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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

First dynamic spectra of stellar microwave flares

The VLA has been used in the spectral-line mode at 1.4 GHz to obtain the first dynamic spectra of stellar sources other than the sun. Two very intense, highly circularly polarized, microwave outbursts were observed on the dMe flare star UV Cet, in addition to a slowly varying, unpolarized component. One outburst was purely left circularly polarized and showed no variations as a function of frequency across the 41 MHz band, whereas the other was as much as 70 percent right-circularly polarized and showed distinct variations with frequency. Although the slowly varying emission is probably due to incoherent gyrosynchrotron emission, the two flaring events are the result of coherent mechanisms. The coherent emission is interpreted in terms of plasma radiation and the cyclotron maser instability.

Bastian, T. S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The formation and annealing of circumstellar dust, as gauged by IRAS low-resolution spectra and the microwave maser chronology

By comparing IRAS mean colors and LRS spectral differences in a large sample of Mira variables with the chronological sequence for development of microwave maser emission among such stars, it appears possible to describe a dust grain formation and annealing sequence. The early time spectra are dominated by aluminum oxides, which are then overrun by the emergence of silicates. Rather than the growth of silicate mantles on aluminate cores, this sequence is interpreted as a simple result of the higher electron affinity of aluminum for oxygen, resulting in an initial abundance of AlO bonds in the underoxidized grains. Once all the Al becomes fully oxidized, the relative abundances of Al and Si dictate that the AlO signature will be swamped by the growth of the SiO stretching fundamental. The correlations among the proposed dust chronology, the increasingly thick circumstellar envelopes, and the light curve asymmetries of Mira variables are instructive for understanding the evolutionary changes occurring in such stars.

Stencel, Robert E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Zonal wave number variance spectra of stratospheric microwave brightness temperatures

Well-known theoretical predictions suggest that variances of large-scale atmospheric fluctuations, for scales somewhat shorter than those of the forcing mechanisms, should obey a power law, k exp -b, where k is the horizontal wave number. The invariance of the exponent b with season, hemisphere, and latitude is tested using satellite-measured brightness temperatures. Global grids of Tiros-N Microwave Sounding Unit channel 4 measurements, which closely approximate the 30- to 150-mbar layer mean temperature, are constructed for January, March, and August 1979. These grids are zonally Fourier-transformed, and the resulting spectra are averaged over four 18 deg-wide latitude bands. Fits of a power law to these spectra over wave numbers 10-36 and 10-26 give values of b which are independent of season, hemisphere, and latitude band, to within statistical uncertainties. The observed values of b are about 3.6, as compared to theoretical predictions of 3.

Martin, Russell L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: a measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra at 98 and 150 GHz

We present the temperature and polarization angular power spectra of the CMB measured by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 5400 deg2 of the 2013–2016 survey, which covers >15000 deg2 at 98 and 150 GHz. For this analysis we adopt a blinding strategy to help avoid confirmation bias and, related to this, show numerous checks for systematic error done before unblinding. Using the likelihood for the cosmological analysis we constrain secondary sources of anisotropy and foreground emission, and derive a “CMB-only” spectrum that extends to ℓ=4000. At large angular scales, foreground emission at 150 GHz is ∼1% of TT and EE within our selected regions and consistent with that found by Planck. Using the same likelihood, we obtain the cosmological parameters for ΛCDM for the ACT data alone with a prior on the optical depth of τ=0.065±0.015. ΛCDM is a good fit. The best-fit model has a reduced χ2 of 1.07 (PTE=0.07) with H0=67.9±1.5 km/s/Mpc. We show that the lensing BB signal is consistent with ΛCDM and limit the celestial EB polarization angle to ψP =−0.07ˆ±0.09ˆ. We directly cross correlate ACT with Planck and observe generally good agreement but with some discrepancies in TE. All data on which this analysis is based will be publicly released.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1992

A thermal/nonthermal model for solar microwave bursts

A theoretical framework is developed for modeling high-resolution spectra of microwave bursts from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory which can account for departures from expectations based on simple thermal or nonthermal models. Specifically, 80 percent of the events show more than one spectral peak; many bursts have a low-side spectral index steeper than the maximum expected slope; and the peak frequency stays relatively constant and changes intensity in concert with the secondary peaks throughout a given event's solution. It is shown that the observed spectral features can be explained through gyrosynchrotron radiation. The 'secondary' components seen on the LF side of many spectra are nonthermal enhancements superposed upon thermal radiation, occurring between the thermal harmonics. A steep optically thick slope is accounted for by the thermal absorption of nonthermal radiation. If the coexistence of thermal and nonthermal particles is interpreted in terms of electron heating and acceleration in current sheets, a changing electric field strength can account for the gross evolution of the microwave spectra.

