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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Corrosion of Steel During Long-Term Exposure to Evolving Cementitious Environments

SRS is proceeding with closure of the H-Area Tank Farm (HTF) and F-Area Tank Farm (FTF). Closure consists of removing the bulk waste, heel removal, and filling the tank with tailored grout formulations. The long-term performance of the concrete and steel materials of construction and the closure grout is an important consideration for Performance Assessment (PA) of closed tanks in FTF and HTF. Over PA timeframes of hundreds, thousands, to tens of thousands of years, the chemical and physical properties of the concrete and steel materials will slowly degrade due to environmental exposure and material aging. In the interim these materials will provide a barrier to the leaching of radionuclides into the soil. Savannah River Remediation (SRR) is updating relevant portions of these analysis inputs to support an imminent revision to the HTF PA and a future update to the FTF PA. This analysis provides an update to the previous PA inputs for steel corrosion. The Central Scenario for the PA analysis includes three postulated modeling cases: 1) Realistic Case, 2) Compliance Case, and 3) Pessimistic Case. This analysis also included a Fast Flow Path Case. This latter case considered the circumstance where the initial condition of the concrete was a completely degraded state and that grout shrinkage exposed the steel to the soil environment immediately. In effect, the steel was unprotected by the concrete and grout. The cases have various degrees of conservatism considered. Chemical, physical and tank configuration parameters were investigated to understand their effects on the predicted time to release of the contaminants. The assessment reviewed the initial tank and steel configuration, service life degradation of the steel, and potential corrosion mechanisms associated with degradation of the concrete materials.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1973

International Symposium on Combustion, 14th, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., August 20-25, 1972, Proceedings.

Some elementary steps for the formation and destruction of nitric oxide in the H-N-O system, high-temperature oxidation of hydrogen by nitrous oxide in shock waves, and high-temperature fast-flow reactor studies of metal-atom oxidation kinetics are among the topics covered in papers concerned with elementary reactions in combustion. Other areas covered include oscillatory, turbulent, and supersonic combustion; flames in furnaces and combustors; and pollutant formation and destruction in flames. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

Study of the reaction of atomic oxygen with aerosols

The rate of disappearance of atomic oxygen was measured at several pressures in a fast flow pyrex reactor system with its walls treated with (NH4)2SO4 (s), H2SO4 (l), and NH4CL (s). Atomic oxygen, P-3 was generated by dissociation of pure, low pressure oxygen in a microwave discharge. Concentrations of atomic oxygen were measured at several stations in the reactor system using chemiluminescent titration with NO2. Recombination efficiencies calculated from experimentally determined wall recombination rate constants are in good agreement with reported values for clean Pyrex and an H2SO4 coated wall. The recombination efficiency for (NH4)2SO4, results in a slightly lower value than for H2S04. A rapid exothermic reaction between atomic oxygen and the NH4Cl wall coating prevented recombination efficiency determination for this coating. The results show that the technique is highly useful for wall recombination measurements and as a means of extrapolating to the case of free stream aerosol-gas interactions.

Akers, F. I.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A kinetic study of the interaction between atomic oxygen and aerosols

This study was concerned with the effects of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols on the kinetics of disappearance of atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen was generated by a 2.45-GHz microwave discharge and the kinetics of disappearance measured in a fast flow system using NO2 titration. Values of the recombination coefficient for heterogeneous wall recombination were determined for clean, H2SO4-coated, and (NH4)2SO4-coated Pyrex to be 0.000050, 0.000020, and 0.000019, respectively. A rapid exothermic chemical reaction was found to occur between atomic oxygen and an NH4Cl wall coating; the products were NH3, NO, H2O, and HCl. The NH4Cl aerosol was generated by gas phase reaction of NH3 with HCl. The aerosol particles were approximately spherical and nearly monodisperse with a mean diameter of 1.6 plus or minus 0.2 micron. The rate constant for the disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of NH4Cl aerosol was measured. No significant decrease was observed in the rate of disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of an (NH4)2SO4 aerosol at a concentration of 285 mg per cu m.

Akers, F. I.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The rate constant for the reaction of O/3P/ atoms with ClONO2

Experiments were conducted in a conventional fast flow apparatus to study the rate constant and the activation energy for the reaction O(3P) + ClONO2. The air-afterglow technique was used for the detection of oxygen atoms under pseudo first order conditions. A value of (3.4 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the -12th exp/(-840 plus or minus 60)T/cu cm/molecule/s was obtained for the rate constant. The observed rate is sufficiently slow so that oxygen atom attack is of minor importance in the stratosphere compared to photolysis.

