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Results for “polar format processing”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Solid-State Photochemistry as a Formation Mechanism for Titan's Stratospheric C4N2 Ice Clouds

We propose that C4N2 ice clouds observed in Titan's springtime polar stratosphere arise due to solid-state photochemistry occurring within extant ice cloud particles of HCN-HC3N mixtures. This formation process resembles the halogen-induced ice particle surface chemistry that leads to condensed nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and ozone depletion in Earth's polar stratosphere. As our analysis of the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer 478 per centimeter ice emission feature demonstrates, this solid-state photochemistry mechanism eliminates the need for the relatively high C4N2 saturation vapor pressures required (even though they are not observed) when the ice is produced through the usual procedure of direct condensation from the vapor.

Titan's stratosphere↗
DOE OSTI2017

Chiral transcription in self-assembled tetrahedral Eu 4 L 6 chiral cages displaying sizable circularly polarized luminescence

Predictable stereoselective formation of supramolecular assembly is generally believed to be an important but complicated process. Here, we show that point chirality of a ligand decisively influences its supramolecular assembly behavior. We designed three closely related chiral ligands with different point chiralities, and observe their self-assembly into europium (Eu) tetrametallic tetrahedral cages. One ligand exhibits a highly diastereoselective assembly into homochiral (either ΔΔΔΔ or ΛΛΛΛ) Eu tetrahedral cages whereas the two other ligands, with two different approaches of loosened point chirality, lead to a significant breakdown of the diastereoselectivity to generate a mixture of (ΔΔΔΔ and ΛΛΛΛ) isomers. The cages are highly emissive (luminescence quantum yields of 16(1) to 18(1)%) and exhibit impressive circularly polarized luminescence properties (|g lum |: up to 0.16). With in-depth studies, we present an example that correlates the nonlinear enhancement of the chiroptical response to the nonlinearity dependence on point chirality.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1991

Synchronization of the magnetic Nova V1500 Cygni

The study addresses a program of polarimetric monitoring of V1500 Cyg and a detection of spin-down of the magnetic primary star. Data on the spectral shape of polarized cyclotron flux is presented, and a lower limit to the field strength on the magnetic primary star is derived. The implications which the field strength and observed rate of period change have on locking scenarios are discussed, including the likelihood of identifying other AM Her systems in the process of formation. It is noted that two-color polarimetry of V1500 Cyg indicates a polar magnetic-field strength consistent with those measured in the synchronized AM Her variables; however, the symmetry and long-term repeatability of the polarized flux curves indicate that accretion occurs onto large regions of the white-dwarf surface.

Schmidt, Gary D.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Suppression of quantum decoherence via infrared-driven coherent exciton-plasmon coupling: Undamped field and Rabi oscillations

We show that when a semiconductor quantum dot is in the vicinity of a metallic nanoparticle and driven by a mid-infrared laser field, its coherent dynamics caused by interaction with a visible laser field can become free of quantum decoherence. We demonstrate that this process, which can offer undamped Rabi and field oscillations, is the result of coherent normalization of the “effective” polarization dephasing time of the quantum dot (T{sub 2}{sup *}). This process indicates formation of infrared-induced coherently forced oscillations, which allows us to control the value of T{sub 2}{sup *} using the infrared laser. The results offer decay-free ultrafast modulation of the effective field experienced by the quantum dot when neither the visible laser field nor the infrared laser changes with time.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Tip-induced domain growth on the non-polar cuts of lithium niobate single-crystals

Currently ferroelectric materials with designed domain structures are considered as a perspective material for new generation of photonic, data storage and data processing devices. Application of external electric field is the most convenient way of the domain structure formation. Lots of papers are devoted to investigation of the domain kinetics on polar surface of crystals while the forward growth remains one of the most mysterious stages due to lack of experimental methods allowing to study it. Here we performed tip-induced polarization reversal on X- and Y-non-polar cuts in single-crystal of congruent lithium niobate allows us to study the forward growth with high spatial resolution. The revealed difference in the shape and length of domains induced on X- and Y-cuts is beyond previously developed theoretical approaches used for the theoretical consideration of the domains growth at non-polar ferroelectric surfaces. Lastly, to explain experimental results we used kinetic approach with anisotropy of screening efficiency along different crystallographic directions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electrochemical process and production of novel complex hydrides

