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Radiation equilibrium temperature measured downstream of transpiration cooled gas flow near slender cone vertex in continuous flow hypersonic tunnel
By the superposition of the conical solution for the diffraction of a plane pulse by a three dimensional corner, the solution for a general incident plane wave is constructed. A numerical program is presented for the computation of the pressure distribution on the surface due to an incident plane wave of any wave form and at any incident angle. Numerical examples are presented to show the pressure signature at several points on the surface due to incident wave with a front shock wave, two shock waves in succession, or a compression wave with same peak pressure. The examples show that when the distance of a point on the surface from the edges or the vertex is comparable to the distance for the front pressure raise to reach the maximum, the peak pressure at that point can be much less than that given by a regular reflection, because the diffracted wave front arrives at that point prior to the arrival of the peak incident wave.
The Maki contribution to the conductivity above the superconducting transition temperature is regularized within the framework of the BCS theory. This is achieved through the renormalization of the impurity scattering vertex by inclusion of the effects of pair fluctuations. The conductivity is evaluated for a thin film. It depends only on the reduced temperature and the normal resistance per square. Fair agreement is found with Al films over a wide temperature range. Agreement is not found with experiments on Bi, Pb and Ga films, which apparently contain a strong additional pair-breaking effect. The temperature range in which interactions among fluctuations become important in the Maki conductivity is generally larger than that given by the Ginzburg criterion.
The Maki contribution to the conductivity above the superconducting transition temperature is regularized within the framework of the BCS theory. This is achieved through the renormalization of the impurity-scattering vertex by inclusion of the effects of pair fluctuations. The conductivity is evaluated for a thin film. It depends only on the reduced temperature and the normal resistance per square. Fair agreement is found with Al films over a wide temperature range. Agreement is not found with experiments on Bi, Pb, and Ga films, which apparently contain a strong additional pair-breaking effect. The temperature range in which interactions among fluctuations become important in the Maki conductivity is generally larger than that given by the Ginzburg criterion.
Technique monitors structural flaws in 105-in. diameter tanks. Tank surface is divided into many areas and each area is sectioned into 20 equilateral triangles that form icosahedron. Twelve transducers are equally positioned on tank surface at vertex of each triangle. Transducers monitor area for flaws by detecting any increase in acoustical activity.
Expandable space frames having essentially infinite periodicity limited only by practical considerations, are described. Each expandable space frame comprises a plurality of hinge joint assemblies having arms that extend outwardly in predetermined symmetrically related directions from a central or vertex point. The outer ends of the arms form one part of a hinge point. The outer expandable space frame also comprises a plurality of struts. The outer ends of the struts from the other part of the hinged joint. The struts interconnect the plurality of hinge point in sychronism, the spaceframes can be expanded or collapsed. Three-dimensional as well as two-dimensional spaceframes of this general nature are described.
The conical solutions for the incidence of a plane pulse on a three-dimensional corner are presented. The corner is represented by a trihedron with one edge perpendicular to the other two. Both the boundary condition of the first kind and that of the second kind are considered. Outside the characteristic sphere of the vertex of the corner, the solution is represented by the well-known conical solutions in two variables. Inside the characteristic sphere, the problem involves three conical variables. By the separation of variables, the problem is reduced to that of an eigenvalue problem with an irregular boundary which is in turn reduced to a system of homogeneous algebraic equations. The eigenvalues are then determined numerically. By the superposition of the conical solutions for plane pulses, the solution for the incidence of a plane wave is obtained. Numerical examples simulating the incidence of a sonic boom on the corner of a structure are presented.
Vertex potentials elicited by visual feedback signals following an auditory intensity discrimination have been studied with eight subjects. Feedback signals which confirmed the prior sensory decision elicited small P3s, while disconfirming feedback elicited P3s that were larger. On the average, the latency of P3 was also found to increase with increasing disparity between the judgment and the feedback information. These effects were part of an overall dichotomy in wave shape following confirming vs disconfirming feedback. These findings are incorporated in a general model of the role of P3 in perceptual decision making.
This paper deals with the rate of convergence of four methods of feasible directions: the Zoutendijk procedures 1 and 2 and two modifications of these procedures due to the authors. It is shown that of these methods, the two due to the authors converge linearly under convexity assumptions, that the Zoutendijk procedure 2 converges sublinearly under these assumptions, and that the Zoutendijk procedure 1 converges linearly provided the solution of the problem is a vertex of the constraint set.