Molina, L. T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

High power gas laser - Applications and future developments

Fast flow can be used to create the population inversion required for lasing action, or can be used to improve laser operation, for example by the removal of waste heat. It is pointed out that at the present time all lasers which are capable of continuous high-average power employ flow as an indispensable aspect of operation. High power laser systems are discussed, taking into account the gasdynamic laser, the HF supersonic diffusion laser, and electric discharge lasers. Aerodynamics and high power lasers are considered, giving attention to flow effects in high-power gas lasers, aerodynamic windows and beam manipulation, and the Venus machine. Applications of high-power laser technology reported are related to laser material working, the employment of the laser in controlled fusion machines, laser isotope separation and photochemistry, and laser power transmission.

Hertzberg, A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The rate constant for the reaction of oxygen /3P/ atoms with dichlorine monoxide

A fast flow discharge apparatus was used to measure the rate constant for the reaction of ground state oxygen atoms with dichlorine monoxide in the temperature range 236-295 K. The air afterflow technique (NO2 chemiluminescence) was used for detection of oxygen atoms. The Arrhenius expression for the rate constant was found to be 2.7 plus or minus 0.3 times 10 to the -11th power exp(-560 plus or minus 80/T) cu cm per molecule per sec. At 295 K the rate constant is 4.1 plus or minus 0.5 times 10 to the -12th power cu cm per molecule per sec.

Miziolek, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Absolute concentrations of O/3P/ in the lower thermosphere at night

A rocketborne instrument module for detecting atomic oxygen concentrations by the resonance fluorescence technique is reported. The module contained a source lamp emitting O I 1304 A photons and a detector for the scattered photons. The module was constructed so that it could be coupled to a fast flow reactor for calibration purposes. During the flight the module was radially deployed from the payload on an oscillating boom with a maximum extension of 90 cm from the skin. Analysis of the initial flight data indicates that the shock formed by the motion of the rocket had a substantial effect on the data and the maximum concentration of the layer at 93 km was about 1.1 x 10 to the 11th/cu cm.

Sharp, W. E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Temperature dependence of the NO + O3 reaction rate from 195 to 369 K

The temperature dependence of the NO + O3 reaction rate was examined by means of the fast flow technique. Several different experimental conditions and detection schemes were employed. With excess NO or excess O3, NO2 chemiluminescence was monitored. In addition, with excess O3, NO was followed by fluorescence induced by an NO microwave discharge lamp. The results of the three independent sets of data are compared and found to agree within experimental error, indicating the absence of secondary chemistry which might complicate the kinetics. The data exhibit curvature on an Arrhenius plot; however, the simple Arrhenius expression k = (2.6 + or - 0.8) x 10 to the -12th exp(-1435 + or - 64/T) cu cm/molecule s is an adequate description for T between 195 and 369 K. This result is compared to earlier determinations.

Michael, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1986

In situ stratospheric ozone measurements by long path UV absorption - Developments and interpretation

A high-sensitivity, in situ UV absorption ozone sensor has been developed for use in the stratosphere. The instrument couples 254-nm radiation from a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp into a 40-pass White cell to attain a high-sensitivity ozone absorption measurement. Preflight/postflight laboratory tests utilizing an ozone source coupled to a laboratory UV ozone photometer in a fast-flow system as well as in-flight diagnostics verify the successful operation of the instrument. Evidence is presented to verify that in situ UV absorption ozone photometers can measure stratospheric ozone with better than 3 percent precision and 5 percent accuracy, provided proper attention is given to both the thermal field surrounding the gondola and the ambient pressure measurements. Ozone data are compared with modeled profiles in the 28- to 40-km region. An assessment of the disagreement between observations and modeled profiles is given along with suggestions for future experiments designed to constrain photochemical models.

Weinstock, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Rate constants for the quenching of metastable O2 (1Sigma g +) molecules

The O2 (1Sigma g +) rates for CO2, H2, N2, Cl2, CO, O3, and 2,3 DMB-2 are determined by monitoring the 762-nm emission in a fast-flow-discharge chemiluminescence detection system (Leu, 1984; Leu and Smith, 1981). The results are presented in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. The rate constants (in cu cm/s x 10 to the -16th) are 4600 + or - 500 for CO2, 7000 + or - 300 for H2, 17 + or - 1 for N2, 4.5 + or - 0.8 for Cl2, 45 + or - 5 for CO, 220,000 + or - 30,000 for O3, and 6000 + or - 100 for 2,3 DMB-2. The temperature dependence of the CO2 and O3 quenching reactions at 245-362 K is found to be negligible.

