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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2009

Using Fluorescent Viruses for Detecting Bacteria in Water

A method of detecting water-borne pathogenic bacteria is based partly on established molecular-recognition and fluorescent-labeling concepts, according to which bacteria of a species of interest are labeled with fluorescent reporter molecules and the bacteria can then be detected by fluorescence spectroscopy. The novelty of the present method lies in the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to deliver the fluorescent reporter molecules to the bacteria of the species of interest.

Tabacco, Mary Beth↗
NASA NTRS1985

Radar and the Detection of Liquid Water on Mars

Detection of the seasonally variable radar reflectivity in the Goldstone Mars data (the Solis Lacus radar anomaly and the proposed interpretation in terms of the near-surface presence of liquid water created a controversy in the planetary science community. Over the past year, skepticism was voiced about the reality of the phenomenon of a seasonally variable radar reflectivity anywhere on Mars. The necessary background information and the pertinent data are reviewed in a format perhaps more convincing than that employed in the original presentation of the discovery. A summary of the results and recommendations for future work are included.

Roth, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Water Pollution Detection by Reflectance Measurements

Measurement of the intensity of light reflected from various planar liquid surfaces has been performed. The results of this brief study show that the presence of a film of foreign material floating on a reference substrate is easily detected by reflectance measurement if the two liquids possess significantly different refractive indices, for example, oil (n = 1.40) and water (n = 1.33). Additional study of various optical configurations, and the building and testing of a prototype monitoring device revealed that the method is sufficiently practical for application to continuous water quality monitoring.

Goolsby, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Water turbidity detection using ERTS-1 imagery

ERTS-1 images of two federal reservoirs in Kansas exhibit good correlation with suspended load. The major reservoirs in Kansas, as well as in other Great Plains states, are playing increasingly important roles in flood control, recreation, agriculture, and urban water supply. Satellite imagery may prove useful for acquiring timely low cost water quality data required for optimum management of these fresh water resources.

Yarger, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Microwave Satellite Data for Hydrologic Modeling in Ungauged Basins

An innovative flood-prediction framework is developed using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation forcing and a proxy for river discharge from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aqua satellite. The AMSR-E-detected water surface signal was correlated with in situ measurements of streamflow in the Okavango Basin in Southern Africa as indicated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.90. A distributed hydrologic model, with structural data sets derived from remote-sensing data, was calibrated to yield simulations matching the flood frequencies from the AMSR-E-detected water surface signal. Model performance during a validation period yielded a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.84. We concluded that remote-sensing data from microwave sensors could be used to supplement stream gauges in large sparsely gauged or ungauged basins to calibrate hydrologic models. Given the global availability of all required data sets, this approach can be potentially expanded to improve flood monitoring and prediction in sparsely gauged basins throughout the world

Distributed hydrologic modeling↗
NASA NTRS1963

THE DETECTION OF WATER VAPOR ON MARS

We have found eleven weak lines of water vapor on a high dispersion near-infrared spectrogram of Mars taken at the coudè focus of the Mount Wilson 100-inch reflector on April 12/13,1963. We exposed 43 hours on ammoniated IV-N emulsion with a dispersion of 5.6 A/mm; the plate is well exposed at the poles and somewhat overexposed at the center of the planet’s disk. The Martian H 2 O lines in the X 8200 water-vapor band are displaced 0.42 A longward of their telluric counterparts due to the relative velocities of the earth and Mars: AV = +15 km/sec on that date. The Martian lines are strongest over the poles of the planet-we set the spectrograph slit daost north-south to cover both polar regions. This apparent polar strengthening of the Martian H 2 O lines is at least partially due to the increased air mass through the line of sight to high latitudes.

