Sub-grid models for heat transfer in gas-particle flows with immersed horizontal cylinders
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This document describes the use of production cost modeling in the SunShot Vision study, including methods used to create the SunShot Vision scenarios, their implementation in the Gridview model, and assumptions regarding transmission system and operation of each generator type. It also describes challenges and limitations of modeling solar generation technologies in production cost models, andsuggests methods for improving their representation in current models.
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Here, this paper analyzes the impact of the use of Kron reduction on the state variables of a three-phase electrical system, even when it does not meet the necessary conditions for its application. Reduction is applied to a power line model to eliminate the equation corresponding to the neutral conductor of the line. The ATP program is used to model and simulate the behavior of an electrical system considering different degrees of disequilibrium as a reference for the comparison of results. The results show that under certain conditions of disequilibrium the Kron reduction can lead to significant errors in the state variables of the system.
With appropriate modifications, a recently proposed explicit-multiple-time-step scheme (EMTSS) is incorporated into the UCLA model. In this scheme, the linearized terms in the governing equations that generate the gravity waves are split into different vertical modes. Each mode is integrated with an optimal time step, and at periodic intervals these modes are recombined. The other terms are integrated with a time step dictated by the CFL condition for low-frequency waves. This large time step requires a special modification of the advective terms in the polar region to maintain stability. Test runs for 72 h show that EMTSS is a stable, efficient and accurate scheme.
The beta-assumed-pdf approximation of (Cook & Riley 1994) is tested as a subgrid model for the LES computation of nonpremixed turbulent reacting flows, in the limit of cold infinitely fast chemistry, for two plane turbulent mixing layers with different degrees of intermittency. Excellent results are obtained for the computation of integrals properties such as product mass fraction, and the model is applied to other quantities such as powers of the temperature and the pdf of the scalar itself. Even in these cases the errors are small enough to be useful in practical applications. The analysis is extended to slightly out of equilibrium problems such as the generation of radicals, and formulated in terms of the pdf of the scalar gradients. It is shown that the conditional gradient distribution is universal in a wide range of cases whose limits are established. Within those limits, engineering approximations to the radical concentration are also possible. It is argued that the experiments in this paper are essentially in the limit of infinite Reynolds number.
A dynamic Variational Multiscale Method (Hughes et al. 1998) is developed by leveraging the Germano procedure from classical Large-eddy Simulations (LES). The similarity between the classical and variational approaches is analyzed in the context of incompressible flow. This analysis leads to a consistent modeling approach for both incompressible and compressible flows, the latter being demonstrated in a priori testing for low-speed attached and separated boundary layers. Similar to the classical LES procedure from which it is derived, the variational dynamic procedure does not guarantee a positive semi-definite coefficient in the general case. However, reproducing the behavior of the classical LES dynamic approach is seen as a necessary first step to develop a VMM that automatically adjusts to the local resolution and flow physics.
This presentation discusses the next-generation analysis framework for full-scale transmission and distribution modeling that supports millions of highly distributed energy resources, and also discusses future directions for transmission and distribution.
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