Kwang, Y. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Model ion abundances for Comet Halley

A computer model for comet comae was applied to predict ion abundances for comet Halley, assuming that the volatile component of the nucleus is 85% water and that the remaining volatile molecules are composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Model parameters such as heliocentric distance, size, and albedo are chosen to be consistent with the 13 to 14 March 1986 encounter of Giotto with the comet. Photoprocesses, gas-phase chemical kinetics, coma energy balance including a separate electron temperature, multifluid hydrodynamics with a transition to free molecular flow, fast streaming atomic and molecular hydrogen, and counter and cross streaming of species in the coma-solar wind interaction are taken into consideration. A comparison of the model results with data from the ion mass spectrometer at 6000 and 1500 km from the nucleus shows good agreement. Implications of the coma physics and chemistry are discussed.

Huebner, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Laboratory studies of sticking coefficients and heterogeneous reactions important in the Antarctic stratosphere

Laboratory studies of sticking coefficients of H2O, HCl, Cl2, and HNO3 on ice and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 with ice or HCl/ice have been performed in a fast flow reactor. A quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization was used as a detector. Measured sticking coefficients are: 0.3 (+0.7, -0.1) for H2O, 0.4 (+0.6, -0.2) for HCL, less than 0.0001 for Cl2, and 0.3 (+0.7, -0.1) for HNO3 at 200 K. The reaction probability of ClONO2 on ice was found to be 0.06 (+ or - 0.03) while HOCl was observed as a sole product in the gas phase. With HCl present in ice, the reaction probability of ClONO2 is greatly enhanced, approaching 0.27 (+0.73, -0.13) while molecular chlorine was found to be the major product in the gas phase. Another reaction product was nitric acid which remained in the solid phase. Since the polar stratospheric clouds contain ice particles or possibly HCl/ice particles on the surface, the present results should be a major factor in producing the observed springtime ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1988

Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces - Implications for Antarctic ozone depletion

This paper reports on the measurements of reaction probabilities for heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces at 195 K, using a fast-flow reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The reaction probability for N2O5 on pure-water ice was found to be 0.028 + or - 0.011, with nitric acid in the solid phase as the sole product. In the presence of HCl in ice, the probability of N2O5 reaction was enhanced (to 0.037); the reaction produced, besides solid-phase nitric acid, ClNO2 and ClONO which were released into the gas phase within a few milliseconds. The latter two compounds can be readily photolyzed in the austral spring to form active chlorine which would remove stratospheric ozone. It is suggested that, since the polar stratospheric clouds are believed to contain HCl-ice mixture on the surface, the reactions of N2O5 on H2O/HCl particles is a major factor in the Antarctic springtime ozone depletion.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1991

FAST: A multi-processed environment for visualization of computational fluid

Three dimensional, unsteady, multizoned fluid dynamics simulations over full scale aircraft is typical of problems being computed at NASA-Ames on CRAY2 and CRAY-YMP supercomputers. With multiple processor workstations available in the 10 to 30 Mflop range, it is felt that these new developments in scientific computing warrant a new approach to the design and implementation of analysis tools. These large, more complex problems create a need for new visualization techniques not possible with the existing software or systems available as of this time. These visualization techniques will change as the supercomputing environment, and hence the scientific methods used, evolve ever further. Visualization of computational aerodynamics require flexible, extensible, and adaptable software tools for performing analysis tasks. FAST (Flow Analysis Software Toolkit), an implementation of a software system for fluid mechanics analysis that is based on this approach is discussed.

Bancroft, Gordon V.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Photodissociation of the hydroxyl radical (OH) at 157 nm

The photodissociation of the OH radical was studied at 157 nm via the detection of the product H atoms with the resonance fluorescence technique. OH radicals were produced in a fast-flow cell from the reaction between H and NO2 and subsequently photodissociated by an excimer laser operating on the F2 emission. The quantum yield for photodissociation of OH was measured to be 1.10 + or - 0.28. The photodissociation cross section was calculated to be 6.6 x 10 to the -18th sq cm (+ or - 25 percent).

Cody, R. J.↗