Benka, Stephen G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Measurements of precipitating atmosphere by the MU radar

Sensitive VHF Doppler radars have the capability to detect echoes from precipitation particles as well as refractive index irregularities. Researchers used the middle and upper (MU) atmosphere radar at Shigaraki, Japan for tropospheric observations of precipitating atmosphere. They detected precipitation motions simultaneously with the ambient air motion and showed the capabilities of the MU radar in investigating mesoscale structures of meteorological phenomena such as air precipitation motions within a cold frontal system. More recently, a direct method for deducing the drop size distribution of precipitation particles was developed using Doppler spectra of the MU radar. This method is free from errors inherent in conventional measurements using microwave Doppler spectra. Meteorological microwave radar data are also utilized for monitoring vertical and horizontal structures of precipitation.

Wakasugi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Directional spectra of ocean waves from microwave backscatter

The paper presents an analysis of two proposed microwave radar techniques for measuring ocean wave directional spectra. Tomiyasu's (1971) short pulse idea and Barrick's (1972) two-frequency correlation idea are regarded - independent of transmitted waveform - as essentially two alternative detection systems for modulated noise. Together, the two systems constitute a general detection system for modulated noise described some years ago by Parzen and Shiren (1956). A frequency domain analysis for backscatter on arbitrary incident waveform is given, and an interesting physical optics solution for the generalized fourth-order moments of the scattering matrix is obtained. It is shown that the present narrowband version of Barrick's two-frequency idea is impractical, and that the proper application of Barrick's idea is to wide band signals.

Jackson, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Airborne microwave Doppler measurements of ocean wave directional spectra

A technique is presented for measuring ocean wave directional spectra from aircraft using microwave Doppler radar. The technique involves backscattering coherent microwave radiation from a patch of sea surface which is small compared to dominant ocean wavelengths in the antenna look direction, and large compared to these lengths in the perpendicular (azimuthal) direction. The mean Doppler shift of the return signal measured over short time intervals is proportional to the mean sea surface velocity of the illuminated patch. Variable sea surface velocities induced by wave motion therefore produce time-varying Doppler shifts in the received signal. The large azimuthal dimension of the patch implies that these variations must be produced by surface waves traveling near the horizontal antenna look direction thus allowing determination of the direction of wave travel. Linear wave theory is used to convert the measured velocities into ocean wave spectral densities. Spectra measured simultaneously with this technique and two laser profilometers, and nearly simultaneous with this technique and two laser profilometers, and nearly simultaneous with a surface buoy, are presented. Applications and limitations of this airborne Doppler technique are discussed.

Plant, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The microwave and far-infrared spectra of the CH radical

The frequencies, wavelengths, and line strengths for transitions of the CH molecule at microwave and far-infrared wavelengths have been calculated from an analysis of the laser magnetic resonance spectrum. The low-frequency transitions are between lambda-type doublets, while the higher frequency transitions are between different spin-rotation levels.

Brown, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A thermal/nonthermal approach to solar flares

An approach for modeling solar flare high-energy emissions is developed in which both thermal and nonthermal particles coexist and contribute to the radiation. The thermal/nonthermal distribution function is interpreted physically by postulating the existence of DC sheets in the flare region. The currents then provide both primary plasma heating through Joule dissipation, and runaway electron acceleration. The physics of runaway acceleration is discussed. Several methods are presented for obtaining approximations to the thermal/nonthermal distribution function, both within the current sheets and outside of them. Theoretical hard x ray spectra are calculated, allowing for thermal bremsstrahlung from the heated plasma electrons impinging on the chromosphere. A simple model for hard x ray images of two-ribbon flares is presented. Theoretical microwave gyrosynchrotron spectra are calculated and analyzed, uncovering important new effects caused by the interplay of thermal and nonthermal particles. The theoretical spectra are compared with observed high resolution spectra of solar flares, and excellent agreement is found, in both hard x rays and microwaves. The future detailed application of this approach to solar flares is discussed, as are possible refinements to this theory.