An experimental investigation into the aerodynamic heating on a Mars entry vehicle shape with several types of local surface distortion is presented. The configurations tested were 0.033-scale models of a spherically blunted 70 deg half-angle cone with two protuberances of different length, representing the tube leading to the gas chromograph mass spectrometer, and two aeroshell-bioshield attachment points of different size. These models were tested at free-stream Reynolds numbers per meter of 3.7 million and 17 million over an angle-of-attack range from 0 to 18 deg in the Langley Mach 8 variable density hypersonic tunnel. The phase change-coating technique was used to measure heat transfer coefficient. The long protuberance caused more severe interference heating than the short protuberance for the same conditions. When the short projection was located close to the edge of the aeroshell, the interference heating was greater than that on the same projection when located near the vertex. A significant increase in heat transfer coefficient was measured only on the larger aeroshell-bioshield attachment point.
Inclusion of absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere. It is found that the phase space density n at 2 Jupiter radii for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 42,000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg the corresponding reduction factor is 2,300,000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of 90 deg are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases found at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward-pointing vertex in the flux versus radius curve at the L value corresponding to each satellite.
Ten subjects were presented with random, rapid sequences of four auditory tones which were separated in pitch and apparent spatial position. The N1 component of the auditory vertex evoked potential (EP) measured relative to a baseline was observed to increase with attention. It was concluded that the N1 enhancement reflects a finely tuned selective attention to one stimulus channel among several concurrent, competing channels. This EP enhancement probably increases with increased information load on the subject.
Corrugated, conical horn, ring-loaded antenna can be fed through vertex of cone with wideband waveguides, such as double-ridged rectangular or quad-ridged circular, or simply ring-loaded, corrugated waveguides. Antenna is also fed through coupling apertures in side of cone at appropriate diameters.
Subjects were asked to count the number of times a 'target' sound occurred in lists of speech sounds (pa or ba) or pure tones (250 or 600 c/sec) in which one of the sounds (the 'frequent') appeared about four times as often as the target. The response to both targets and frequents were separately averaged from electrodes at vertex at symmetrical left and right parietal locations. The expected sequence of deflections, including P3 waves with about 350 msec latency, was found in the responses to target stimuli. Very little difference was found between the right and left hemispheric responses to speech or pure tones, either frequent or target.
The crystal growth method described is a capillary action shaping technique. Meniscus shaping for the desired ribbon geometry occurs at the vertex of a wettable die. As ribbon growth depletes the melt meniscus, capillary action supplies replacement material. A capillary die is so designed that the bounding edges of the die top are not parallel or concentric with the growing ribbon. The new dies allow a higher melt meniscus with concomitant improvements in surface smoothness and freedom from SiC surface particles, which can degrade perfection.
The crystal-growth method under investigation is a capillary action shaping technique. Meniscus shaping for the desired ribbon geometry occurs at the vertex of a wettable dye. As ribbon growth depletes the melt meniscus, capillary action supplies replacement material. The configuration of the technique used in our initial studies is shown. The crystal-growth method has been applied to silicon ribbons it was found that substantial improvements in ribbon surface quality could be achieved with a higher melt meniscus than that attainable with the EFG technique.
Substantial improvements in ribbon surface quality are achieved with a higher melt meniscus than that attainable with the film-fed (EFG) growth technique. A capillary action shaping method is described in which meniscus shaping for the desired ribbon geometry occurs at the vertex of a wettable die. As ribbon growth depletes the melt meniscus, capillary action supplies replacement material. Topics discussed cover experimental apparatus and growth procedures; die materials investigations, fabrication and evaluation; process development for 25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm silicon ribbons; and long grain direct solidification of silicon. Methods for the structural and electrical characterization of cast silicon ribbons are assessed as well as silicon ribbon technology for the 1978 to 1986 period.
Occasional shifts of loudness in a repetitive train of clicks elicited a late-positive wave (P3a) in nonattending subjects which peaked at a mean latency of 258 msec and had a frontocentral scalp distribution; P3a was typically preceded by an 'N2' component at 196 msec. The P3a wave was distinguishable from the longer-latency (378 msec) parietocentrally distributed 'P3b' wave that was evoked by the same stimulus in an actively attending subject, thus confirming the findings of Squires et al. (1975). Infrequently presented single sounds did not produce large or consistent N2-P3a components; the critical condition for the generation of an N2-P3a wave seemed to be that the infrequent sounds represent a deviation (intensity increment or decrement) from a repetitive background. Furthermore, increasing the repetition rate of the background clicks drastically reduced N1-P2 amplitude but had little effect on the amplitude of N2-P3a. This suggests that N2-P3a is not simply a delayed N1-P2 'vertex potential', but rather reflects the operation of a 'mismatch' detector, which registers deviations from an ongoing auditory background.