four BICEP3-class receivers observing at 30/40, 95, 150 and 220/270 GHz. The 30/40 GHz receiver will be deployed at the South Pole during the 2019/2020 austral summer. After 3 full years of observations with 30,000+ detectors, BICEP Array will measure primordial gravitational waves to a precision σ(r) between 0.002 and 0.004, depending on foreground complexity and the degree of lensing removal. Here in this paper, we give an overview of the instrument, highlighting the design features in terms of cryogenics, magnetic shielding, detectors and readout architecture as well as reporting on the integration and tests that are ongoing with the first receiver at 30/40 GHz.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Readout of Large Capacitance SiPMs by Weak Coupling to Charge Sensitive Amplifier

Large area and large capacitance silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays are employed to collect scintillation light in noble liquid time projection chambers (TPC) such as DarkSide, nEXO, MEGII, protoDUNE and DUNE. Light readout using ASICs designed for operation in noble liquids is a solution for large meter-scale photon detectors. However, conventional readout requires a high voltage decoupling capacitor larger than SiPM capacitance (in the range of tens of nF) to achieve full charge transfer to the preamplifier. Here, we demonstrate a readout concept by weakly coupling (via a capacitor lower by an order of magnitude than SiPM capacitance) to a charge sensitive amplifier, LArASIC in this case, without any loss in the signal to noise ratio (S/N). The single-photoelectron detection, signal-to-noise ratio, timing resolution, and coincidence detection are experimentally characterized.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

The QICK (Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit): Readout and control for qubits and detectors

We introduce a Xilinx RF System-on-Chip (RFSoC)-based qubit controller (called the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit, or QICK for short), which supports the direct synthesis of control pulses with carrier frequencies of up to 6 GHz. The QICK can control multiple qubits or other quantum devices. The QICK consists of a digital board hosting an RFSoC field-programmable gate array, custom firmware, and software and an optional companion custom-designed analog front-end board. We characterize the analog performance of the system as well as its digital latency, important for quantum error correction and feedback protocols. We benchmark the controller by performing standard characterizations of a transmon qubit. We achieve an average gate fidelity of ℱ avg =99.93%. All of the schematics, firmware, and software are open-source.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

First test results of the trans-impedance amplifier stage of the ultra-fast HPSoC ASIC

Abstract We present the first results from the HPSoC ASIC designed for readout of Ultra-fast Silicon Detectors. The 4-channel ASIC manufactured in 65 nm CMOS by TSMC has been optimized for 50 μm thick AC-LGAD. The evaluation of the analog front end with β-particles impinging on 3 × 3 AC-LGAD arrays (500 μm pitch, 200 × 200 μm 2 metal) confirms a fast output rise time of 600 ps and good timing performance with a jitter of 45 ps. Further calibration experiments and TCT laser studies indicate some gain limitations that are being investigated and are driving the design of the second-generation pre-amplification stages to reach a jitter of 15 ps.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗

First demonstration of a TES based cryogenic Li 2 MoO 4 detector for neutrinoless double beta decay search

Cryogenic calorimetric experiments to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0vββ) are highly competitive, scalable and versatile in isotope. The largest planned detector array, CUPID, is comprised of about 1500 individual Li 2 100 MoO 4 detector modules with a further scale up envisioned for a follow up experiment (CUPID-1T). In this article, we present a novel detector concept targeting this second stage with a low impedance TES based readout for the Li 2 MoO 4 absorber that is easily mass-produced and lends itself to a multiplexed readout. We present the detector design and results from a first prototype detector operated at the NEXUS shallow underground facility at Fermilab. The detector is a 2-cm-side cube with 21 g mass that is strongly thermally coupled to its readout chip to allow rise-times of ~0.5 ms. This design is more than one order of magnitude faster than present NTD based detectors and is hence expected to effectively mitigate backgrounds generated through the pile-up of two independent two neutrino decay events coinciding close in time. Together with a baseline resolution of 1.95 keV (FWHM) these performance parameters extrapolate to a background index from pile-up as low as 5 • 10 –6 counts/keV/kg/yr in CUPID size crystals. The detector was calibrated up to the MeV region showing sufficient dynamic range for 0vββ searches. In combination with a SuperCDMS HVeV detector this setup also allowed us to perform a precision measurement of the scintillation time constants of Li 2 MoO 4 , which showed a primary component with a fast O(20 μs) time scale. Similar content being viewe

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Front-End Design for SiPM-Based Monolithic Neutron Double Scatter Imagers

Neutron double scatter imaging exploits the kinematics of neutron elastic scattering to enable emission imaging of neutron sources. Due to the relatively low coincidence detection efficiency of fast neutrons in organic scintillator arrays, imaging efficiency for double scatter cameras can also be low. One method to realize significant gains in neutron coincidence detection efficiency is to develop neutron double scatter detectors which employ monolithic blocks of organic scintillator, instrumented with photosensor arrays on multiple faces to enable 3D position and multi-interaction time pickoff. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have several advantageous characteristics for this approach, including high photon detection efficiency (PDE), good single photon time resolution (SPTR), high gain that translates to single photon counting capabilities, and ability to be tiled into large arrays with high packing fraction and photosensitive area fill factor. However, they also have a tradeoff in high uncorrelated and correlated noise rates (dark counts from thermionic emissions and optical photon crosstalk generated during avalanche) which may complicate event positioning algorithms. We have evaluated the noise characteristics and SPTR of Hamamatsu S13360-6075 SiPMs with low noise, fast electronic readout for integration into a monolithic neutron scatter camera prototype. The sensors and electronic readout were implemented in a small-scale prototype detector in order to estimate expected noise performance for a monolithic neutron scatter camera and perform proof-of-concept measurements for scintillation photon counting and three-dimensional event positioning.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Gaia: segmented germanium detector for high-energy X-ray fluorescence and spectroscopic imaging

We present Gaia, a monolithic array of 96 high-purity germanium pixel detectors integrated with a custom low-noise application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data acquisition system. The sensor operates at ∼100 K using a commercial closed-cycle cryocooler, with the in-vacuum electronics thermally isolated from the cold finger to ensure thermal stability. The system demonstrates an average energy resolution of 711 eV at 122 keV, measured using a 57 Co source, and 253 eV at 5.89 keV, measured with 55 Fe across all channels. The readout architecture incorporates a high-performance FPGA paired with a dual-core ARM processor, forming a complete embedded Linux-based computing platform. Communication between the processor and FPGA is handled via memory-mapped I/O, and data are streamed over high-speed gigabit Ethernet. A full-scale 384-pixel Gaia detector, based on this 96-element module, is currently under fabrication.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