Benka, Stephen G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The microwave and far-infrared spectra of the O-(18)H radical

Far-infrared laser magnetic resonance (LMR) spectroscopy was used to calculate the frequencies, wavelengths, and line strengths for transitions of O-(18)H molecules at microwave and far-infrared frequencies. In this experiment, a molecular transition frequency is tuned into coincidence with that of a fixed frequency laser by the application of a variable magnetic field. The O-(18)H radicals, detected in natural abundance (0.20 percent), were produced by the reaction of hydrogen atoms with nitrogen dioxide. These data together with microwave frequencies ascertained by Gottlieb, Redford, and Smith (1974) were used to determine the parameters of an effective Hamiltonian. Rotational levels up to J = 5.5 were involved. Results are indicated schematically and the low-lying energy levels of O-(18)H are shown. It is concluded that the frequencies of transitions between levels studied directly in the LMR experiment are reliable.

Comben, E. R.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Theoretical Model Images and Spectra for Comparison with HESSI and Microwave Observations of Solar Flares

We have computed bremsstrahlung and gyrosynchrotron images and spectra from a model flare loop. Electrons with a power-law energy distribution are continuously injected at the top of a semi-circular magnetic loop. The Fokker-Planck equation is integrated to obtain the steady-state electron distribution throughout the loop. Coulomb scattering and energy losses and magnetic mirroring are included in the model. The resulting electron distributions are used to compute the radiative emissions. Sample images and spectra are presented. We are developing these models for the interpretation of the High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) x-ray/gamma ray data and coordinated microwave observations. The Fokker-Planck and radiation codes are available on the Web at http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/modelware.htm This work is supported in part by the NASA Sun-Earth Connection Program.

Fisher, Richard R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The microwave and far-infrared spectra of the SiH radical

Consideration of Si's cosmic abundance leads to the expectation that the related molecule SiH may be detected in extraterrestrial sources. A tabulation is presented of frequencies, wavelengths, and line strengths for SiH molecule transitions at microwave and far-IR wavelengths, on the basis of an analysis of its laser magnetic resonance spectrum. It is hoped that the frequencies presented will be useful to both laboratory spectroscopists and astrophysicists.

Brown, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Aircraft and satellite measurement of ocean wave directional spectra using scanning-beam microwave radars

A microwave radar technique for remotely measuring the vector wave number spectrum of the ocean surface is described. The technique, which employs short-pulse, noncoherent radars in a conical scan mode near vertical incidence, is shown to be suitable for both aircraft and satellite application, the technique was validated at 10 km aircraft altitude, where we have found excellent agreement between buoy and radar-inferred absolute wave height spectra.

Jackson, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Aircraft and satellite measurement of ocean wave directional spectra using scanning-beam microwave radars

A microwave radar technique for remotely measuring the vector wave number spectrum of the ocean surface is described. The technique which employs short-pulse, noncoherent radars in a conical scan mode near vertical incidence, is shown to be suitable for both aircraft and satellite application, the technique was validated at 10 km aircraft altitude, where we have found excellent agreement between buoy and radar-inferred absolute wave height spectra.

Jackson, F. C.↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Simulation-based Method for Correcting Mode Coupling in CMB Angular Power Spectra

Modern cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis pipelines regularly employ complex time-domain filters, beam models, masking, and other techniques during the production of sky maps and their corresponding angular power spectra. However, these processes can generate couplings between multipoles from the same spectrum and from different spectra, in addition to the typical power attenuation. Within the context of pseudo-C ℓ based, MASTER-style analyses, the net effect of the time-domain filtering is commonly approximated by a multiplicative transfer function, F ℓ , that can fail to capture mode mixing and is dependent on the spectrum of the signal. To address these shortcomings, we have developed a simulation-based spectral correction approach that constructs a two-dimensional transfer matrix, ${J}_{{\ell }{\ell }^{\prime} }$, which contains information about mode mixing in addition to mode attenuation. We demonstrate the application of this approach on data from the first flight of the Spider balloon-borne CMB experiment.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