A process of using an electrochemical cell to generate aluminum hydride (AlH.sub.3) is provided. The electrolytic cell uses a polar solvent to solubilize NaAlH.sub.4. The resulting electrochemical process results in the formation of AlH.sub.3. The AlH.sub.3 can be recovered and used as a source of hydrogen for the automotive industry. The resulting spent aluminum can be regenerated into NaAlH.sub.4 as part of a closed loop process of AlH.sub.3 generation.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantitatively controlled electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystal films from non-aqueous suspensions

This study presents a novel method to correlate the mass and charge transfer kinetics during the electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystal films by using a purpose-built double quartz crystal microbalance combined with simultaneous current-measurement. Our data support a multistep process for film formation: generation of charged nanocrystal flux, charge transfer at the electrode, and polarization of neutral nanocrystals near the electrode surface. The polarized particles are then subject to dielectrophoretic forces that reduce diffusion away from the interface, generating a sufficiently high neutral particle concentration at the interface to form a film. The correlation of mass and charge transfer enables quantification of the nanocrystal charge, the fraction of charged nanocrystals, and the initial sticking coefficient of the particles. These quantities permit calculation of the film thickness, providing a theoretical basis for using concentration and voltage as process parameters to grow films of targeted thicknesses.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1991

Spatial and temporal variability of the extent of chemically processed stratospheric air

Simulations of the spatial and temporal variability of the extent of chemically processed air in the Arctic stratosphere have been carried out using a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model for the winters of 1979 and 1989. Chemically processed air is identified in the model as that in which the amounts of hydrogen chloride (HCl) calculated with parameterized loss for conditions appropriate to polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation are substantially smaller than those calculated in a model with gas phase chemistry only. It is seen that chemically processed air may be identified over much of the Arctic lower stratosphere from early January to late February, with HCl depletions being larger in 1989 than in 1979. Near the latitude of the Arctic circle, there is important spatial and temporal variability in the extent of chemically processed air. There is some evidence for transport to midlatitudes of processed air during these winters, but the HCl reductions are much smaller and more sporadic than those near the pole. At 62 and 42N, processed air is calculated to occur preferentially over the longitude regions from 60-120E and 270-330E.

Kaye, Jack A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Are Antarctic ozone variations a manifestation of dynamics or chemistry?

The existence of a reverse circulation cell with rising motion in the polar lower stratosphere is suggested as an explanation for the temporal behavior of the ozone column density in the Antarctic region. The upwelling brings ozone-poor air from below 100 mbar to the stratosphere, possibly contributing to the observed ozone decline in early spring. At the same time, the Antarctic stratosphere might contain a very low concentration of NO(x), a condition that could favor a greatly enhanced catalytic removal of O3 by halogen species. It is argued that heterogeneous processes and formation of OClO by the reaction BrO+ClO - OClO+Br before and after the polar night might help to suppress the NO(x) levels during the early spring period.

Tung, K.-K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The influence of grain growth in circumstellar dust envelopes on observed colors and polarization of some eruptive stars

R CrB stars are classical examples of stars where dust envelope formation takes place. Dust envelope formation was detected around the Kuwano-Honda object (PU Vul) in 1980 to 1981 when the star's brightness fell to 8(sup m). Such envelopes are also formed at nova outbursts. The process of dust envelope formation leads to appreciable variations in optical characteristics, which are seen in specific color and polarization variations in the course of light fading and the appearance of IR radiation. It is shown that the model of a circumstellar dust envelope with aligned particles of changing size can be successfully applied to explain most phenomena observed at the time of light minima for a number of eruptive stars. The polarization may arise in a nonspherical dust envelope or be produced by alignment of nonspherical particles.

Efimov, Yu. S.↗
NASA NTRS2004

New Views of the Martian Polar Regions: The Latest Results from the Mars Odyssey THEMIS Investigation

One of the many questions of Martian exploration is to uncover the history of Mars, through analysis of the polar layered deposits (PLD). Martian polar ice caps hold most of the exposed water ice on the surface of Mars and yet their history and physical processes involved in their formation are unclear. In this work we present the latest imaging data acquired by the Mars Odyssey THermal EMission Imaging System (THEMIS) from the South Polar Residual Deposits (SPLD). We will concentrate our analysis on differences observed by THEMIS in winter/early spring and summer periods.