WATER VAPOR↗
NASA NTRS1972

Application of selected methods of remote sensing for detecting carbonaceous water pollution

The use of aerial photography to determine the nature and extent of water pollution from carbonaceous materials is discussed. Flights were conducted over the Galveston Bay estuarine complex. Ground truth data were developed from field sampling of the waters in a region near the Houston Ship Channel. Tests conducted in the field were those for the following physical and chemical factors: (1) ph, (2) dissolved oxygen, (3) temperature, and (4) light penetration. Laboratory analyses to determine various properties of the water are described and the types of instruments used are identified. Results of the analyses are presented as charts and graphs.

Davis, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Application of selected methods of remote sensing for detecting carbonaceous water pollution

A reach of the Houston Ship Channel was investigated during three separate overflights correlated with ground truth sampling on the Channel. Samples were analyzed for such conventional parameters as biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, turbidity, chlorophyll, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and light penetration. Infrared analyses conducted on each sample included reflectance ATR analysis, carbon tetrachloride extraction of organics and subsequent scanning, and KBr evaporate analysis of CCl4 extract concentrate. Imagery which was correlated with field and laboratory data developed from ground truth sampling included that obtained from aerial KA62 hardware, RC-8 metric camera systems, and the RS-14 infrared scanner. The images were subjected to analysis by three film density gradient interpretation units. Data were then analyzed for correlations between imagery interpretation as derived from the three instruments and laboratory infrared signatures and other pertinent field and laboratory analyses.

Davis, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Detection of water vapor on Jupiter

High-altitude (12.4 km) spectroscopic observations of Jupiter at 5 microns from the NASA 91.5 cm airborne infrared telescope have revealed 14 absorptions assigned to the rotation-vibration spectrum of water vapor. Preliminary analysis indicates a mixing ratio about 1 millionth for the vapor phase of water. Estimates of temperature (greater than about 300 K) and pressure (less than 20 atm) suggest observation of water deep in Jupiter's hot spots responsible for its 5 micron flux. Model-atmosphere calculations based on radiative-transfer theory may change these initial estimates and provide a better physical picture of Jupiter's atmosphere below the visible cloud tops.

Larson, H. P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Submarine fresh water outflow detection with a dual-frequency microwave and an infrared radiometer system

Since infrared measurements are only very slightly affected by whitecap and banking angle influences, the combined multifrequency radiometric signatures of the L-band, the S-band, and an infrared radiometer are used in identifying freshwater outflows (submerged and superficial). To separate the river and lagoon outflows from the submarine outflows, geographical maps with a scale of 1:100,000 are used. In all, 44 submarine freshwater springs are identified. This is seen as indicating that the submarine freshwater outflow locations are more numerous around the island than had earlier been estimated. Most of the submarine springs are located at the northwest and southeast portion of the Puerto Rican coastline; the success in detecting the submarine springs during both missions at the northwest portion of the island is 39%. Salinity and temperature distribution plots along the flight path in longitude and latitude coordinates reveal that runoff direction can be determined.

Blume, H.-J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Water-Thickness Gage

Gage for determining depth of water buildup on outside of aircraft relatively simple to operate and yields result independent of conductivity of water. Gage used to evaluate effects of water on lift and detect water weight excesses. Dual-sensor gage eliminates effects of water conductivity, providing direct correlation between resistivity and water thickness.

Weinstein, L. M.↗
NASA NTRS1996

The Detection of Water Ice in Comet Hale-Bopp

We present spectra of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01) covering the range 1.4-2.5 micron that were recorded when the comet was 7 AU from the Sun. These show I)road absorption features at 1.5 and 2.05 micron. We show that some, but not all, of this absorption could be matched by an intimate mixture of water ice and a low albedo material such as carbon on the nucleus. However, we recognize that it is more likely that the ice features are produced by scattering from icy grains in the coma. The absence of absorption at 1.65 micron suggests that this ice is probably in the amorphous state. An unidentified additional component may be required to account for the downward slope at the longwavelength end of the spectrum.

