Probing Nanorod Assembly and Dynamics in Polymer Nanocomposites in Equilibrium and Shear
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the structure and dynamics of nanorod assemblies in polymer melts under equilibrium and simple shear. We show that as the concentration of nanorods increases, there is a transition from an isotropic phase to a two-phase region in which the nanorods phase separate into a dilute phase and dense bundles of hexagonally packed nanorods. The onset of the two-phase region is below that predicted by Onsager theory, which we attribute to an effective increase in the diameter of nanorods due to a layer of polymer bound to the rod surfaces. Equilibrium simulations show that increasing polymer chain length N enhances nanorod bundling at fixed nanorod concentration. Simulations of systems undergoing simple shear show that flow enhances nanorod alignment and bundling relative to those of equilibrium systems with similar properties. Finally, simulations reveal that increasing nanorod length enhances nanorod alignment under shear at equivalent shear rates but not at equivalent Péclet numbers. Overall, our simulations highlight that polymer matrix-nanorod attraction (i.e., chemistry), shear rate, and matrix chain length are desirable design variables to control the structure of nanorod-containing soft materials under simple shear.