Ivanov, A. B.↗
NASA NTRS2004

CO2 Condensation Models for Mars

During the polar night in both hemispheres of Mars, regions of low thermal emission, frequently referred to as "cold spots", have been observed by Mariner 9, Viking and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. These cold spots vary in time and appear to be associated with topographic features suggesting that they are the result of a spectral-emission effect due to surface accumulation of fine-grained frost or snow. Presented here are simulations of the Martian polar night using the NASA Ames General Circulation Cloud Model. This cloud model incorporates all the microphysical processes of carbon dioxide cloud formation, including nucleation, condensation and sedimentation and is coupled to a surface frost scheme that includes both direct surface condensation and precipitation. Using this cloud model we simulate the Mars polar nights and compare model results to observations from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). Model predictions of "cold spots" compare well with TES observations of low emissivity regions, both spatially and as a function of season. The model predicted frequency of CO2 cloud formation also agrees well with MOLA observations of polar night cloud echoes. Together the simulations and observations in the North indicate a distinct shift in atmospheric state centered about Ls 270 which we believe may be associated with the strength of the polar vortex.

Colaprete, A.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Solution-phase photochemistry of a [FeFe]hydrogenase model compound: Evidence of photoinduced isomerisation

The solution-phase photochemistry of the [FeFe] hydrogenase subsite model ({mu}-S(CH{sub 2}){sub 3}S)Fe{sub 2}(CO){sub 4}(PMe{sub 3}){sub 2} has been studied using ultrafast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy supported by density functional theory calculations. In three different solvents, n-heptane, methanol, and acetonitrile, relaxation of the tricarbonyl intermediate formed by UV photolysis of a carbonyl ligand leads to geminate recombination with a bias towards a thermodynamically less stable isomeric form, suggesting that facile interconversion of the ligand groups at the Fe center is possible in the unsaturated species. In a polar or hydrogen bonding solvent, this process competes with solvent substitution leading to the formation of stable solvent adduct species. The data provide further insight into the effect of incorporating non-carbonyl ligands on the dynamics and photochemistry of hydrogenase-derived biomimetic compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2004

Quasi-Liquid Layer Formation on Ice under Stratospheric Conditions

Characterization of the interaction of hydrogen chloride (HCl) with ice is essential to understanding at a molecular level the processes responsible for ozone depletion involving polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles. To explain the catalytic role PSC particle surfaces play during chlorine activation, we proposed previously that HCl induces the formation of a disordered region on the ice surface, a quasi-liquid layer (QLL), at stratospheric conditions. The QLL is known to exist in pure ice crystals at temperatures near the melting point, but its existence at stratospheric temperatures (-85 C to -70 C) had not been reported yet. We studied the interaction of HCl with ice under stratospheric conditions using the complementary approach of a) ellipsometry to directly monitor the ice surface, using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) to monitor the gas phase species present in the ellipsometry experiments, and b) flow-tube experiments with CIMS detection. Here we show that trace amounts of HCl induce QLL formation at stratospheric temperatures, and that the QLL enhances the chlorine-activation reaction of HCl with chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and also enhances acetic acid (CH3COOH) adsorption.

McNeill, V. Faye↗
DOE OSTI2020

Above-threshold multiphoton photoemission from noble metal surfaces

Exciting solids with intense femtosecond laser pulses prompts electrons of the interrogated material to respond in a highly nonlinear manner, as is evident in the emission of high-order harmonic radiation and photoelectrons with kinetic energies well above that of the driving photons. Such high-field interactions can be resolved, for example, in above-threshold multiphoton photoemission (ATP) spectroscopy. In this work, we interrogate the nonlinear photoelectric responses of the pristine copper, silver, and gold noble metal surfaces in (111) and (100) crystal orientations in the perturbative regime. Using multiphoton photoemission spectroscopy (mPP) excited by finely tuned optical fields, we characterize enhancement of the mPP and ATP yields from (111) surfaces in selected k||-momentum ranges when the occupied Shockley surface (SS) states are (near-)resonantly coupled by multiphoton transitions to image potential (IP) intermediate states in the excitation process. The ATP signal from the IP states of (111) surfaces is largely defined by their formation through polarization of SS electrons; this observation is contrasted with ATP experiments from the Ag(100) surface, for which the SS becomes an unoccupied resonance and the IP states can only be excited from bands with significantly more bulk character. In addition, based on the optical power and nonlinear order-dependent mPP spectra, we provide evidence for ATP being a one-step, rather than a sequential process, as previously postulated.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Origin of giant permittivity and high-temperature dielectric anomaly behavior in Na{sub 0.5}Y{sub 0.5}Cu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} ceramics