Davies, John K.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Detection of Water Ice on Saturn's Satellite Phoebe

The near-infrared reflectance spectrum of Saturn's satellite Phoebe shows a broad absorption band at 2.0 micrometers and absorption at lambda > 2.2 micrometers, both characteristic of H2O ice. We have successfully modeled the surface of Phoebe with an intimate (granular) mix of H2O ice (3% by weight, grain size 500 micrometers) mixed with fine grains of H2O ice (0.25%) with amorphous carbon (grain size 900 micrometers) as the dominant component. This model reproduces the shape of the measured spectrum and the observed albedo of 0.10 for Phoebe, but it is not unique. The presence of ice establishes Phoebe as an original member of the outer Solar System rather than a renegade asteroid.

Owen, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Miniature Low Power Submillimeter-Wave Spectrometer For Detection of Water in The Solar System

Mass and power for the next generation of NASA's heterodyne spectrometers must be greatly reduced to satisfy the constraints of future small-spacecraft missions. Here we present a new receiver concept for remote sensing in the Solar System, with greatly reduced mass, power, and size compared to instruments implemented in current missions.

Miniature Submillimeter-Wave Spectrometer↗
NASA NTRS1997

Miniature Low Power Submillimeter-Wave Spectrometer for Detection of Water in the Solar System

The mass and power of a heterodyne spectrometer must be greatly reduced to satisfy small space mission constraints. We report on a 220 GHz receiver, requiring less than 4.8 W, with a mass of 1.25 kg. The mass and power savings are achieved through reducing components to a minimum, while providing performance for a Martian atmospheric sounder.

spectrometer water vapor atmospheric sounder submi↗
NASA NTRS2010

VAPoR - Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith - an Instrument for In Situ Detection of Water, Noble Gases, and Organics on the Moon

We present the Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) instrument design and demonstrate the validity of an in situ pyrolysis mass spectrometer for evolved gas analyses of lunar and planetary regolith samples. In situ evolved gas analyses of the lunar regolith have not yet been carried out and no atmospheric or evolved gas measurements have been made at the lunar poles. VAPoR is designed to do both kinds of measurements, is currently under development at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and will be able to heat powdered regolith samples or rock drill fines up to 1400 C in vacuo. To validate the instrument concept, evolved gas species released from different planetary analogs were determined as a function of temperature using a laboratory breadboard. Evolved gas measurements of an Apollo 16 regolith sample and a fragment of the carbonaceous meteorite Murchison were made by VAPoR and our results compared with existing data. The results imply that in situ evolved gas measurements of the lunar regolith at the polar regions by VAPoR will be a very powerful tool for identifying water and other volatile signatures of lunar or exogenous origin as potential resources for future human exploration.

ten Kate, I. L.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Analysis of Satellite and Airborne Imagery for Detection of Water Hyacinth and Other Invasive Floating Macrophytes and Tracking of Aquatic Weed Control Efficacy

Waterways of the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta have recently become infested with invasive aquatic weeds such as floating water hyacinth (Eichhoria crassipes) and water primrose (Ludwigia peploides). These invasive plants cause many negative impacts, including, but not limited to: the blocking of waterways for commercial shipping and boating; clogging of irrigation screens, pumps and canals; and degradation of biological habitat through shading. Zhang et al. (1997, Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1039-1053) used NASA Landsat satellite imagery together with field calibration measurements to map physical and biological processes within marshlands of the San Francisco Bay. Live green biomass (LGB) and related variables were correlated with a simple vegetation index ratio of red and near infra-red bands from Landsat images. More recently, the percent (water area) cover of water hyacinth plotted against estimated LGB of emergent aquatic vegetation in the Delta from September 2014 Landsat imagery showed an 80 percent overall accuracy. For the past two years, we have partnered with the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis to conduct new validation surveys of water hyacinth and water primrose coverage and LGB in Delta waterways. A plan is underway to transfer decision support tools developed at NASA's Ames Research Center based on Landsat satellite images to improve Delta-wide integrated management of floating aquatic weeds, while reducing chemical control costs. The main end-user for this application project will be the Division of Boating and Waterways (DBW) of the California Department of Parks and Recreation, who has the responsibility for chemical control of water hyacinth in the Delta.

Agriculture↗