Na{sub 0.5}Y{sub 0.5}Cu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method under various sintering conditions were found to exhibit a giant dielectric constant over 10 000 around room temperature. Two electrical responses were observed in the combined modulus and impedance plots, indicating the presence of Maxwell-Wagner relaxation. The contributions of semiconducting grains and insulating grain boundaries (corresponding to high-frequency and low-frequency electrical response, respectively) played important roles in the dielectric properties of Na{sub 0.5}Y{sub 0.5}Cu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} ceramics. The correlations between grain boundaries resistance and low frequency dielectric loss, grains resistance and the position of dielectric loss peak were addressed. Mixed-valent structures of Cu{sup 2+}/Cu{sup 3+} and Ti{sup 3+}/Ti{sup 4+} had been determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electron hopping between Cu{sup 2+} and Cu{sup 3+} and electron transport in Ti{sup 3+}-O-Ti{sup 4+} paths were proposed as the origin of the semiconducting nature of Na{sub 0.5}Y{sub 0.5}Cu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} ceramics. In particular, high-temperature dielectric anomaly behavior was investigated in detail. A dielectric peak exhibiting relaxor-like behavior was observed around 200 Degree-Sign C, which was linked with the formation of oxygen vacancies. Based on the electric modulus results, this behavior was explored in the light of the defect formation and explained in terms of a competition process depending on the combinational contribution to polarization between n- and p-type carriers rather than a relaxation process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1997

Photoelectron Effects on the Self-Consistent Potential in the Collisionless Polar Wind

The presence of unthermalized photoelectrons in the sunlit polar cap leads to an enhanced ambipolar potential drop and enhanced upward ion acceleration. Observations in the topside ionosphere have led to the conclusion that large-scale electrostatic potential drops exist above the spacecraft along polar magnetic field lines connected to regions of photoelectron production. A kinetic approach is used for the O(+), H(+), and photoelectron (p) distributions, while a fluid approach is used to describe the thermal electrons (e) and self-consistent electric field (E(sub II)) electrons are allowed to carry a flux that compensates for photoelectron escape, a critical assumption. Collisional processes are excluded, leading to easier escape of polar wind particles and therefore to the formation of the largest potential drop consistent with this general approach. We compute the steady state electric field enhancement and net potential drop expected in the polar wind due to the presence of photoelectrons as a function of the fractional photoelectron content and the thermal plasma characteristics. For a set of low-altitude boundary conditions typical of the polar wind ionosphere, including 0.1% photoelectron content, we found a potential drop from 500 km to 5 R(sub E) of 6.5 V and a maximum thermal electron temperature of 8800 K. The reasonable agreement of our results with the observed polar wind suggests that the assumptions of this approach are valid.

Khazanov, G. V.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Water Vapour and Composition of the Stratospheric Polar Vortices

We investigate the impacts of water vapor from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) eruption on the Antarctic stratospheric vortices in 2022 and 2023 and the Arctic stratospheric vortex in 2022/2023. Trace gas abundances from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) Stratospheric Composition REanalysis with Aura MLS (M2-SCREAM), along with meteorological fields from the longer MERRA-2 record, are used to detail the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortex and its composition during these winter/spring seasons. Through austral winter and spring 2022, HTHH water vapor was effectively excluded from the Antarctic vortex until it broke up. The 2022 Antarctic vortex itself was large, strong, and long-lived, but not exceptionally so. By austral fall 2023, HTHH stratospheric water vapor had spread globally, and Antarctic vortex values in the lower through middle stratosphere were over 2 ppmv higher than usual when the vortex formed; these record-shattering water vapor concentrations led to earlier polar stratospheric cloud formation and chlorine activation, especially at levels that are typically the highest altitudes for polar processing. In the 2022/2023 Arctic winter/spring, HTHH water vapor reached the Arctic vortex region after the vortex had formed and was largely excluded until a major sudden stratospheric warming in mid-February 2023 eroded the vortex and mixed midlatitude and vortex air throughout the hemisphere.

Gloria L Manney↗